Minimization of Energy Consumption using EPAR-DSR Protocol in Manet

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1307
MINIMIZATION OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION USING EPAR-DSR PROTOCOL
IN MANET
Saurabh Arora1
1Amity University, Noida, U.P, INDIA
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Abstract: A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is one
containing of a set of mobile hosts which can control
independently without infrastructure base stations. Power
saving is a critical issue for MANET since most mobile hosts
will be operated by battery powers. This metric has been
used along with a simple power control protocol, which uses
the maximum transmit power for the transmission of RTS
and CTS and the minimum necessary transmit power for the
transmission of DATA and ACK. In this paper, we address the
power-saving issue for fully power-aware mobile hosts to
achieve energy conservation on all these protocol layers. We
propose a new EPAR-DSR protocol algorithm specially
designed for MANETs.
Keywords: MANET, AOTV, DSR, TORA, DSDV, EPAR-
DSR PROTOCOL etc.
I. Introduction
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is correspondence
arrange in which all hubs are versatile and express with
each other by means of remote associations. Hubs can join
or leave the system whenever and they speak with each
other which are instantly inside their radio range and
correspondence past this range is built up by utilizing
middle hubs to set up a way in a bounce by-jump way.
There is no settled foundation. There is no requirement for
any settled radio base stations, any wires or settled
switches. All hubs are equivalent and there is no brought
together control or outline that is it is self-sorting out and
versatile. This implies a framed system can be de-shaped
on-the-fly without requirement for any framework
organization. There are no assigned switches: all hubs can
fill in as switches for each other, and information bundles
are sent from hub to hub in a multi-jump form. Because of
nearness of versatility, steering data should change to
reflect changes in connection availability.
A. Routing Mechanism
Directing is the way toward choosing ways in a system
along which to send the critical information. Directing is a
standout amongst the hugest difficulties in specially
appointed systems as to create bolster for steering is basic
for the fundamental system operation. A Routing
Mechanism determines how switches speak with each
other, spreading data that empowers convention to choose
courses between any two hubs in the system, the decision
of the course being finished by steering calculations. The
versatility in portable specially appointed system that is
hubs in an impromptu system are permitted to move in an
uncontrolled way which brings about a very unique
system with fast topological changes creating regular
course disappointments.
 Optimum in terms of some criterion (e.g. minimum
distance, maximum bandwidth, shortest delay)
 Satisfying some constraints (e.g. limited power of mobile
nodes, limited capacity of wireless links)
Routing Mechanisms use several metrics to calculate the
best path for routing the packets to its destination. These
metrics are a standard measurement that could be number
of hops, which is used by the routing algorithm to
determine the optimal path for the packet to its
destination. The different delivery semantics for the
routing in MANET are as follows:
 Unicast: delivers a message to a single specific node
within the transmission range
 Broadcast: delivers a message to all nodes in the network
within the transmission range.
 Multicast: delivers a message to a group of nodes that
have expressed interest in receiving the message within
the transmission range
 Any cast: delivers a message to any one out of a group of
nodes, typically the one nearest to the source within the
transmission range
 Geo-cast: delivers a message to a geographic area within
the transmission range.

B. Energy efficiency in MANET
Energy efficiency is a noteworthy issue of worry in remote
a specially appointed systems as portable hubs depend on
batteries, which are constrained wellsprings of vitality,
and, in numerous situations, it is a significant lumbering
errand to supplant or energize them. In spite of the
advance made in battery innovation, the lifetime of battery
controlled gadgets keeps on being key test and requires
extra research on productive outline of stages,
conventions, and frameworks. Hubs inside a specially
appointed system for the most part depend on batteries
(or thorough vitality sources) for power. Since these
vitality sources have a restricted lifetime, control
accessibility is a standout amongst the most critical
limitations for the operation of the impromptu system.
There are diverse wellsprings of energy utilization in a
portable hub.
 Energy consumed while sending a packet
 Energy consumed while receiving a packet
 Energy consumed while in idle mode
 Energy consumed while in sleep mode which occurs
when the wireless interface of the mobile node is turned
off.
II. Problem statement
The problem of energy efficiency in MANETs can be
addressed at different layers. In recent years, many
researchers have focused on the optimization of energy
consumption of mobile nodes, from different points of
view. Some of the proposed solutions try to adjust the
transmission power of wireless nodes, other proposals
tend to efficiently manage a sleep state for the nodes
(these solutions range from pure MAC-layer solutions (as
the power management of 802.11) to solutions combining
MAC and routing functionality). Finally, there are many
proposals which try to define an energy efficient routing
protocol, capable of routing data over the network and of
saving the battery power of mobile nodes. Such proposals
are often completely new, while others aim to add energy-
aware functionalities to existing protocols (like AODV, DSR
and OLSR). The aim of energy-aware routing protocols is
to reduce energy consumption in transmission of packets
between a source and a destination, to avoid routing of
packets through nodes with low residual energy, to
optimize flooding of routing information over the network
and to avoid interference and medium collisions.
III.System model
We study EPAR-DSR for instance of the power mindful
directing with BASIC-like power control, which chooses
the base aggregate transmit control way. EPAR-DSR has 3
center calculations – which are catching, redirection, and
course upkeep for versatility.
The catching calculation handles bundles that are gotten
by the MAC effectively. At the point when a hub catches a
parcel from its neighbor it makes a section in the catch
table or revives the passage if the section for the neighbor
as of now exists. The passage incorporates the base
transmit control important to speak with the neighbor in
view of the flag quality of the got bundle and the power
level at which the parcel was sent. The data of the last is
incorporated inside the parcel by the sender.
Utilizing the catching calculation, the redirection
calculation can play out the course streamlining, which
prompts discover ways that require less transmit energy
to forward a parcel. Once a hub finds a way that devours
less transmit vitality the hub turns into a redirector and
transmits a divert message to the sender. The divert
message incorporates another vitality productive way.
Since just a single middle of the road hub (redirector) can
be included a way at any given moment EPAR-DSR
streamlines highways slowly and carefully. In this way, the
quantity of emphasess required to achieve an ideal course
is the same as the quantity of redirectors incorporated into
the course.
Dissimilar to a static system, the course support
calculation is required for a system where hubs are
versatile. In EPAR-DSR, source hubs transmit course
upkeep parcels to goal hubs at whatever point there is no
information bundle to send for a settled time interim,
course timeout. From the course support parcels and
information bundles hubs can keep up crisp courses.
C. Vitality Efficiency of EPAR-DSR
We initially demonstrate the execution of EPAR-DSR with a
basic situation portrayed in Fig. 2. It is a straightforward
chain topology, which comprises of 3 hubs. Hubs are
appeared as a circle, and the bolt between two hubs shows
an activity stream. For this particular topology, hub A will
be a source that transmits parcels to hub C. The separation
between adjoining hub sets is 50 m.

Figure 1: Node A can transmit packets to node C directly,
or forward them through an intermediate node B.
In Fig. 1, node A can either send a packet directly to node C
using the shortest path routing, or forward them through
an intermediate node B using EP-DSR. The dashed line
from A to C in Fig. 1 indicates the former case and two
other flows, A-B and C-D, indicate the latter case. Fig. 3
shows simulation results of the proposed method. EP-DSR
indicates power aware routing with BASIC-like power
control. For simulation purpose, PCM (Power Control
MAC) [5] is used for BASIC-like power control. In graphs,
PCM indicates PCM with shortest path routing and IEEE
802.11 means the IEEE 802.11 MAC without power control
using the shortest path routing. All schemes considered in
this paper use the shortest path routing protocol except
EP-DSR, which uses the power aware routing. Thus, when
we say PCM or IEEE 802.11 it will mean the scheme with
the shortest path routing.
IV. Proposed method
Power aware schemes plans settle on directing choices to
advance execution of energy or vitality related assessment
measurements. The course determinations are made
exclusively with respect to execution prerequisite
strategies, free of the fundamental specially appointed
directing conventions conveyed. Along these lines, the
power mindful directing plans are transferable from one
hidden specially appointed steering convention to another,
the watched relative benefits and downsides stay
substantial. There are two directing targets for least
aggregate transmission vitality and aggregate operational
lifetime of the system that can be commonly conflicting.
1. Course revelation and Maintenance in effective power
mind-ful DSR
The goal for the proposed DSR is to forward the bundle
through those hubs which are having more elevated
amount of vitality at a given time. The fundamental point
of energy mindful EDSR is to limit the change in the rest of
the energies of the considerable number of hubs and in
this manner draw out the system lifetime. In the
conventional DSR amid course Discovery prepare if any
hub gets a Route Request (RREQ) which is not implied for
it or if the hub is not the last goal then it keeps the bundle
for a specific time interim and picks the way with the base
number of bounces. Be that as it may, for proposed DSR,
the way picked depends on vitality of hubs alongside way
cost.. The thought behind this convention is to present the
postponement powerfully for the control parcel like RREQ
and RREP (Route answer) on the premise of remaining
battery energy of the middle hubs. The more will be the
remaining force the less will be the postponement.
Following Fig. 2 represents the power-aware routing
mechanism with the RREQ and RREP packets in the
efficient EPAR protocol.
Figure 2: Route discovery and maintenance process in
EPAR.
The RREQ broadcast is initiated by the number of sources.
The intermediate nodes can reply to the RREQ packet from
cache as in the DSR protocol. If there is no cache entry,
receiving a new RREQ packet an intermediate node does
the following: 1. Node starts the timer. 2. Keeps the path
cost in the header as minimum cost. Then it adds its own
cost to the path cost in the header and broadcast to the
neighboring nodes. 3. On receiving duplicate RREQ packet,
an intermediate node re-broadcasts it only if the timer for
that RREQ packet has not expired but with the maximum
energy level of nodes (i.e. node lifetime). 4. Destination
also waits for a specific time after the first RREQ packet
arrives. It then replies to the best path consisting of the
timer value and maximum energy level, in that period and

ignores others. 5. The destination node sends RREP packet
along the path consisting of nodes having maximum
energy. 6. Finally, the new path cost in the header is less
than the minimum cost. The path cost is added to the RREP
packet and is stored in cache by all nodes that hear the
RREP packets.
V. RESULT and DISCUSSION
Simulation results of EPAR-DSR protocol along with DSR,
AODV, and DSDV in MATLAB shows that, EPAR-DSR
protocol establishes multiple alternative paths during the
path establishment stage. The packet delivery ratio,
Network lifetime and the throughput are measured. As
nodes in the robust path bear implicit geographic
information about the intended path, they could react
quickly to the link failure through cooperation. Although
EPAR-DSR protocol establishes multiple backup paths to
enhance the robustness against path breakage; it is
possible that all paths fail simultaneously. As time elapses,
paths become invalid. Since all nodes are moving, it is very
likely that some links on several discovered paths break
shortly.
Table 1: Simulation parameter
Figure 3: Throughput on No. Traffic size
Figure 3 shows the comparisons of throughput obtained
using EPAR-DSR PROTOCOL along with DSR, AODV, and
DSDV protocols. Results show that EPAR-DSR PROTOCOL
Mobile as a trust protocol similar to DSR, AODV, and DSDV
protocols. Throughput refers to the number of packets
delivered to the base station by the sink node at any
instance of time. When compared to the existing algorithm
the throughput is high in the proposed algorithm. It
traverses through the shortest path inside the sensing field
and collects updated data on time and hence delivers more
number of packets at any instance of time to the base
station.
Figure 4: Network lifetime of various protocols on no.
of mobile nodes
In the event that the battery power is high in all the energy
hubs in the MANET, organize lifetime is expanded. So this
considers hub vitality. Expanding the system lifetime of
MANET is extremely basic in light of the fact that the vast
majority of the gadgets in this system work with the
Parameters Value
No of nodes, n 100
N/w size X × Y 100 × 100
Receiver Energy, ERX 50nJ
Transmitter Energy,
ETX
50nJ
Free space Energy
Consumption, Efs
.01nJ
Multipath Energy
Consumption, Emp
.0013pJ
Initial Energy, E0 0.5J
Data Aggregation
Energy, EDA
5nJ
Packet size 1400bits
Percentage of advanced
nodes, m
0.1, 0.2& 0.3
Multiple of normal
node energy, a
1, 2, 3

assistance of battery power. On the off chance that the
battery control goes down in any of the hubs in this
system, the course settled by means of that hub gets
influenced and prompts shameful transmission of
information parcels. One noteworthy issue is that building
up the course and keeping up the course is extremely
troublesome in MANET. This issue emerges because of the
regular development of hubs and depletion of hubs
because of the low battery.
Figure 5: Packet Delivery Ratio on no. of mobile nodes
Figure 5 shows that the good degree of reliability while
transmit as a multiple paths are kept in the routing
protocol. The routing process in EPAR-DSR Mobile is
similar to AODV, DSDV and DSR. It is clear from the figure
above that packet delivery ratio of EPAR-DSR achieved
more when compared to AODV, DSDV and DSR protocols.
VI. Conclusion
More applicable nodes in ad hoc networks lead to rapid
battery discharge and network division; consequently,
nodes and network lifetime will be reduced. In this article,
an optimal routing algorithm of aware energy has been
presented based on demand that causes to increase
network lifetime by reducing energy consumption. Also,
the proposed method causes distribution of traffic among
nodes and divides energy consumption evenly among
network nodes, and prevents from division of network into
smaller regions. The results of simulation show that the
proposed EP-DSR algorithm toward AODV algorithm
reduces energy consumption significantly and also
increases network lifetime. Considering aware energy
strategy and also threshold value, this method reduces the
waste time for information about route request packet and
routing traffic. Also, due to considering multi-routes
causes a balance in energy consumption of nodes; and
rerouting is not required in case of route destruction, and
data can be transmitted to destination from other routes.
In fact, the fault-tolerant in the proposed method will
significantly increase.
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