This document provides an overview of ethnographic methods used in anthropological research. It discusses key concepts like participant observation, field notes, interviewing techniques, life histories, photographs, experience-near and experience-distant concepts. Participant observation involves the researcher immersed in the daily lives of the people they study over an extended period of time. Field notes are critical for systematically recording observations and interviews. Conducting interviews requires linguistic and cultural competence as well as careful probing techniques. Photographs and life histories provide additional context and perspectives when studying a culture. The document also discusses reflexivity and the co-construction of knowledge between the researcher and participants.
This document defines ethnography as a qualitative research strategy where a researcher studies an intact cultural group in their natural setting over an extended period of time through primarily observational and interview-based data collection, according to Creswell. It discusses that data collection in ethnography can include documentation, archival records, interviews, direct observations, participant observations, and physical artifacts. The document also notes that ethnographic data analysis can be time-consuming and require a team due to the broad coverage needed.
This document provides an overview of ethnography and visual anthropology. It defines ethnography as the systematic study and documentation of human activities through immersion in the environment being studied and observation. Key features of ethnography include becoming embroiled in the setting, having a bottom-up perspective, being present physically in the field, and acknowledging the researcher's own reflexivity. Ethnography involves skills like observation and interviewing to understand people's perspectives. It discusses ethics, types of field research, and provides guidance on how to conduct ethnographic fieldwork and analysis.
This document provides an overview of ethnographic research methods. It discusses what ethnography is, how it is conducted, and its relevance. Specifically, it defines ethnography as the systematic study and documentation of human activities through immersion and observation without prior interpretation. It outlines the typical steps of an ethnographic study: preparation, field study, analysis, and reporting. Key aspects covered include collecting qualitative data through techniques like interviews, observation, and artifacts. The document also discusses principles of ethnography like holism and studying people in their natural environments. Examples of ethnography uses and some advantages and disadvantages are provided.
This document outlines 8 steps for conducting ethnographic research on a group: 1) Choose a group to study and ensure access; 2) Decide on a research problem or question; 3) Plan data collection methods like interviews or observation; 4) Find knowledgeable informants within the culture; 5) Interact with community members and informants respectfully as a learner; 6) Compile and analyze collected data on language, daily routines, beliefs; 7) Conduct follow-up as needed; 8) Write up the ethnography including methodology, analysis, and respecting confidentiality.
TSLB3143 Topic 1e Ethnography ResearchYee Bee Choo
Ethnography is a qualitative research method that involves observing and describing a culture-sharing group. The researcher spends extensive time with the group in their natural setting to understand their shared behaviors, beliefs, languages, and other cultural elements. There are different types of ethnography, including realist ethnography which provides an objective account of the group, and critical ethnography which aims to advocate for marginalized groups and address inequities. Key aspects of ethnography include identifying a cultural theme, studying a culture-sharing group over time, and analyzing their shared patterns through fieldwork using techniques like interviews and document collection.
Ethnography is defined as the observation and study of human cultures and involves learning from people by observing their behaviors and interactions in their natural social and cultural contexts. It was invented in 1915 by Bronislaw Malinowski who spent three years living with and observing the Trobriand Islands people of New Guinea, establishing the modern practice of ethnographic fieldwork. The key aspects of ethnography include preparing for and conducting field studies through observation and interviews, analyzing the collected data, and reporting the findings to provide insights into the people, activities, and cultures being studied.
Ethnographic research is one of the many crucial research methodologies in educational research. This well-researched ppt gives a clear picture of the what, how, and why of the research design.
This document provides an overview of ethnographic research. It defines ethnography as the in-depth study of a culture or social group through techniques like observation and interviews. There are different types of ethnographic designs, including realist ethnographies which provide an objective account, case studies which focus on a specific event or activity, and critical ethnographies which aim to advocate for marginalized groups. Key characteristics of ethnographic research include studying cultural themes, a culture-sharing group, collecting data through fieldwork, analyzing shared patterns of behavior, and interpreting findings within their proper context while being reflexive of the researcher's role.
This document defines ethnography as a qualitative research strategy where a researcher studies an intact cultural group in their natural setting over an extended period of time through primarily observational and interview-based data collection, according to Creswell. It discusses that data collection in ethnography can include documentation, archival records, interviews, direct observations, participant observations, and physical artifacts. The document also notes that ethnographic data analysis can be time-consuming and require a team due to the broad coverage needed.
This document provides an overview of ethnography and visual anthropology. It defines ethnography as the systematic study and documentation of human activities through immersion in the environment being studied and observation. Key features of ethnography include becoming embroiled in the setting, having a bottom-up perspective, being present physically in the field, and acknowledging the researcher's own reflexivity. Ethnography involves skills like observation and interviewing to understand people's perspectives. It discusses ethics, types of field research, and provides guidance on how to conduct ethnographic fieldwork and analysis.
This document provides an overview of ethnographic research methods. It discusses what ethnography is, how it is conducted, and its relevance. Specifically, it defines ethnography as the systematic study and documentation of human activities through immersion and observation without prior interpretation. It outlines the typical steps of an ethnographic study: preparation, field study, analysis, and reporting. Key aspects covered include collecting qualitative data through techniques like interviews, observation, and artifacts. The document also discusses principles of ethnography like holism and studying people in their natural environments. Examples of ethnography uses and some advantages and disadvantages are provided.
This document outlines 8 steps for conducting ethnographic research on a group: 1) Choose a group to study and ensure access; 2) Decide on a research problem or question; 3) Plan data collection methods like interviews or observation; 4) Find knowledgeable informants within the culture; 5) Interact with community members and informants respectfully as a learner; 6) Compile and analyze collected data on language, daily routines, beliefs; 7) Conduct follow-up as needed; 8) Write up the ethnography including methodology, analysis, and respecting confidentiality.
TSLB3143 Topic 1e Ethnography ResearchYee Bee Choo
Ethnography is a qualitative research method that involves observing and describing a culture-sharing group. The researcher spends extensive time with the group in their natural setting to understand their shared behaviors, beliefs, languages, and other cultural elements. There are different types of ethnography, including realist ethnography which provides an objective account of the group, and critical ethnography which aims to advocate for marginalized groups and address inequities. Key aspects of ethnography include identifying a cultural theme, studying a culture-sharing group over time, and analyzing their shared patterns through fieldwork using techniques like interviews and document collection.
Ethnography is defined as the observation and study of human cultures and involves learning from people by observing their behaviors and interactions in their natural social and cultural contexts. It was invented in 1915 by Bronislaw Malinowski who spent three years living with and observing the Trobriand Islands people of New Guinea, establishing the modern practice of ethnographic fieldwork. The key aspects of ethnography include preparing for and conducting field studies through observation and interviews, analyzing the collected data, and reporting the findings to provide insights into the people, activities, and cultures being studied.
Ethnographic research is one of the many crucial research methodologies in educational research. This well-researched ppt gives a clear picture of the what, how, and why of the research design.
This document provides an overview of ethnographic research. It defines ethnography as the in-depth study of a culture or social group through techniques like observation and interviews. There are different types of ethnographic designs, including realist ethnographies which provide an objective account, case studies which focus on a specific event or activity, and critical ethnographies which aim to advocate for marginalized groups. Key characteristics of ethnographic research include studying cultural themes, a culture-sharing group, collecting data through fieldwork, analyzing shared patterns of behavior, and interpreting findings within their proper context while being reflexive of the researcher's role.
The document provides an overview of ethnography and participant observation methods. It discusses key concepts in ethnography including emic and etic perspectives, roles of overt/covert and open/closed studies, and building rapport. Methods of data collection are outlined including participant observation, interviews, and analysis approaches like triangulation. Steps in participant observation are described from descriptive observation to categorization and focused observation. Examples of microethnography studies on effective teaching and facilitating learning for gifted students are summarized.
Ethnography involves observing and describing a culture through participant observation and written accounts. This document outlines the key aspects of ethnography, including that it describes cultures, involves observing participants, and provides detailed descriptions of social settings. It also discusses reflective versus critical ethnography and the steps to conduct an ethnographic research study, which include accessing a field setting, becoming invisible as a researcher, observing and taking field notes, and analyzing the collected data.
Interpretive paradigm presentation by vicky & savithirisykeshea
This document provides an overview of the interpretive research paradigm, including its key assumptions, origins, methods, and evolution. It discusses interpretivism's focus on understanding meaning and interpretation through socially constructed realities. The document outlines interpretivism's ontology of multiple subjective realities and epistemology of dynamic, context-dependent meanings. It also summarizes common interpretive research methods like interviews and observations. Finally, it notes some challenges of interpretive research and criteria for evaluating interpretive studies.
Narrative research is a term that subsumes a group of approaches that in turn rely on the written or spoken words or visual representation of individuals. These approaches typically focus on the lives of individuals as told through their own stories. The emphasis in such approaches is on the story, typically both what and how is narrated.
Narrative research can be considered both a research method in itself but also the phenomenon under study.
Qualitative research aims to understand people's experiences and interpretations of the world. It provides rich, detailed descriptions through methods like interviews, observations, and written responses. The researcher immerses themselves in the topic to understand perspectives without assumptions. Main types include case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. Data collection involves interactions, written responses, and observations. Analysis begins during data collection to guide further inquiry. The process moves from specific to general understanding through a funnel or inductive approach. Validity is increased through triangulation of multiple data sources, types, and collection methods. Strengths include understanding context, but it is time consuming and results may not generalize. Mixed methods combine qualitative and quantitative approaches at different stages of
Qualitative and quantitative methods of researchJordan Cruz
The document compares and contrasts qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses that qualitative research aims to understand social interactions through smaller, non-randomly selected samples, while quantitative research seeks to test hypotheses and make predictions using larger, randomly selected samples and specific variables. It also outlines the different types of data collected, forms of analysis, roles of researchers, and final reporting structures between the two methods.
This document defines ethnographic research and outlines the key steps in conducting an ethnography. It discusses that ethnography aims to understand a culture-sharing group by closely studying their shared patterns of behavior, beliefs, and language over time. There are three main types of ethnographic designs: realist ethnography, case study, and critical ethnography. The document also covers data collection methods, analysis, writing the final report, strengths and weaknesses of ethnographic research, and ethical considerations.
This document provides an overview of ethnography as a qualitative research methodology. It defines ethnography as the systematic study of people and cultures from the point of view of the subject. Ethnography involves direct observation and interaction with participants in their natural environment through methods such as interviews and surveys. It requires skills such as interpretative agility, impartiality, and cultural sensitivity. The document outlines the history, key features, advantages, and disadvantages of ethnographic research and provides guidance on its applications and effective conduct.
Here are the key points about informed consent:
- It is a process, not just a form. Researchers must ensure participants understand what participation involves through clear verbal and written explanations.
- Consent forms should be written in plain, easy-to-understand language appropriate for the population.
- Participants must be able to refuse or withdraw from the study without penalty.
- Risks and limitations of confidentiality should be clearly explained.
- Participants should have the opportunity to ask questions to fully comprehend what they are consenting to.
- Informed consent is an ongoing process, not a single event, with the option for participants to withdraw later.
The goal is to respect participants' autonomy by
Narrative research involves collecting and telling stories about people's experiences. It focuses on understanding individuals' experiences through their stories. There are seven key characteristics of narrative research: it focuses on individual experiences; uses chronology; collects stories through interviews and documents; restories the data by organizing it chronologically; codes the stories for themes; describes the context or setting; and collaborates with participants. The types of narrative research include autobiographies, biographies, interviews, and life histories. Conducting narrative research involves identifying a topic, selecting participants, collecting their stories, restorying the data, collaborating with participants, writing the story, and validating the accuracy of the report. Studies are evaluated based on their focus on individuals,
This document provides an overview of narrative research. It begins by defining narrative research as a study of individuals' life experiences told through stories collected from the individual. There are various types of narrative designs that can be used depending on who provides the story, how much of the individual's life is covered, and whether a theoretical lens is applied. Key characteristics of narrative designs include a focus on individual experiences, collecting stories, identifying themes, and collaborating with participants. The document concludes by outlining the steps to conducting narrative research, which include identifying a phenomenon to study, collecting an individual's story, analyzing and retelling the story, collaborating with the participant, and writing a narrative report.
This document discusses ethnography and participant observation. It covers several key topics:
1) Debates around the relationship between social research methods and natural scientific methods.
2) Criticisms of ethnography regarding its objectivity and ability to produce universally valid knowledge.
3) Discussions around the practical applications of ethnography and whether its primary goal should be knowledge production or solving practical problems.
4) Analyses of the "literary" aspects of ethnographic texts and their conventions, representations, and rhetoric.
5) Implications of rhetorical analyses for the ethical and political dimensions of ethnography.
Narrative research design involves collecting and telling stories about individuals' lives and experiences. It focuses on studying a single person by gathering data through their stories. There are several types including biographies, autobiographies, and narrative interviews. Key characteristics are focusing on individual experiences, collecting stories chronologically, restorying them, and collaborating with participants. The design was introduced in education in 1990 and involves identifying a phenomenon, selecting individuals, collecting stories, restorying, collaborating, writing a story, and validating accuracy. Ethical issues include authenticity and ownership. It is evaluated based on its focus on individuals, reporting life experiences through stories, using chronology, describing context, emerging themes, and collaboration.
Research designs in social science by vinayVinay Kumar
It is the scientific and systematic investigation to search for knowledge.
Research is to see what everybody else has seen and to think what nobody else has thought.
Ethnography is a Social science research method. It is the primary data collection method. It is mainly combined with social background. A qualitative approach that studies the cultural patterns and perspectives of participants in their natural setting.
Ethnography came from Greek, it identifies its roots in sociology and anthropology.
*Ethnos = People
*Graphing = Writing
“Ethnography literally means ‘a portrait of a people’. Ethnography is a written description of a particular culture, the custom, belief and behaviour based on information collected through field work.” (Harris and Johnson 2000).
Ethnography is a branch of anthropology that focuses on understanding a culture from the perspective of the people in that culture. There are two main types: micro ethnography, which studies narrow aspects of a culture, and macro ethnography, which examines broader aspects. Ethnographic research involves observing and interacting with people in their natural environment over an extended period of time to understand their cultural behaviors, artifacts, and speech. It provides health providers insights into cultural beliefs and practices that influence people's health.
This document discusses various qualitative research methods for collecting and analyzing data. It describes qualitative research as focusing on collecting narrative and visual non-numerical data to understand a phenomenon of interest. It then outlines several common qualitative research approaches like grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, narrative research, case studies and the types of data collection methods used in each approach such as interviews, observations, focus groups and document analysis. Finally, it discusses the process of analyzing qualitative data which typically involves preparing, organizing, coding and categorizing the data to identify themes and patterns.
Narrative research inquiry relies on individuals' spoken or written words to tell their stories and describe their lived experiences. This qualitative approach emphasizes learning about people's lives through their stories and the meanings they derive from experiences. Narrative research uses methods like interviews, journals, autobiographies, and other documents to collect stories and develop an understanding of individuals' perspectives. Analysis considers both the content of the narratives and how meaning is constructed through language.
The document discusses grounded theory method and provides details on its key aspects:
- It defines grounded theory as a research method that generates or discovers a theory from data systematically obtained from social research.
- The main building blocks of grounded theory are discussed including coding, categories, concepts, theoretical sampling, constant comparison and memo writing.
- Strengths are that it effectively builds new theories and explains new phenomena, while weaknesses include the huge amount of time and data required for analysis.
A comprehensive presentation based on a qualitative research methodology 'Grounded Theory, presented at Government College University Lahore, Pakistan.
The document discusses key concepts in ethnography and ethnomethodology. It provides examples of different types of talk and communication norms among various cultures, as studied by researchers like Marshall, Basso, Fox, and Frake. Ethnography aims to describe all relevant factors in a communicative event to understand how it achieves its objectives. Ethnomethodology studies the processes of sense-making and how people interact with and understand reality through their everyday practical reasoning and use of commonsense knowledge.
The document outlines the research process in social sciences. It discusses:
1) Stating the research problem and reviewing relevant literature.
2) Formulating testable hypotheses.
3) Planning the research design which may involve surveys, interviews, experiments, participant observation or secondary data analysis.
4) Analyzing collected data to support or reject hypotheses and form conclusions.
The document provides an overview of ethnography and participant observation methods. It discusses key concepts in ethnography including emic and etic perspectives, roles of overt/covert and open/closed studies, and building rapport. Methods of data collection are outlined including participant observation, interviews, and analysis approaches like triangulation. Steps in participant observation are described from descriptive observation to categorization and focused observation. Examples of microethnography studies on effective teaching and facilitating learning for gifted students are summarized.
Ethnography involves observing and describing a culture through participant observation and written accounts. This document outlines the key aspects of ethnography, including that it describes cultures, involves observing participants, and provides detailed descriptions of social settings. It also discusses reflective versus critical ethnography and the steps to conduct an ethnographic research study, which include accessing a field setting, becoming invisible as a researcher, observing and taking field notes, and analyzing the collected data.
Interpretive paradigm presentation by vicky & savithirisykeshea
This document provides an overview of the interpretive research paradigm, including its key assumptions, origins, methods, and evolution. It discusses interpretivism's focus on understanding meaning and interpretation through socially constructed realities. The document outlines interpretivism's ontology of multiple subjective realities and epistemology of dynamic, context-dependent meanings. It also summarizes common interpretive research methods like interviews and observations. Finally, it notes some challenges of interpretive research and criteria for evaluating interpretive studies.
Narrative research is a term that subsumes a group of approaches that in turn rely on the written or spoken words or visual representation of individuals. These approaches typically focus on the lives of individuals as told through their own stories. The emphasis in such approaches is on the story, typically both what and how is narrated.
Narrative research can be considered both a research method in itself but also the phenomenon under study.
Qualitative research aims to understand people's experiences and interpretations of the world. It provides rich, detailed descriptions through methods like interviews, observations, and written responses. The researcher immerses themselves in the topic to understand perspectives without assumptions. Main types include case studies, grounded theory, phenomenology, and ethnography. Data collection involves interactions, written responses, and observations. Analysis begins during data collection to guide further inquiry. The process moves from specific to general understanding through a funnel or inductive approach. Validity is increased through triangulation of multiple data sources, types, and collection methods. Strengths include understanding context, but it is time consuming and results may not generalize. Mixed methods combine qualitative and quantitative approaches at different stages of
Qualitative and quantitative methods of researchJordan Cruz
The document compares and contrasts qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses that qualitative research aims to understand social interactions through smaller, non-randomly selected samples, while quantitative research seeks to test hypotheses and make predictions using larger, randomly selected samples and specific variables. It also outlines the different types of data collected, forms of analysis, roles of researchers, and final reporting structures between the two methods.
This document defines ethnographic research and outlines the key steps in conducting an ethnography. It discusses that ethnography aims to understand a culture-sharing group by closely studying their shared patterns of behavior, beliefs, and language over time. There are three main types of ethnographic designs: realist ethnography, case study, and critical ethnography. The document also covers data collection methods, analysis, writing the final report, strengths and weaknesses of ethnographic research, and ethical considerations.
This document provides an overview of ethnography as a qualitative research methodology. It defines ethnography as the systematic study of people and cultures from the point of view of the subject. Ethnography involves direct observation and interaction with participants in their natural environment through methods such as interviews and surveys. It requires skills such as interpretative agility, impartiality, and cultural sensitivity. The document outlines the history, key features, advantages, and disadvantages of ethnographic research and provides guidance on its applications and effective conduct.
Here are the key points about informed consent:
- It is a process, not just a form. Researchers must ensure participants understand what participation involves through clear verbal and written explanations.
- Consent forms should be written in plain, easy-to-understand language appropriate for the population.
- Participants must be able to refuse or withdraw from the study without penalty.
- Risks and limitations of confidentiality should be clearly explained.
- Participants should have the opportunity to ask questions to fully comprehend what they are consenting to.
- Informed consent is an ongoing process, not a single event, with the option for participants to withdraw later.
The goal is to respect participants' autonomy by
Narrative research involves collecting and telling stories about people's experiences. It focuses on understanding individuals' experiences through their stories. There are seven key characteristics of narrative research: it focuses on individual experiences; uses chronology; collects stories through interviews and documents; restories the data by organizing it chronologically; codes the stories for themes; describes the context or setting; and collaborates with participants. The types of narrative research include autobiographies, biographies, interviews, and life histories. Conducting narrative research involves identifying a topic, selecting participants, collecting their stories, restorying the data, collaborating with participants, writing the story, and validating the accuracy of the report. Studies are evaluated based on their focus on individuals,
This document provides an overview of narrative research. It begins by defining narrative research as a study of individuals' life experiences told through stories collected from the individual. There are various types of narrative designs that can be used depending on who provides the story, how much of the individual's life is covered, and whether a theoretical lens is applied. Key characteristics of narrative designs include a focus on individual experiences, collecting stories, identifying themes, and collaborating with participants. The document concludes by outlining the steps to conducting narrative research, which include identifying a phenomenon to study, collecting an individual's story, analyzing and retelling the story, collaborating with the participant, and writing a narrative report.
This document discusses ethnography and participant observation. It covers several key topics:
1) Debates around the relationship between social research methods and natural scientific methods.
2) Criticisms of ethnography regarding its objectivity and ability to produce universally valid knowledge.
3) Discussions around the practical applications of ethnography and whether its primary goal should be knowledge production or solving practical problems.
4) Analyses of the "literary" aspects of ethnographic texts and their conventions, representations, and rhetoric.
5) Implications of rhetorical analyses for the ethical and political dimensions of ethnography.
Narrative research design involves collecting and telling stories about individuals' lives and experiences. It focuses on studying a single person by gathering data through their stories. There are several types including biographies, autobiographies, and narrative interviews. Key characteristics are focusing on individual experiences, collecting stories chronologically, restorying them, and collaborating with participants. The design was introduced in education in 1990 and involves identifying a phenomenon, selecting individuals, collecting stories, restorying, collaborating, writing a story, and validating accuracy. Ethical issues include authenticity and ownership. It is evaluated based on its focus on individuals, reporting life experiences through stories, using chronology, describing context, emerging themes, and collaboration.
Research designs in social science by vinayVinay Kumar
It is the scientific and systematic investigation to search for knowledge.
Research is to see what everybody else has seen and to think what nobody else has thought.
Ethnography is a Social science research method. It is the primary data collection method. It is mainly combined with social background. A qualitative approach that studies the cultural patterns and perspectives of participants in their natural setting.
Ethnography came from Greek, it identifies its roots in sociology and anthropology.
*Ethnos = People
*Graphing = Writing
“Ethnography literally means ‘a portrait of a people’. Ethnography is a written description of a particular culture, the custom, belief and behaviour based on information collected through field work.” (Harris and Johnson 2000).
Ethnography is a branch of anthropology that focuses on understanding a culture from the perspective of the people in that culture. There are two main types: micro ethnography, which studies narrow aspects of a culture, and macro ethnography, which examines broader aspects. Ethnographic research involves observing and interacting with people in their natural environment over an extended period of time to understand their cultural behaviors, artifacts, and speech. It provides health providers insights into cultural beliefs and practices that influence people's health.
This document discusses various qualitative research methods for collecting and analyzing data. It describes qualitative research as focusing on collecting narrative and visual non-numerical data to understand a phenomenon of interest. It then outlines several common qualitative research approaches like grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, narrative research, case studies and the types of data collection methods used in each approach such as interviews, observations, focus groups and document analysis. Finally, it discusses the process of analyzing qualitative data which typically involves preparing, organizing, coding and categorizing the data to identify themes and patterns.
Narrative research inquiry relies on individuals' spoken or written words to tell their stories and describe their lived experiences. This qualitative approach emphasizes learning about people's lives through their stories and the meanings they derive from experiences. Narrative research uses methods like interviews, journals, autobiographies, and other documents to collect stories and develop an understanding of individuals' perspectives. Analysis considers both the content of the narratives and how meaning is constructed through language.
The document discusses grounded theory method and provides details on its key aspects:
- It defines grounded theory as a research method that generates or discovers a theory from data systematically obtained from social research.
- The main building blocks of grounded theory are discussed including coding, categories, concepts, theoretical sampling, constant comparison and memo writing.
- Strengths are that it effectively builds new theories and explains new phenomena, while weaknesses include the huge amount of time and data required for analysis.
A comprehensive presentation based on a qualitative research methodology 'Grounded Theory, presented at Government College University Lahore, Pakistan.
The document discusses key concepts in ethnography and ethnomethodology. It provides examples of different types of talk and communication norms among various cultures, as studied by researchers like Marshall, Basso, Fox, and Frake. Ethnography aims to describe all relevant factors in a communicative event to understand how it achieves its objectives. Ethnomethodology studies the processes of sense-making and how people interact with and understand reality through their everyday practical reasoning and use of commonsense knowledge.
The document outlines the research process in social sciences. It discusses:
1) Stating the research problem and reviewing relevant literature.
2) Formulating testable hypotheses.
3) Planning the research design which may involve surveys, interviews, experiments, participant observation or secondary data analysis.
4) Analyzing collected data to support or reject hypotheses and form conclusions.
Getting to know your real users - Mastering practical ethnographic researchDanielle Cooley
Presentation to the 2015 UX Strategies Summit in San Francisco, California, USA. Covers why ethnography is important and things to keep in mind when conducting this research.
This document discusses proposals for organizing a book club discussion on ethnographic research methods. It provides four components for analyzing books discussed in the club: 1) a summary of main arguments, 2) context, research questions, methodology and findings, 3) contributions to the relevant discipline, and 4) remaining critical questions. Students then share their thoughts on issues from the readings, including generalizing results, negotiating subject positions, and representing culture in analysis.
This document discusses qualitative research methods in applied linguistics. It distinguishes qualitative from quantitative methods, noting that qualitative methods involve smaller sample sizes but more in-depth accounts from participants. It outlines some key characteristics of qualitative research, such as emergent design, naturalistic settings, interpretive analysis, and reliance on verbal data. Finally, it discusses debates around what constitutes qualitative research and lists some strengths and weaknesses of the approach.
The document discusses techniques for cultural learning and relationship building when immersed in a new culture. It recommends using ethnographic methods like participant observation, asking open-ended questions, and taking detailed notes on topics like daily life, social structures, beliefs and customs. The goal is to understand the perspective of cultural insiders and build trust through respectful curiosity and by inviting local people to teach outsiders about their way of life.
Ethnographic research involves in-depth observation and study of a culture or society. It was originally developed by anthropologists and relies on techniques like participant observation where researchers immerse themselves in the subject community. Mass Observation was a classic example of ethnographic research conducted in Britain starting in 1937 to document daily life. It used methods like diaries from ordinary people to record their lives, observers who watched and documented behavior, and contributions from writers, artists, and photographers. Contemporary reality TV shows now use some participatory methods similar to ethnographic research techniques. Virtual ethnography studying online communities is also possible using the same communication media as participants.
How To Do Ethnography and Field ResearchSam Ladner
This document discusses various aspects of participant observation and field research methods in ethnography. It covers key topics like what ethnography is, different types of observation methods, interviewing skills, gaining access to research sites, dealing with ethical issues, and examples of famous ethnographic studies. Field research can involve immersive observation and interviews in both open communities or more closed groups over an extended period of time. Obtaining permission and trust is important when accessing closed groups.
This document discusses the benefits of conducting ethnographic research in natural environments rather than laboratory settings. It provides 5 reasons for field-based ethnography: 1) Users behave naturally in their own environment with external factors like other people influencing them; 2) Researchers can identify the real user experiences rather than relying on self-reported data; 3) Researchers can follow user journeys from start to finish; 4) Researchers immerse themselves in the user experience; 5) Laboratory settings cannot replicate real-world conditions. The document then provides guidance on how to conduct ethnographic research through defining objectives, choosing participants, using appropriate research methods, observation, and analyzing findings to understand user behaviors and identify opportunities for improvement.
This affects the quality of software and increases the production cost of ... effectiveness of every method, it is useful to select the particular elicitation
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Ethnography is a method of research involving the immersive observation of and engagement with a particular culture over an extended period of time. Key skills of ethnography include observing cultural behaviors and practices as well as interviewing members of the culture to understand perspectives. There are ethical considerations around ensuring informed consent and privacy. Examples of famous ethnographies provide insight into specific cultures like an urban neighborhood in Toronto or the lives of African American women. Corporations have also utilized ethnography to better understand customer needs through case studies involving health companies and technology firms.
Ethnography is a social science research method that relies on close personal experience and participation within a culture or group, rather than just observation. Researchers immerse themselves in the natural setting of the group being studied to understand their perspectives. Ethnographic research aims to provide rich descriptive accounts through methods like interviews, observation, and reviewing documents to understand human behavior and cultural contexts.
Sampling Methods in Qualitative and Quantitative ResearchSam Ladner
This document discusses different types of sampling methods used in qualitative and quantitative research. It outlines the different assumptions researchers make regarding sampling in qualitative versus quantitative studies. A variety of sampling techniques are described for different research contexts such as ethnographic fieldwork, interviews, and content analysis.
This document provides an overview of key trends in financial technology and digital banking. It discusses the growth of mobile banking and investments banks are making to upgrade their mobile and online services. Other topics covered include the value of customer data, social media metrics, application programming interfaces, and cloud computing. Brief quotes from reviews of the author Chris Skinner's book praise its timely examination of challenges facing banks in the digital age.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
Field research involves directly observing and interacting with people in natural settings to understand their lives and behaviors. The document discusses various aspects of conducting field research such as choosing a field site, gaining access, applying strategies like establishing relationships, collecting data through observation and note taking, and eventually exiting the field site. It also provides examples of typical field research techniques like conducting interviews and being a participant observer at events.
This document defines and describes ethnographic research. It discusses that ethnography involves observing and describing a culture or group through methods such as participant observation, interviews, and collection of artifacts. It outlines some key characteristics of ethnographic research such as long-term involvement in the field, collection of large amounts of data, and having no pre-determined hypotheses. The document also discusses different types of ethnographies including realist, case studies, and critical ethnographies. Finally, it covers the steps involved in conducting ethnographic research and analyses some of the advantages and disadvantages of the method.
This document provides an overview of fieldwork as a method for studying culture. It defines fieldwork as the systematic study of people's behaviors and activities in their natural settings. The purpose of fieldwork is to understand daily life from the perspectives of the people being studied by personally experiencing and observing their lives firsthand. It discusses that culture shapes people's perceptions and behaviors, and fieldwork aims to learn the social scripts and identify the cultural performances of the group. The document outlines some key aspects of conducting fieldwork such as the different phases of research and methods for gathering different types of data.
Disadvantages Of Applied EthnomethodologyAshley Fisher
Participant observation was used to study drug dealers and smugglers. This qualitative method allowed the researchers to gain the trust of and interact with their subjects. However, it also presented challenges, such as subjects experiencing drug withdrawal during interviews, becoming malicious without warning. The researchers had to take precautions and balance overt and covert roles with different levels of relationships within the group to overcome issues.
This document provides an overview of ethnography as a research method. It discusses key aspects of ethnography including:
- Ethnography involves observing cultural practices, behaviors, and social norms through an unfiltered view of reality.
- Key aspects of ethnography include being situation-based, observing what people say versus what they do, and using visual cues and observational techniques. It also emphasizes empathy, trained researchers, and extensive analysis.
- The document cautions against labeling other research methods as "ethnographic" and outlines how ethnography can provide insights to inform decisions around areas like behavior change, innovation, and segmentation.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods including phenomenology, ethnography, historical research, and case studies. It defines each method and provides examples of topics that have been studied using each approach. Phenomenology seeks to understand lived experiences, ethnography studies social groups and cultures, historical research interprets past events, and case studies provide an in-depth analysis of a specific situation. The document also contrasts qualitative and quantitative research.
This document discusses the participant observation method of data collection. It begins by defining observation as carefully watching things to understand them in depth and gain information. It notes that observation can be scientific for researchers but not all observations are. The key differences between scientific and non-scientific observation are that scientists formally record their observations while non-scientists rely on memory. The document then discusses participant observation, where the researcher immerses themselves in the culture being studied to directly observe and participate in daily activities to gain a holistic understanding from the subject's perspective.
This document provides an overview of ethnography research. It defines ethnography as describing a group or culture through observation and conversation. The main purposes of ethnography are to obtain a deep understanding of people and their culture in a natural context. Data is typically collected through interviews, observations, and documents in an unstructured way. Ethnography research aims to understand human behavior in everyday contexts rather than experimental conditions. It emphasizes naturalism, understanding, discovery, and challenges assumptions. The document also outlines some advantages and disadvantages of ethnography as well as important ethical considerations around informed consent, privacy, and harm.
This document provides an overview of participant observation as a qualitative research method used in social science. It discusses key aspects of the method such as defining participant observation, determining the observer's role, sampling, recording observations through field notes, analyzing data, and ensuring ethical research practices. The document also traces the origins and development of participant observation in fields like sociology and anthropology. Challenges like potential ethical issues or dangers in the field are also addressed.
Observational research involves watching people in their natural environments and recording their behaviors without interfering. There are two main types of observational research - direct observation, where subjects know they are being watched, and unobtrusive observation, where subjects are unaware. Direct observation can involve continuously monitoring subjects or recording how they allocate their time, while risks include subjects changing their natural behaviors due to awareness. Unobtrusive observation poses ethical issues around informed consent but can provide insights into behaviors not uncovered through other methods like surveys. Researchers must carefully consider guidelines around objectivity, specificity, and ethics when conducting observational research.
Chapter 7 Qualitative Research Methodologies.pptPatrickLlamas2
This document discusses various approaches and methods used in qualitative research, specifically ethnographic fieldwork. It describes participant observation as the most common approach, where the researcher immerses themselves in a community to observe and participate in daily life. The researcher aims to gain insider perspectives while remaining an outsider observer. Data collection methods for ethnography include interviews, observations, diaries and letters. The document outlines different roles for researchers, from complete participation to complete observation. It also discusses other qualitative methods like photography, oral histories, ethnomethodology and dramaturgy. Important steps for fieldwork are planning, keeping field logs and notes, and writing reflective field diaries. Guidance is provided on conducting interviews and building trust with informants.
Methodologies
AAS 211
March 15, 2022
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AgendaCheck in: “Talk story””What will you do during the break?”Go over Ethnography and autoethnography
No need to wait or go anywhereWriting down your observations and thoughts ("taking field notes" or doing "participant observation” - ethnography) is "research." Talking to people in your community and family ("doing oral history interviewing") is research. Reflecting on your experiences, especially in the context of various (intersecting) forms of oppression based on race, class, gender, sexuality, ability, age, etc. ("autoethnography") is research.
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The original goals of Ethnic Studies and Asian American Studies were to make academic work relevant and accountable to real people and real communities, so your research is part of this lineage.The methodologies that I will go over today might help you start right away (if you already haven't).
Quantitative Method“Quantitative research (the word ‘quantitative’ comes from the word ‘quantity’) involves information or data in the form of numbers. This allows us to measure or to quantify a whole range of things. For example: the number of people who live below the poverty line; the number of children between specific ages who attend school; the average spending power in a community; or the number of adults who have access to computers in a village or town.”
Surveys are common way of doing quantitative researchQuestionnaire“Respondents” answers exact same questionsWhen have enough responses, put data together and analyse in a way that answers your research question or what you want to know/explore
Observation researchWatch for instances of certain behaviors, patterns, phenomenon, etc.Media research based on “monitoring criteria” (e.g. specific focus of the article, author, date of publication, length, etc.) For example, “of all articles in major newspapers about the Wen Ho Lee incident, ____% assumed that he was guilty when the story first broke out.”
Quantitative research may reveal important information, but you might want to go into depth with qualitative research
For example, through a survey you may find out that major newspapers portray Asian Americans a certain way, but you want to know the reasons why they do. For that you would want to do interviews the writers, publishers, etc. at the newspapers.
Advantages of surveys
Good for comparative analysis.
Can get lots of data in a relatively short space of time.
Can be cost-effective (if you use the Internet, for example).
Can take less time for respondents to complete (compared to an interview or focus group).
Disadvantages of surveys
Responses may not be specific.Questions may be misinterpreted.May not get as many responses as you need.Don’t get full story.
"The aim of qualitative research is to deepen our understanding about something, and usually this means going beyond the numbers and the statistics.”
Qualitative research helps us to give reasons why the ...
Qualitative research focuses on understanding human experiences and behaviors through methods like interviews, observations and document analysis rather than statistical analysis. It seeks to understand phenomena in their natural settings from participants' perspectives. The key approaches to qualitative research include phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography and case studies. Qualitative data is typically in the form of words rather than numbers.
The document discusses various methods and issues in participant observation, a key method in anthropological research. It describes how early anthropologists like Haddon imposed Western assumptions rather than seeking to understand cultures on their own terms. Participant observation aims to gain an insider's perspective through both observation and participation. However, complete objectivity is impossible and reflexivity is needed to acknowledge the researcher's own perspective. The document also outlines an experiential exercise where students learn about ethnography by taking on roles in simulated cultures.
Qualitative Research: Importance in Daily LifeIndayManasseh
Here are brief explanations for the test questions:
1. Qualitative research is a form of social inquiry that focuses on understanding and interpreting how people make sense of their experiences and the world in which they live. It involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data to understand concepts, perceptions and experiences.
2. The three basic types of research approaches are:
- Scientific approach - deals with empirical data and allows control of variables. Uses quantitative methods.
- Naturalistic approach - people-oriented and focuses on understanding real meanings and social relations. Uses qualitative methods.
- Triangulation/mixed method - combines research designs, data collection and analysis techniques to enhance validity.
The naturalistic approach is people-oriented and focuses on
Here are brief explanations for the test questions:
1. Qualitative research is a form of social inquiry that focuses on understanding and interpreting how people make sense of their experiences and the world in which they live. It involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences.
2. The three types of approach to research are:
- Scientific approach - Uses empirical data, controls variables, and presents findings quantitatively
- Naturalistic approach - Focuses on understanding real human behavior and social relations qualitatively
- Triangulation/mixed method - Combines research designs, data collection, and analysis techniques to enhance validity
The naturalistic approach focuses on discovering the real meanings behind people's lifest
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It defines qualitative research as a systematic investigation that collects data in the form of words or pictures rather than numbers. Qualitative research aims to understand people's experiences and the meanings they attribute to them. It is an emergent process where the design develops during data collection. Some key characteristics discussed include a focus on context and meaning, natural settings, humans as the research instrument, and descriptive data. Common qualitative methods mentioned are participant observation, interviews, and focus groups.
Qualitative research design in research in educationRashna Asif
This presentation all about the qualitative research design its approaches features characteristics analysis and also data collection tools in this presentation approaches are very deeply discussed.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It defines research and inquiry as seeking knowledge through questioning. Qualitative research is described as careful study using words or pictures rather than numbers. It is concerned with context and meaning in natural settings using humans as the research instrument. The summary discusses that qualitative research has an emergent design that is not finalized at the start. It also covers research ethics around avoiding harm and maintaining privacy and confidentiality for participants.
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2) Neanderthals, who lived in Europe and western Asia from 130,000-30,000 years ago, were premodern humans that shared traits with modern humans but also had distinguishing morphological features.
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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3. Prefatory notes
Anthropology as a discipline
Ethnography as a genre and method
Research design / questions / framework
Research methods are skills
Ethics in doing research
4. "Anthropology is the most humanistic of the
sciences and the most scientific of the
humanities”
- Eric Wolf (1964:88)
8. participant observation
(‘field work’)
Bronislaw Malinowski, a British anthropologist, conducted
intensive field methods for his study in Trobriand Islands, and
consequently developed participant observation which
became the hallmark of field methods in modern cultural
anthropology
a researcher participates in social activities with the subjects
of study over long period of time (White in Bryman 2001)
the method of participant observation includes the explicit use
in behavioral analysis and recording of the information gained
from participating and observing (Dewalt, et.al in Bernard
1998)
10. Participant observation usually involves
fieldwork, but not all fieldwork is
participant observation
It puts you where the action is and lets
you collect data
11. The Self as the instrument of
knowing The Other
establishing rapport
familiarizing the unfamiliar, and vice versa
‘pure observation’ vs. ‘going native’
overt and covert participant observer
passive subjects or active collaborators
reflexivity; positionality
12. doing participant observation
(Dewalt, et.al. in Barnard 1998)
1. participating and observing any particular situation with an open mind
and a nonjudgmental attitude
2. genuine interest in learning more about behaviors, thoughts, and
feelings
3. ‘culture shock’; as one learns more, they also begin to see much more
comfortable and confident
4. everyone will make mistakes, but most of these can be overcome with
time and patience
5. be a careful observer; this is a skill that can be enhanced through
practice
6. be a good listener; through language we rapidly acquire a substantial
amount of information in a short time
7. open to being surprised and to learning the unexpected
14. the importance of field notes
primary method of capturing data in participant observation
systematic recordings, chronologically oriented, descriptive
observations are not data unless they are recorded in
some fashion for further analysis
"It is unwise to trust to memory; notes should be written as
soon as possible”; don't sleep on your notes
field notes are simultaneously data and analysis
15. how to write field notes
each one has their own unique way of writing field
notes; Bernard (2006) however proposes four types
of field note, namely:
1. jottings
2. diary
3. log
4. field notes proper
18. unstructured and
semi-structured
Unstructured interviewing goes on all the
time and just about anywhere - in homes,
walking along a road, tilling rice fields,
hanging out in bars, or waiting for a bus.
(‘sturyahanay lang’)
Semistructured, or in-depth interviewing is a
scheduled activity. A semistructured
interview is open ended, but follows a
general script and covers a list of topics.
23. probing
The key to successful interviewing is learning how
to probe effectively— that is, to stimulate a
respondent to produce more information, without
injecting yourself so much into the interaction that
you only get a reflection of yourself in the data.
silent probe
echo probe
uh-huh probe
24. probing by leading
caution against ‘‘leading’’ an informant -
‘’Don’t you think that? . . .’’
mini exercise: How will you ask about
circumcision rites of a group you are
studying?
baiting = this is when you act like you
already know something in order to get
people to open up
25. Co-construction of
knowledge
Recognition of the co-construction of the
interview, and its reconstruction in the
interpretation phase, shifts the basic
assumptions that for many years defined
the interview process. (Metaphor of
miner and traveller)
Metaphors of ‘miner’ and ‘traveler’
26. Reflexivity
Reflexive practice is proposed as a way to bridge
differences between researcher and respondents, to help
researchers to avoid making unexamined assumptions, to
promote the reconstruction of theories, and to create a
protected space within which the respondents can tell
their life stories as well as increase the interviewer’s
understanding of those stories
Issues of representation, authority, and voice
Strong (bridge power and class differentials) and weak
(‘benign introspection’) reading of reflexivity
Bourdieu’s ‘active and methodical listening’
29. Key elements of making photographs as
records
1. Make a mix of wide, medium, and detail photographs of subjects.
2. Make photographs from a variety of angles and distances.
3. Compose photos in terms of the edges of the frame, so as to maximize the
informational content.
4. Make photographs in sets and sequences, not simply single shots.
5. Be sure to photograph what comes before and after focal activity as well as
moments of transition.
6. Make photographs at regular intervals, even when “nothing” seems to be
happening.
7. Make photographs of the mundane as well as the dramatic.
8. Keep good notes (annotation) that can provide background and
identification for your photographs.
32. An experience-near concept is, roughly, one that someone -
a patient, a subject, in our case an informant-might himself
naturally and effortlessly use to define what he or his fellows
see, feel, think, imagine, and so on, and which he would
readily understand when similarly applied by others. An
experience-distant concept is one that specialists of one
sort or another-an analyst, an experimenter, an
ethnographer, even a priest or an ideologist-employ to
forward their scientific, philosophical, or practical aims.
"Love" is an experience-near concept, "object cathexis" is an
experience-distant one. "Social stratification" and perhaps for
most peoples in the world even "religion" (and certainly
"religious system") are experience-distant; "caste" and
"nirvana" are experience-near, at least for Hindus and
Buddhists.
’’From the Native's Point of View'': On the Nature of
Anthropological Understanding in Geertz (1983)
33. “Confinement to experience-near concepts leaves an
ethnographer awash in immediacies, as well as
entangled in vernacular. Confinement to experience-
distant ones leaves him stranded in abstractions and
smothered in jargon. The real question, and the one
Malinowski raised by demonstrating that, in the case
of "natives," you don't have to be one to know one, is
what roles the two sorts of concepts play in
anthropological analysis.”
’’From the Native's Point of View'': On the Nature of
Anthropological Understanding by in Geertz (1983)
34. “The ethnographer does not, and, in my opinion,
largely cannot, perceive what his informants perceive.
What he perceives, and that uncertainly enough, is
what they perceive "with"--or "by means of," or
"through" ... or whatever the word should be. In the
country of the blind, who are not as unobservant as
they look, the one-eyed is not king, he is spectator.”
’’From the Native's Point of View'': On the Nature of
Anthropological Understanding in Geertz (1983)
36. References
Atkinson, Paul et.al. (eds.). 2001. Handbook of Ethnography. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage Publications.
Bernard, H.R. (ed.). 1998. Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology. Walnut
Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
Bernard, H.R. 2006. Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches. Fourth edition. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
Bryman, Alan (ed.). 2001. Ethnography. London: Sage Publications.
Ellen, R.F. (ed.). 1984. Ethnographic research: A guide to general conduct. London:
Academic Press.
Geertz, Clifford. 1983. Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology.
New York: Basic Books.
Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1922 (2002). Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of
Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Quinea.
London: Routledge.
Editor's Notes
ethnography as used in anthropology, albeit it is also appropriated in other social sciences (sociology, psychology, cultural geography, etc.)
anthropology = definition and ‘brands’
there are no anthropological or sociological or psychological methods. The questions we ask about the human condition may differ across the social sciences, but methods belong to all of us.
ethnography as method involves the ‘totality of human or community experience’ - thus the classic field manual Notes and Queries on Anthropology (published by the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland in 1951) lists social structure, social life of the individual, political organization, rituals and beliefs, economics, knowledge and tradition, language, and material culture
method is about choice, as such it is equally important to determine one’s research design and framework
ethics in doing research mainly addresses questions such as: will it bring harm to the people/community? what do they get out from the research? (other pressing issues concerning ethics involve: sources of funding, use of data from research, informed consent); professional organisations (AAA, UGAT) have their respective code of ethics
participant observation is a method in which an observer takes part in the daily activities, rituals, interactions, and events of the people being studied as one
of the means of leaming the explicit and tacit aspects of their culture
Malinowski's approach was distinguished from earlier forms of fieldwork in that it included an emphasis on everyday interactions and observations rather than on using directed inquiries into specific behaviors - "As he observed, he also listened"
Participant observation involves immersing yourself in a culture and learning to remove yourself every day from that immersion so you can intellectualize what you’ve seen and heard, put it into perspective, and write about it convincingly. When it’s done right, participant observation turns fieldworkers into instruments of data collection and data analysis.
“anthropologists ask dumb questions”
Geertzes’ acceptance into his community by a police raid on a illegal cockfight they were observing
3. Participant observation is a paradox because the ethnographer seeks to understand the native's viewpoint, but NOT "go native; the ethnographer as researcher and writer must be a "vulnerable observer," ready to include all of her pain and wounds in research and writing, because it's part of what he or she brings to the relationship.
analysis because the researcher decides what to put on his/her field notes; it cannot be possibly everything (going back to the importance of research design)
jottings or scratch notes - Keep a note pad with you at all times and make field jottings on the spot. This applies to both formal and informal interviews in bars and cafe´s, in homes and on the street. If you don’t write it down, it’s gone.
Notes are based on observations that will form the basis of your publications. A diary, on the other hand, is personal. It’s a place where you can run and hide when things get tough. You absolutely need a diary in an ethnography project. It will help you deal with loneliness, fear, and other emotions that make fieldwork difficult.
A log is a running account of how you plan to spend your time, how you actually spend your time, and how much money you spent. A good log is the key to doing systematic fieldwork and to collecting both qualitative and quantitative data on a systematic basis.
field notes may contain methodological, descriptive, and analytic notes
Informal interviewing is the method of choice at the beginning of participant observation fieldwork, when you’re settling in. It is also used throughout ethnographic fieldwork to build greater rapport and to uncover new topics of interest that might have been overlooked.
Unstructured interviews are based on a clear plan that you keep constantly in mind, but are also characterized by a minimum of control over the people’s responses. The idea is to get people to open up and let them express themselves in their own terms, and at their own pace. A lot of what is called ethnographic interviewing is unstructured.
interview guide. This is a written list of questions and topics that need to be covered in a particular order
in fully structured interviews, people are asked to respond to as nearly identical a set of stimuli as possible. One variety of structured interviews involves use of an interview schedule—an explicit set of instructions to interviewers who administer questionnaires orally.
Suppose you ask, ‘‘Have you ever been away from the village to work?’’ and the informant says, ‘‘Yes.’’ The next question (the probe) is: ‘‘Like where?’’ Suppose the answer is, ‘‘Oh, several different places.’’ The correct response is not, ‘‘Pachuca? Quere´taro? Mexico City?’’ but, ‘’Like where? Could you name some of the places where you’ve gone to get work?’’
silent probe, which consists of just remaining quiet and waiting for an informant to continue. The silence may be accompanied by a nod or by a mumbled ‘‘uh-huh’’ as you focus on your note pad. The silent probe sometimes produces more information than does
direct questioning.
echo probe consists of simply repeating the last thing someone has said, and asking them to continue
You can encourage an informant to continue with a narrative by just making affirmative comments, like ‘‘Uh-huh,’’ or ‘‘Yes, I see,’’ or ‘‘Right, uh-huh,’’ and so on.
‘‘Don’t you think that? . . .’’
closed (‘exactly what happened’) or open-ended (‘what was going on’)