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Removal of Arsenic from Aqueous Solution using Both Fly Ash and Bottom Ash as Adsorbents by Column Studies
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1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 507 Removal of Arsenic from Aqueous Solution Using Both Fly Ash and Sindhu D1, Shwetha K C2 1,2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Ballari Institute of Technology Ballari, Karnataka, India. ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract – Environmental pollution is currently one of the most important issues facing humanity. It is undesirable side effects of industrialization, urbanization, population growth and unconscious attitude towards the environment. Mainly contamination of arsenic in drinking water has adverse effects on human health. Contamination of arsenic in drinking water is a serious problem affecting many countries with guideline value exceeding 10µg/L as recommended by World Health Organization. Continuous experiments were conducted using adsorbents such as Fly Ash and Bottom Ash. These adsorbents were modified by using Ferrous Sulphate (FeSO4). Breakthrough curves were developed by conducting column studies for modified bottom ash with flow rates of 3 ml/min and 6 ml/min. For 3 ml/min, a breakthrough point was obtained at 76.67 hours and for a flow rate of 6 ml/min, the breakthrough pointwasachievedat 26 hours respectively. Key Words: Contamination, Pollution, Adsorbent, Arsenic, Continuous experiments. 1. INTRODUCTION In India, environmental pollution has become a cause of concern at various levels. Due to lack of sewage treatment plants, generally untreated sewage effluents are released either on agricultural landforirrigationordisposed of in nearby water bodies. Arsenic contamination in groundwater is the major threat to the worldwide drinking water resources [1]. Toxicity of Arsenic (III) in drinking water is more compared to that of arsenic (V). Estimated acute minimal lethal dose of arsenic is about 70 to 200 mg or 1 mg/kg/day for adults [3]. The occurrence of arsenic in the environment is usually of many forms and found in rocks, soil, natural waters, air, and food. But, arsenite (III) and arsenate (V) are usually present in natural waters [1]. Major source of arsenic emitted to the environment is mainly due to the anthropogenic activities such as release of industrial effluents, smelting of non-ferrous metals, mining of ores, burning of fossil fuels, pesticides usage containing arsenic and contamination by the use of arsenic in preservation of timber and drilling of geological deposits mobilizes the arsenic into drinking water sources [6]. The occurrence of arsenic in the water through various environmental conditions along with the range of concentrations is given in Table 1. Table 1: Occurrence of Arsenic Source of Arsenic Arsenic Conc. (µg/L) Arsenic-rich sediments (eg: Bangladesh, Vietnam, China) 10-5000 Groundwater contaminated by mining activities (eg: Ghana) 50-5000 Geo-thermal influenced water (eg: USA, Argentina) <10-50,000 Arsenic (III) is more dominant than arsenic (V) in terms of toxicity and mobility [1]. Intake of elevatedlevelsof inorganic arsenic through drinking water causes ill effects and long-term exposure leads to serious health problems. Ingestion of ground water containing high concentrationsof arsenic has been reported to be the acute arsenic intoxication of a concentration of about 21.0 mg/L [6]. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY A. Preparation and analysis of Synthetic Arsenic (III) Solution Arsenic Trichloride (As2O3) is used for the preparation of arsenic(III) standard solution. A stock solution of 1000 mg/L of As(III) is prepared by dissolving1.320gmofarsenic trioxide in 1000 ml distilled water. The solution is diluted as per required concentrations of standard arsenic(III) solution [8]. Initial and residual concentrations of arsenic samples were analyzed using Perkin Elmer Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Using hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, sample pH adjustments were made as required. B. Determination of Removal Efficiency of Arsenic(III) by trial studies For the adsorption of arsenic (III)fromsyntheticarsenic solution, both bottom ash and fly ash were used as adsorbents. Trial studies were carried out to know the arsenic(III) removal efficiency from synthetic solution. Bottom Ash as Adsorbents by Column Studies
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 508 Bottom ash is a coal-fired residue obtained from thermal power plants which are collected at the bottom of the furnace and was procured from Raichur Thermal Power Station (RTPS), Raichur and it is shown in figure 1. The chemical composition of bottom ash includesoxidesofsilica, iron, and aluminium whicharethemainmineral compounds, present in maximum percentage than that of magnesium, calcium, and sulfur. It also contains heavy metals like arsenic, selenium, boron, cadmium, and lead. Fly ash is captured from the flue gas produced during combustion of coal by electrostatic precipitators or bag filters near the chimney. Fly ash was procured from Raichur Thermal Power Station (RTPS) and it is shown in figure1. Fly ash is usually of particle size in the rangeof10 to 100 microns. Fig.1: Bottom ash and Fly ash. Table 2: Physical characteristics of Fly Ash and Bottom Ash PROPERTIES FLY ASH (Class F) BOTTOM ASH Color Whitish Grey Grey Form Powder Crystalline Bulk density 1047 Kg/cum 2350 Kg/cum Specific gravity 2.2 1.3-3 Fineness 0.4-0.04 mm >0.1 mm Moisture content <0.3% Slurry Trial studies conducted using raw fly ash and bottom ash as adsorbents which resulted with the rise in arsenic concentrations of synthetic arsenic solution. Due to the presence of high concentrations of arsenic content in both fly ash and bottom ash, an arsenic reduction was not observed. Hence, both the adsorbents were modified as follows. Table 3: Chemical Composition of Fly Ash and Bottom Ash COMPONENTS FLY ASH BOTTOM ASH Silica 55-65% 55-65% Ferric oxide 5-7% 5-9% Alumina 22-25% 15-20% Calcium 5-6% 5-7% Magnesium <1% 0.1-5% Titanium Traceable 1-2% Manganese <1% 1-1.5% Phosphorus <1% 1-1.5% Sulphates 0.1% 0.1% Potassium 0.09% >0.1% Unburnt Carbon 1-1.5% 2-3% C. Modification of Adsorbents Coating of adsorbents by using FerrousSulphate(FeSO4): Methodology for coating of adsorbents using Ferrous Sulphate (FeSO4) is shown below, 100 gm of sample 100 ml of 0.5 M NaOH solution is added to the mixture 15 min of settling Mixture is spread evenly to air-dry and allowed for oxidation of iron coating of the adsorbent Stirred for 1 hour Stirred for 5 min 15 min of settling 156.75 gm of hydrated FeSO4 + 600 ml of distilled water Solution is decanted Solution is decanted
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 509 Iron coated adsorbents were used for the trial studies to know arsenic III). Iron coated bottom ash and iron coated fly ash are shown in fig.2. Fig.2: Iron coated bottom ash and iron coated fly ash. D. Developing the break through curve by conducting column studies The column studies were carried out to develop the break through curve by setting the optimum parameters. The columns used were of diameter 2.5 cm and height of 25 cm for both modified bottom ash and modified fly ash and are represented in figure 3. The studies were carried out to the depth of 15 cm, and flow rates of 3 ml/min and 6 ml/min using bottom ash and flow rate of 2 ml/min using fly ash respectively. Fig.3: Columns used for the Continuous study. E. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) It was used to determine the arsenic concentrationsofthe samples. The analysis was carried out by Perkin Elmer Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. It works on the furnace method and at a temperature of 2000ºCanditisrepresented in figure 4. Fig.4: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Trial studies were conducted to evaluate the removal efficiency of arsenic usingflyashandbottomashfor the present study. Due to the presence of arsenic content in both the adsorbents, there was an increase in arsenic concentrations. An attempt was made to remove arsenic from adsorbents by acid washing process, which resulted in less percentage removal of arsenic.Hence, theironcoatingof adsorbents was made using Ferrous Sulphate (FeSO4). COLUMN STUDIES Objective: To determine break through curve by conducting column studies. To determine the 100% breakthrough time of modified bottom ash and modified fly ash for arsenic (III), the operational parameters obtained from the batch study are considered and Ce/Co is plotted against time. The effect of flow rate on both the modified adsorbents is checked for arsenic(III) removal. Flow rates of 3 ml/min and 6 ml/min were maintained for a uniform depth of 15 cm for iron coated bottom ash. The obtained breakthrough curves of modified bottom ash are representedinfigure5andfigure6. The initial concentration of 46.92 µg/L, at pH 7 and flow rate of 3 ml/min continuous flow was maintained and from the figure 5 it is observed that modified bottomashcan remove 100% As(III) for the time period of 31.33 hours and bed was saturated by the time period of 156 hours or 6.50 days, the volume of synthetic solution treated is 28 litres. The initial concentration of 47.85 µg/L, at pH 7 andflowrate of 6 ml/min was maintained and from the figure 6, it is observed that modified bottomashcanremove100%As(III) for the time period of 2.66 hours and bed was saturated by time period of 80.67 hours or 3.36 days and the volume of solution treated is 29 litres. Removal performance of modified bottom ash is represented in Table 4. The experiment was conductedtoknowthe effectof flow rate on modified fly ash for arsenic (III) removal with the depth of 15 cm and flow rate of 2 ml/min. The technical problem arises during the process, as the sample was not passing through the bed due to the fineness of modified fly ash. Hence sand was mixed with modified fly ash so that sample could flow easily, but the same problem arised and removal efficiency was very low due to the discontinuous flow. Column studies carried using both the modified adsorbents.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 510 Fig.5: Break through curve for arsenic binding under flow conditions, solution of 50 µg/LatpH7and flowrate of 3 ml/min Fig.6: Break through curve for arsenic binding under flow conditions, the solution of 47.85 µg/L, at pH 7 and flow rate of 6 ml/min. Table 4: Performance representation of Column Studies of flow rate 3 ml/min Time (min) Initial Concentration (µg/L) Final Concentration (µg/L) Efficiency (%) 40 46.92 0.001599 99.996 80 46.92 0.002796 99.994 120 46.92 0.003899 99.9916 160 46.92 0.004297 99.9908 200 46.92 0.005897 99.987 240 46.92 0.007296 99.984 1560 46.92 0.289027 99.38 1720 46.92 0.40304 99.14 1760 46.92 0.41383 99.118 1880 46.92 0.4589 99.02 3080 46.92 0.7929 98.31 3160 46.92 0.83517 98.22 3200 46.92 0.89898 98.08 3240 46.92 0.9177 98.04 3280 46.92 0.9609 97.95 3320 46.92 1.0003 97.86 3360 46.92 1.1533 97.54 3400 46.92 1.6051 96.58 4600 46.92 2.5665 94.53 4640 46.92 3.6738 92.17 4680 46.92 4.579 90.24 4720 46.92 6.0104 87.19 4760 46.92 7.432 84.16 4800 46.92 8.7458 81.36 4840 46.92 9.7875 79.14 4920 46.92 10.3927 77.85 6120 46.92 11.509 75.47 6160 46.92 13.381 71.48 6200 46.92 15.225 67.55 6240 46.92 17.2079 63.325 6280 46.92 19.223 59.03 7800 46.92 21.264 54.68 7840 46.92 23.856 49.156 7880 46.92 26.68 43.137
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 511 7920 46.92 29.30 37.55 7960 46.92 32.356 31.04 9320 46.92 37.04 21.057 9360 46.92 43.73 6.798 9400 46.92 46.417 1.072 9440 46.92 46.976 - 9480 46.92 47.013 - Table 5: Performance representation of column studies of flow rate 6 ml/min Time (min) Initial Concentration (µg/L) Final Concentration (µg/L) Efficiency (%) 40 47.85 0.00469 99.990 80 47.85 0.04135 99.913 120 47.85 0.28097 99.412 160 47.85 0.47108 99.015 200 47.85 1.1900 97.51 240 47.85 2.6269 94.51 280 47.85 4.03806 91.56 320 47.85 6.1745 87.096 360 47.85 7.5646 84.19 400 47.85 8.5632 82.109 1560 47.85 9.5626 80.01 1680 47.85 12.378 74.13 1720 47.85 18.017 62.34 3080 47.85 23.078 51.77 3440 47.85 26.68 44.24 4680 47.85 32.317 32.46 4760 47.85 37.696 21.22 4840 47.85 43.424 9.249 4920 47.85 47.797 - 4960 47.85 48.85 - 5000 47.85 48.47 - Modified Bottom Ash Modified Fly Ash Fig.6: Column studies carried out using both the adsorbents for depth of 15 cm 4. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK Based on the results obtained for arsenic removal using both fly ash and bottom ash as adsorbents, as discussed above, the following conclusions are made. The trial studies using raw bottom ash and raw fly ash showed that the arsenic removal from synthetic solution was not efficient due to the presence of arsenic in the adsorbents. Trial studies using modified adsorbents showed the better removal efficiency of arsenic from aqueous solution. The optimization of the various operating parameters towards arsenic removal using both modified bottom ash and modified fly ash, As the concentration of arsenic(III) increases the removal efficiency of the arsenic from synthetic solution decreases.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 512 Initially the rate of adsorption increases with the rise in the dosage and agitation time later decreases for the same. Arsenic(III) removal efficiency using both the adsorbents increases as the pH of the aqueous solution increases. Using modified bottom ash, for the flow rate of 3 ml/min, concentration of 50 µg/L and at neutral pH, the bed was saturated by the time period of 158 hours or 6.58 days, the volume of synthetic solution treated is 28 litres and for the flow rate of 6 ml/min, concentration of 50 µg/L and at neutral pH, the bed was saturated by time period of 80.67 hours or 3.36 days and the volume of solution treated is 29 litres. Saturation time of the modified bottom ash bed decreases with the increase in the flow rate of the solution to be treated. Future scope of work: Regeneration studies should be carried out for both the modified adsorbents. Column studies using modifiedflyasharetobecarried out. Kinetics studies for the arsenic(III) removal using adsorption data should be carried out. REFERENCES [1] Lokendra Singh Thakur and Pradeep Semil (2013), “Removal of Arsenic in Aqueous Solution by Low-Cost Adsorbent: A Short Review”, International Journal of Chem Tech Research (IJCTR), ISSN: 0974-4290, Vol.5, No.3, pp 1299-1308. [2]DineshMohan,CharlesU.Pittman(2007)“Arsenic removal from water/waste water using adsorbents”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 142(2007) 1-53. [3] WHO (2001), United Nations Synthesis Report on “Arsenic in Drinking Water”, Geneva. [4] M.K. Singh and Anil Kumar (2012), “A Global Problem of Arsenic in Drinking Water and Its Mitigation –A Review”, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology (IJAET), Vol.III, pp 196-203, E-ISSN 0976-3945. [5] D.VanHalem et al., (2009), “Arsenic in drinking water: a worldwide water quality concern for water supply companies”. Drinking Water Engineering and Science”,2, pp 29-34. [6] IPCS (2002), “Exposure to Arsenic: A MajorPublicHealth Concern”, Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(11):1172-1177. [7] S. Lakshmi Narayan et al., (2014), “A batch study on the removal of nickel (II) using low-cost adsorbent fly ash”, International Journal of Chemical and Petrochemical Technology (IJCPT), ISSN(P):2277-4807; ISSN(E): 2319- 4464 Vol.4, Issue 1, February 2014, 31-36. [8] Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, AmericanPublicHealthAssociation(APHA),the American Water Work Association (AWWA) and the Water Environment Federation (WEF) publication (2006). [9] Ajay K. Agarwal et al., (2014), “Langmuir, Freundlichand BET AdsorptionIsotherm Studies for Zinc ions onto coal fly ash”, International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM), Vol.3, ISSN: 2319- 4847. [10] V.T. Nguyen et al., (2009),“Arsenic removal by a membrane hybrid filtration system”, Desalination 236, pp. 363-369. [11] Trina Dutta et al., (2012), “Removal of Arsenic Using Membrane Technology- A Review”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), ISSN:2278- 0181, Vol.1 [12] P.Xu et al., (2013), “Selective removal of arsenic and monovalent ions from Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis Concentrate”, Journal of Hazardous Materials 260, pp.885- 891. [13] F. PrietoGarciaa et al., (2012), “Study of Arsenic Removal with Ionic Exchange Resins inDrinking Waterfrom Zimapan, Hidalgo State, Mexico”, International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, Vol.2, No.6. www.ijastnet.com [14] Imran Ali et al., (2012), “Removal of Arsenate from Aqueous Solution by Electro-Coagulation Method Using Al- Fe Electrodes”, International Journal of Electrochemical Science, Vol.7, pp.1898-1907.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 513 [15] P.D. Nemade et al., (2012), “Comparison of Arsenic Adsorption by ElectrocoagulationandChemicallyGenerated Hydrous Ferric Oxide (HFO) from Water”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), ISSN: 2278-0181, Vol.1. [16] M.Shruthi et al., (2013), “Removal of Arsenic from Groundwater using Electrochemical Coagulation Process”, International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, ISSN 2277-4106. [17] A.M. Garcia-Lara et al.(2014), “Arsenic Removal from Natural Groundwater by ElectrocoagulationUsingResponse Surface Methodology”, Journal of Chemistry.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/857625. [18] Omar J. Flores et al. (2014), “Arsenic Removal from Groundwater by Electrocoagulation Process in a Filter- Press-Type FM01-LC Reactor”, International Journal of Electrochemical Science, Vol.9, pp.6658-6667. [19] G.G. Kleiman and Uzi Landman (1973), “Theory of Physisorption: He on Metals”, Physical review, Vol.8, No. 12. [20] A.Dabrowski (2001), “Adsorption From Theory To Practice”, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. Vol.93, pp.135-224. BIOGRAPHIES Sindhu D Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering, Ballari Institute of Technology, Ballari, Karnataka, India Shwetha K C Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering, Ballari Institute of Technology, Ballari, Karnataka, India
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