Submit Search
Upload
IRJET- Hardness Removal of Groundwater by using Optimum Lime-Soda Process
•
0 likes
•
32 views
IRJET Journal
Follow
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V5/i3/IRJET-V5I3879.pdf
Read less
Read more
Engineering
Report
Share
Report
Share
1 of 4
Download now
Download to read offline
Recommended
ELECTRODIALYSIS
ELECTRODIALYSIS
Poonam Singh
Integrated Electrodialysis Membrane Stability Results for Cost-Effective CBM ...
Integrated Electrodialysis Membrane Stability Results for Cost-Effective CBM ...
Paula Moon, Ph.D.
IRJET- Water Quality Assessment of Paravoor Lake
IRJET- Water Quality Assessment of Paravoor Lake
IRJET Journal
Estimation of Chlorine in Water Samples-ELECTROANALYSIS
Estimation of Chlorine in Water Samples-ELECTROANALYSIS
IRJET Journal
Solids determination
Solids determination
Vishal Chaudhari
Practical on COD
Practical on COD
Vishal Chaudhari
Treatment of wastewater from chrome plating industry by ion exchange method
Treatment of wastewater from chrome plating industry by ion exchange method
eSAT Journals
Determining of hardness of water
Determining of hardness of water
Ratnesh Kanungo
Recommended
ELECTRODIALYSIS
ELECTRODIALYSIS
Poonam Singh
Integrated Electrodialysis Membrane Stability Results for Cost-Effective CBM ...
Integrated Electrodialysis Membrane Stability Results for Cost-Effective CBM ...
Paula Moon, Ph.D.
IRJET- Water Quality Assessment of Paravoor Lake
IRJET- Water Quality Assessment of Paravoor Lake
IRJET Journal
Estimation of Chlorine in Water Samples-ELECTROANALYSIS
Estimation of Chlorine in Water Samples-ELECTROANALYSIS
IRJET Journal
Solids determination
Solids determination
Vishal Chaudhari
Practical on COD
Practical on COD
Vishal Chaudhari
Treatment of wastewater from chrome plating industry by ion exchange method
Treatment of wastewater from chrome plating industry by ion exchange method
eSAT Journals
Determining of hardness of water
Determining of hardness of water
Ratnesh Kanungo
Cooling water Treatment presentation
Cooling water Treatment presentation
kamran ul hassan
IRJET- Application of Electrocoagulation in Wastewater Treatment: A General R...
IRJET- Application of Electrocoagulation in Wastewater Treatment: A General R...
IRJET Journal
IRJET- Experimental Study on Removal of Toxic Metals from Leachate using ...
IRJET- Experimental Study on Removal of Toxic Metals from Leachate using ...
IRJET Journal
Water softening ce3
Water softening ce3
RAVI TEJA MULLAPUDI
Water Quality Index
Water Quality Index
Praveen Kumar
Water supply and sewerage engineering laboratory
Water supply and sewerage engineering laboratory
Taufique Hasan
Cooling Water Treatment
Cooling Water Treatment
Ashutosh Mehndiratta
Pascal Okechukwu Electrocoagulation Project
Pascal Okechukwu Electrocoagulation Project
Pascal Okechukwu
20320140503028
20320140503028
IAEME Publication
IRJET- Study the Effect of Process Parameters during Electrochemical Treatmen...
IRJET- Study the Effect of Process Parameters during Electrochemical Treatmen...
IRJET Journal
01 water quality
01 water quality
Akepati S. Reddy
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Muhd Effandi
Cooling water treatment
Cooling water treatment
Prem Baboo
Case study: Refinery mercury chemical decontamination in preparation for deco...
Case study: Refinery mercury chemical decontamination in preparation for deco...
ISCT GROUP US LLC
Gate material civil engineering, environmental engineering
Gate material civil engineering, environmental engineering
klirantga
Drinking water quality
Drinking water quality
Abino David
Chloride corrosion effect on different diameter rebar in marine structures
Chloride corrosion effect on different diameter rebar in marine structures
Alexis Manzano MEng(Hons) GMICE
Chemistry investigatory HARDNESS OF WATER
Chemistry investigatory HARDNESS OF WATER
Pradeep Kv
Water Desalination Technology
Water Desalination Technology
Ahmed Hasham
JWARP_2015032516160270
JWARP_2015032516160270
Mia (Miaoyi) Yan
IRJET- Treatment of Tannery Wastewater using Plain and Punched Iron Elect...
IRJET- Treatment of Tannery Wastewater using Plain and Punched Iron Elect...
IRJET Journal
UNIT-III & IV.pdf
UNIT-III & IV.pdf
Mohan Marumudi
More Related Content
What's hot
Cooling water Treatment presentation
Cooling water Treatment presentation
kamran ul hassan
IRJET- Application of Electrocoagulation in Wastewater Treatment: A General R...
IRJET- Application of Electrocoagulation in Wastewater Treatment: A General R...
IRJET Journal
IRJET- Experimental Study on Removal of Toxic Metals from Leachate using ...
IRJET- Experimental Study on Removal of Toxic Metals from Leachate using ...
IRJET Journal
Water softening ce3
Water softening ce3
RAVI TEJA MULLAPUDI
Water Quality Index
Water Quality Index
Praveen Kumar
Water supply and sewerage engineering laboratory
Water supply and sewerage engineering laboratory
Taufique Hasan
Cooling Water Treatment
Cooling Water Treatment
Ashutosh Mehndiratta
Pascal Okechukwu Electrocoagulation Project
Pascal Okechukwu Electrocoagulation Project
Pascal Okechukwu
20320140503028
20320140503028
IAEME Publication
IRJET- Study the Effect of Process Parameters during Electrochemical Treatmen...
IRJET- Study the Effect of Process Parameters during Electrochemical Treatmen...
IRJET Journal
01 water quality
01 water quality
Akepati S. Reddy
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Muhd Effandi
Cooling water treatment
Cooling water treatment
Prem Baboo
Case study: Refinery mercury chemical decontamination in preparation for deco...
Case study: Refinery mercury chemical decontamination in preparation for deco...
ISCT GROUP US LLC
Gate material civil engineering, environmental engineering
Gate material civil engineering, environmental engineering
klirantga
Drinking water quality
Drinking water quality
Abino David
Chloride corrosion effect on different diameter rebar in marine structures
Chloride corrosion effect on different diameter rebar in marine structures
Alexis Manzano MEng(Hons) GMICE
Chemistry investigatory HARDNESS OF WATER
Chemistry investigatory HARDNESS OF WATER
Pradeep Kv
Water Desalination Technology
Water Desalination Technology
Ahmed Hasham
JWARP_2015032516160270
JWARP_2015032516160270
Mia (Miaoyi) Yan
What's hot
(20)
Cooling water Treatment presentation
Cooling water Treatment presentation
IRJET- Application of Electrocoagulation in Wastewater Treatment: A General R...
IRJET- Application of Electrocoagulation in Wastewater Treatment: A General R...
IRJET- Experimental Study on Removal of Toxic Metals from Leachate using ...
IRJET- Experimental Study on Removal of Toxic Metals from Leachate using ...
Water softening ce3
Water softening ce3
Water Quality Index
Water Quality Index
Water supply and sewerage engineering laboratory
Water supply and sewerage engineering laboratory
Cooling Water Treatment
Cooling Water Treatment
Pascal Okechukwu Electrocoagulation Project
Pascal Okechukwu Electrocoagulation Project
20320140503028
20320140503028
IRJET- Study the Effect of Process Parameters during Electrochemical Treatmen...
IRJET- Study the Effect of Process Parameters during Electrochemical Treatmen...
01 water quality
01 water quality
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Cooling water treatment
Cooling water treatment
Case study: Refinery mercury chemical decontamination in preparation for deco...
Case study: Refinery mercury chemical decontamination in preparation for deco...
Gate material civil engineering, environmental engineering
Gate material civil engineering, environmental engineering
Drinking water quality
Drinking water quality
Chloride corrosion effect on different diameter rebar in marine structures
Chloride corrosion effect on different diameter rebar in marine structures
Chemistry investigatory HARDNESS OF WATER
Chemistry investigatory HARDNESS OF WATER
Water Desalination Technology
Water Desalination Technology
JWARP_2015032516160270
JWARP_2015032516160270
Similar to IRJET- Hardness Removal of Groundwater by using Optimum Lime-Soda Process
IRJET- Treatment of Tannery Wastewater using Plain and Punched Iron Elect...
IRJET- Treatment of Tannery Wastewater using Plain and Punched Iron Elect...
IRJET Journal
UNIT-III & IV.pdf
UNIT-III & IV.pdf
Mohan Marumudi
IRJET- Studying the Quality of Leather Industrial Waste Water and Treating it...
IRJET- Studying the Quality of Leather Industrial Waste Water and Treating it...
IRJET Journal
IRJET- Treatment of Galvanized Waste Water in Industry Outlet
IRJET- Treatment of Galvanized Waste Water in Industry Outlet
IRJET Journal
DESALINATION OF SEAWATER USING WATER HYACINTH ACTIVATED CARBON
DESALINATION OF SEAWATER USING WATER HYACINTH ACTIVATED CARBON
IRJET Journal
20 Water Treatment.pptx
20 Water Treatment.pptx
VEMULAPALLILEHERCHAN
20 Water Treatment.pptx
20 Water Treatment.pptx
VEMULAPALLILEHERCHAN
Water Analysis.pdf
Water Analysis.pdf
Dr.Timy Jose
Statistical Optimization of Synthetic Soda Ash for Water Softening
Statistical Optimization of Synthetic Soda Ash for Water Softening
ijtsrd
Removal of Hexavalent Chromium by Adsorption using low-cost Adsorbents and Ac...
Removal of Hexavalent Chromium by Adsorption using low-cost Adsorbents and Ac...
IRJET Journal
IRJET- Economical Water Purifier using Natural and Waste Materials
IRJET- Economical Water Purifier using Natural and Waste Materials
IRJET Journal
Applied chemistry practical manual session 12 13
Applied chemistry practical manual session 12 13
Krishna Gali
01 Judd Sundine - Mine Water Solutions in Extreme Environments 2015
01 Judd Sundine - Mine Water Solutions in Extreme Environments 2015
Judd Sundine
Pollution status of river Periyar
Pollution status of river Periyar
IRJET Journal
Lab5 determination of hardness of water
Lab5 determination of hardness of water
Anas Maghayreh
Removal of colour and turbidity (coagulation, flocculation filtration)
Removal of colour and turbidity (coagulation, flocculation filtration)
Ghent University
Circulating water treatment project
Circulating water treatment project
Molla Morshad
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DOMESTIC EFFLUENT USED IN CONCRETE
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DOMESTIC EFFLUENT USED IN CONCRETE
IRJET Journal
Ihtesham environmnental engineering lab presentation
Ihtesham environmnental engineering lab presentation
ihtesham ul haq
Treatment of Hospital Wastewater by Electro-Coagulation Technique
Treatment of Hospital Wastewater by Electro-Coagulation Technique
IRJET Journal
Similar to IRJET- Hardness Removal of Groundwater by using Optimum Lime-Soda Process
(20)
IRJET- Treatment of Tannery Wastewater using Plain and Punched Iron Elect...
IRJET- Treatment of Tannery Wastewater using Plain and Punched Iron Elect...
UNIT-III & IV.pdf
UNIT-III & IV.pdf
IRJET- Studying the Quality of Leather Industrial Waste Water and Treating it...
IRJET- Studying the Quality of Leather Industrial Waste Water and Treating it...
IRJET- Treatment of Galvanized Waste Water in Industry Outlet
IRJET- Treatment of Galvanized Waste Water in Industry Outlet
DESALINATION OF SEAWATER USING WATER HYACINTH ACTIVATED CARBON
DESALINATION OF SEAWATER USING WATER HYACINTH ACTIVATED CARBON
20 Water Treatment.pptx
20 Water Treatment.pptx
20 Water Treatment.pptx
20 Water Treatment.pptx
Water Analysis.pdf
Water Analysis.pdf
Statistical Optimization of Synthetic Soda Ash for Water Softening
Statistical Optimization of Synthetic Soda Ash for Water Softening
Removal of Hexavalent Chromium by Adsorption using low-cost Adsorbents and Ac...
Removal of Hexavalent Chromium by Adsorption using low-cost Adsorbents and Ac...
IRJET- Economical Water Purifier using Natural and Waste Materials
IRJET- Economical Water Purifier using Natural and Waste Materials
Applied chemistry practical manual session 12 13
Applied chemistry practical manual session 12 13
01 Judd Sundine - Mine Water Solutions in Extreme Environments 2015
01 Judd Sundine - Mine Water Solutions in Extreme Environments 2015
Pollution status of river Periyar
Pollution status of river Periyar
Lab5 determination of hardness of water
Lab5 determination of hardness of water
Removal of colour and turbidity (coagulation, flocculation filtration)
Removal of colour and turbidity (coagulation, flocculation filtration)
Circulating water treatment project
Circulating water treatment project
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DOMESTIC EFFLUENT USED IN CONCRETE
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DOMESTIC EFFLUENT USED IN CONCRETE
Ihtesham environmnental engineering lab presentation
Ihtesham environmnental engineering lab presentation
Treatment of Hospital Wastewater by Electro-Coagulation Technique
Treatment of Hospital Wastewater by Electro-Coagulation Technique
More from IRJET Journal
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...
IRJET Journal
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTURE
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTURE
IRJET Journal
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...
IRJET Journal
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil Characteristics
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil Characteristics
IRJET Journal
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...
IRJET Journal
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...
IRJET Journal
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...
IRJET Journal
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...
IRJET Journal
A REVIEW ON MACHINE LEARNING IN ADAS
A REVIEW ON MACHINE LEARNING IN ADAS
IRJET Journal
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...
IRJET Journal
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD Pro
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD Pro
IRJET Journal
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...
IRJET Journal
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare System
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare System
IRJET Journal
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridges
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridges
IRJET Journal
React based fullstack edtech web application
React based fullstack edtech web application
IRJET Journal
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...
IRJET Journal
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.
IRJET Journal
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...
IRJET Journal
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic Design
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic Design
IRJET Journal
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...
IRJET Journal
More from IRJET Journal
(20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTURE
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTURE
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil Characteristics
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil Characteristics
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...
A REVIEW ON MACHINE LEARNING IN ADAS
A REVIEW ON MACHINE LEARNING IN ADAS
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD Pro
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD Pro
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare System
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare System
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridges
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridges
React based fullstack edtech web application
React based fullstack edtech web application
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic Design
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic Design
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...
Recently uploaded
★ CALL US 9953330565 ( HOT Young Call Girls In Badarpur delhi NCR
★ CALL US 9953330565 ( HOT Young Call Girls In Badarpur delhi NCR
9953056974 Low Rate Call Girls In Saket, Delhi NCR
Current Transformer Drawing and GTP for MSETCL
Current Transformer Drawing and GTP for MSETCL
DeelipZope
High Profile Call Girls Nagpur Isha Call 7001035870 Meet With Nagpur Escorts
High Profile Call Girls Nagpur Isha Call 7001035870 Meet With Nagpur Escorts
ranjana rawat
Exploring_Network_Security_with_JA3_by_Rakesh Seal.pptx
Exploring_Network_Security_with_JA3_by_Rakesh Seal.pptx
null - The Open Security Community
Call Us -/9953056974- Call Girls In Vikaspuri-/- Delhi NCR
Call Us -/9953056974- Call Girls In Vikaspuri-/- Delhi NCR
9953056974 Low Rate Call Girls In Saket, Delhi NCR
Application of Residue Theorem to evaluate real integrations.pptx
Application of Residue Theorem to evaluate real integrations.pptx
959SahilShah
What are the advantages and disadvantages of membrane structures.pptx
What are the advantages and disadvantages of membrane structures.pptx
wendy cai
Heart Disease Prediction using machine learning.pptx
Heart Disease Prediction using machine learning.pptx
PoojaBan
Sachpazis Costas: Geotechnical Engineering: A student's Perspective Introduction
Sachpazis Costas: Geotechnical Engineering: A student's Perspective Introduction
Dr.Costas Sachpazis
VIP Call Girls Service Kondapur Hyderabad Call +91-8250192130
VIP Call Girls Service Kondapur Hyderabad Call +91-8250192130
Suhani Kapoor
IVE Industry Focused Event - Defence Sector 2024
IVE Industry Focused Event - Defence Sector 2024
Mark Billinghurst
SPICE PARK APR2024 ( 6,793 SPICE Models )
SPICE PARK APR2024 ( 6,793 SPICE Models )
Tsuyoshi Horigome
Call Girls Narol 7397865700 Independent Call Girls
Call Girls Narol 7397865700 Independent Call Girls
ssuser7cb4ff
College Call Girls Nashik Nehal 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
College Call Girls Nashik Nehal 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
Call Girls in Nagpur High Profile
main PPT.pptx of girls hostel security using rfid
main PPT.pptx of girls hostel security using rfid
NikhilNagaraju
Gfe Mayur Vihar Call Girls Service WhatsApp -> 9999965857 Available 24x7 ^ De...
Gfe Mayur Vihar Call Girls Service WhatsApp -> 9999965857 Available 24x7 ^ De...
srsj9000
ZXCTN 5804 / ZTE PTN / ZTE POTN / ZTE 5804 PTN / ZTE POTN 5804 ( 100/200 GE Z...
ZXCTN 5804 / ZTE PTN / ZTE POTN / ZTE 5804 PTN / ZTE POTN 5804 ( 100/200 GE Z...
ZTE
Model Call Girl in Narela Delhi reach out to us at 🔝8264348440🔝
Model Call Girl in Narela Delhi reach out to us at 🔝8264348440🔝
soniya singh
OSVC_Meta-Data based Simulation Automation to overcome Verification Challenge...
OSVC_Meta-Data based Simulation Automation to overcome Verification Challenge...
Soham Mondal
Introduction to Microprocesso programming and interfacing.pptx
Introduction to Microprocesso programming and interfacing.pptx
vipinkmenon1
Recently uploaded
(20)
★ CALL US 9953330565 ( HOT Young Call Girls In Badarpur delhi NCR
★ CALL US 9953330565 ( HOT Young Call Girls In Badarpur delhi NCR
Current Transformer Drawing and GTP for MSETCL
Current Transformer Drawing and GTP for MSETCL
High Profile Call Girls Nagpur Isha Call 7001035870 Meet With Nagpur Escorts
High Profile Call Girls Nagpur Isha Call 7001035870 Meet With Nagpur Escorts
Exploring_Network_Security_with_JA3_by_Rakesh Seal.pptx
Exploring_Network_Security_with_JA3_by_Rakesh Seal.pptx
Call Us -/9953056974- Call Girls In Vikaspuri-/- Delhi NCR
Call Us -/9953056974- Call Girls In Vikaspuri-/- Delhi NCR
Application of Residue Theorem to evaluate real integrations.pptx
Application of Residue Theorem to evaluate real integrations.pptx
What are the advantages and disadvantages of membrane structures.pptx
What are the advantages and disadvantages of membrane structures.pptx
Heart Disease Prediction using machine learning.pptx
Heart Disease Prediction using machine learning.pptx
Sachpazis Costas: Geotechnical Engineering: A student's Perspective Introduction
Sachpazis Costas: Geotechnical Engineering: A student's Perspective Introduction
VIP Call Girls Service Kondapur Hyderabad Call +91-8250192130
VIP Call Girls Service Kondapur Hyderabad Call +91-8250192130
IVE Industry Focused Event - Defence Sector 2024
IVE Industry Focused Event - Defence Sector 2024
SPICE PARK APR2024 ( 6,793 SPICE Models )
SPICE PARK APR2024 ( 6,793 SPICE Models )
Call Girls Narol 7397865700 Independent Call Girls
Call Girls Narol 7397865700 Independent Call Girls
College Call Girls Nashik Nehal 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
College Call Girls Nashik Nehal 7001305949 Independent Escort Service Nashik
main PPT.pptx of girls hostel security using rfid
main PPT.pptx of girls hostel security using rfid
Gfe Mayur Vihar Call Girls Service WhatsApp -> 9999965857 Available 24x7 ^ De...
Gfe Mayur Vihar Call Girls Service WhatsApp -> 9999965857 Available 24x7 ^ De...
ZXCTN 5804 / ZTE PTN / ZTE POTN / ZTE 5804 PTN / ZTE POTN 5804 ( 100/200 GE Z...
ZXCTN 5804 / ZTE PTN / ZTE POTN / ZTE 5804 PTN / ZTE POTN 5804 ( 100/200 GE Z...
Model Call Girl in Narela Delhi reach out to us at 🔝8264348440🔝
Model Call Girl in Narela Delhi reach out to us at 🔝8264348440🔝
OSVC_Meta-Data based Simulation Automation to overcome Verification Challenge...
OSVC_Meta-Data based Simulation Automation to overcome Verification Challenge...
Introduction to Microprocesso programming and interfacing.pptx
Introduction to Microprocesso programming and interfacing.pptx
IRJET- Hardness Removal of Groundwater by using Optimum Lime-Soda Process
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3748 Hardness Removal of Groundwater by using Optimum Lime-Soda Process Darshak Vaniya1, C.D. Solanki2, Parthiv Bhikadiya3, Brijesh Lakhmani4, Priyank Dobaria5 1,3,4,5 Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, BMCET College, Surat, Gujarat 2 Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, BMCET College, Surat, Gujarat ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Hard water can cause many problems including scaling and excessive soap consumption. In the Suratcity,hard water is mostly found in the East, South and north zone. It ranges between 450-550 mg/L as CaCO3 or beyond 250 mg/L as CaCO3 for very hard waters. The acceptablewaterhardness range is between 100-200 mg/L as CaCO3. A water softening experiment was conducted in replicate to observe the changes in parameters such as total hardness and pH with varying dosages of lime and soda ash. A lime and soda ash dosage range of 1 % of the stoichiometric amount was chosen for the experiments. The samples used were groundwater from four different zones of Surat bore well average total hardness of 500 mg/L as CaCO3. Results indicated that an increase in lime dosage caused a decrease in total hardness concentrations. The pH continually increased with adding lime and soda ash dosage. Key Words: Hardness, Lime, Soda ash, Groundwater 1. INTRODUCTION Groundwater normally remainsin thesubsoilformanyyears before it is pumped up or flows out into the surface water. Due to the long residence time in the subsoil, groundwateris in chemical equilibrium. Groundwater comesincontactwith the atmosphere when it is pumped up or discharged into surface water. When water is heated the equilibrium is changing, the Ca2+ and HCO3 - ions will precipitate in the form of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Especially high concentrations of Ca2+ and HCO3 - ions will lead to inconveniences for the customers because of the calcium carbonate scaling (e.g., depositsin water boilers).Toprevent precipitation of calcium carbonate at the customers’ taps, calcium ions are partially removed from the water by drinking water companies. This is called softening. Lime- Soda water softening method is one of the most traditional chemical method in water purification process used for reducing the hardness of ground water. Hard water is very dangerous to human body especially on hair and skin. It contains high rate minerals of calcium and magnesium and also contains bicarbonate and chloride. In a present, one of the most important things is to provide safe and soft water to the public. Many processes are available at present time to remove hardness of calcium and magnesium like, boiling of water, Chemical Precipitation, Ion-exchange resin, Reverse osmosis, Synthetic resin, etc. Chemical precipitation is one of cheapest processto softeningwaterin easy way. As we know different location has different hardness and chemical mineral in groundwater. Standard categories of hardness of water listed below. Table -1: Standard categories of hardness of water Sr. no. Hardness range(mg/l) Degree of hardness 1. 0-50 Soft 2. 50-100 Moderately soft 3. 100-200 Moderately hard 4. 200-300 Hard 5. >300 Very hard 1.1 Softening Methods Surface water hardly exceed hardnesslevel above200mg/1 and softening is not at all required in most of the cases, unless the water is being polluted by some effluent sources. However, in case of groundwater, hardness level more than 1000 mg/1 are quite common. Since, softer water is corrosive, hence public water supply are usually not softened below 30 to 50 mg/1. The most accepted and commonly used water softening methods are precipitation and cat ion exchange. In order to obtain maximum profit,the factorstobe considered are the choice of a softeningprocess, the raw water quality, the end use of the softened water, the cost of softening chemicals and the ways and cost of disposing of waste streams. Precipitation methodsThe principlebehindtheprecipitation method is to bind calcium cat ions Ca and magnesium cat ions Mg , with ions of CO3 and OH . The precipitate CaC03 and Mg (OH)2 thus formed are removed from the water. Quick lime CaO, slaked lime Ca(OH)2 , soda ash NaC03 and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) NaOH, arecommonlyusedreagents in water softening. Depending upon the quality of initial water, the following main precipitation methods are distinguished. a) Lime softening b) Lime - Soda softening c) Sodium Hydroxide softening Lime affects the carbonate hardness (alkalinity) and therefore can be practiced in order to decrease the carbonate hardness of the initial water. This method does not result in deep softening. Magnesium is removed from water if sufficient excess of OH" are present.Waterdissolved carbon dioxide is removed, total solids in the treated water diminishes and the total hardness in the lime treated water also decreases. But the pH increases to 10 or beyond. When lime is added to the hard water followingreactionsoccurs,In the above reactions, downward arrows indicate the insoluble products.
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3749 Lime Addition:- Hardness Lime Precipitate CO2 + Ca(OH)2 -- > CaCO3 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 -- > 2CaCO3 + 2H2O Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 -- > CaCO3 + MgCO3 + 2H2O MgCO3 + Ca(OH)2 -- > CaCO3 +Mg(OH)2 CO2 does not contribute to the hardness, but It reacts with the lime, and therefore uses up some lime before the lime can start removing the hardness. Lime - Soda softening method is commonlypracticedinmost of the Public water supply. (Belan1984) The method is universal because watersof almost any composition may be treated with lime and soda. In this treatment, two reagents are being used namely lime and soda ash. Lime as discussed earlier, decreases the carbonate hardness, (Mg2+) and removes C02 from the water. Soda on the otherhandreduces the non - carbonate hardness, mainly due to Ca2+, that showed after the liming and the reaction occurs after the addition of soda ash is as follows. Lime and Soda ash Addition:- Lime Precipitate MgSO4 + Ca(OH)2 -- > Mg(OH)2 +CaSO4 Soda ash Precipitate CaSO4 + Na2CO3 -- > CaCO3 + Na2SO4 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1 Study Area In this study Samples were taken from different zones of surat city which contain high amount of hardness and different sampling point of different zones of surat city are (1) Makna village (2) Varchha (3) Udhna (4) Ved .Ground water samples were collected from bore well three times in summer season. Figure-1: Map of Surat city showingdifferentsamplingpoint Figure-2: Zones of Surat city In the present study three types of treatment were performed on hard water viz, 1) Lime solution 2) Lime-Soda solution. Samples were first analyzed by EDTA method for measuring initial hardness then Jar test was performed for giving treartment to the sample water for hardness removal. Procedure for jar test and EDTA method are explained below. Jar test: Jar test is a laboratory procedure where varying dosages of alum are tested in a series of glass or plastic jars under identical conditions. An experiment performed by jar test on the water sample which is done by following steps: 1. Determine the pH of the raw water sample. 2. Place 1 liter of raw water in each of the three beakers of the laboratory stirrer. Immerse blades and stir the raw water samples at about 100 rpm. 3. Add lime solution into each of the beaker to obtain the desired concentrations in the raw water samples. 4. Let the samples mix at approx. 100 rpm for 1minute, then decrease the speed to approx. 30 rpm. Allow the sample to mix for a period of 10 minutes. Observe any changes in the suspended matter in the sample. 5. At the end of the mixing period, turn off the stirrer, let the flocs settle (at least 20 minutes) and carefully remove the supernatant from each beaker and filteroutsamplesthrough Whatman paper 42. Determine the pH of each treated water sample. 6. Measure the hardness of the samples and find minimum lime dose to remove hardness.
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3750 EDTA method for determination of Hardness 1. Pipette 100 mL of water sample after jar test and transfer it to a clean 250mL conical flask. 2. Add 1mL of Ammonia buffer solution to the water sample so that the pH will be maintained between 9 and 10. 3. Add few drops of EBT indicator to the conical flaskandthe sample turns to wine red in color. 4. Titrate the sample against the EDTA solution in the burette till all calcium and magnesium ions present in the sample reacts with the EDTA. The appearance of blue colour indicates that all Ca & Mg ions are complexed withEDTAand forms a metal EDTA complex i.e., the end point of the titration. 5. Do same procedure after boiling 100ml vol. of sample it will give permanent hardness of sample. Hardness of given water sample will be found out by following formula. TotalHardness Treatment 1: In treatment 1 different samples of 500 ml of bore water were taken to beaker and adding optimum dose of lime and soda ash of stock solution (1% solution) were added as a same concentration. Then jar test was conducted. After completing jar test sampleswere filteredthroughfilter paper than hardness were analyzed by EDTA method. Table 1 shows Initial hardness of different zone of Surat city ground water sample. Figure 3 shows Optimum dosing of lime and soda ash and removal of hardness after treatment. Treatment 2: In treatment 2 different samples of 500 ml of bore water was taken to beaker and adding optimumdoseof lime and soda ash of stock solution (1% solution) were added as different concentration. Then jar test was conducted. After completing jar test samples were filtered through filter paper than hardness were analyzed by EDTA method. Table 1 shows Initial hardness of different zone of Surat city ground water sample .Figure 4 shows Optimum dosing of lime and soda ash and removal of hardness after treatment. Treatment 3 In treatment 3 different samples of 500 ml of bore water was taken to beaker and adding optimumdoseof lime of stock solution (1%solution) were added asdifferent concentration. Then jar test wasconducted.Aftercompleting jar test samples were filtered through filter paper than hardness were analyzed by EDTA method. Table 1 shows Initial hardness of different zone of Surat city ground water sample. Figure 5 shows Optimum dosingoflimeandremoval of hardness after treatment. 3. RESULT Table -2: Initial Hardness of different water sample Sr. no. Sample description Avg.Total hardness (mg/l) 1. Makna 468 2. Varachha 489 3. Udhana 535 4. Vedroad 510 Figure-3: Comparison of hardness level before and after the treatment (1) of different water sample Figure-4: Comparison of hardness level before and after the treatment (2) of different water sample
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3751 Figure-5: Comparison of hardness level before and after the treatment (3) of different water sample 4. CONCLUSION After analysis of different ground water after treatment of softening we observed that in treatment 1 with optimum dose of same concentration of lime and soda ash removal of hardness is maximum of 50.91 percent. As comparing in treatment 2 the removal of hardness by optimum dose of lime and soda ash with different concentration gave maximum hardness removal of 24.34 percent.Intreatment3 adding of optimum lime dose for maximum hardness removal is maximum of 12 percent. As we increase the dose of lime and soda ash maximum hardnesswillremovebylime soda process as comparing with only lime dosage. Comparing the treatment 1 and 2, the same concentrationof lime and soda ash gave better results in removing total hardness. Hardness is caused by polyvalent metallic ions dissolved in water, which in natural water are principally magnesium and calcium. So the adverse effects of such hard water are i. Soap consumption by hard water cause economic loss to water, ii. MgSO4 has laxative effects in person unaccustomed to it, iii. Precipitation by hard water adhere to the surface of tubs and sinks and may stain clothing, dishes and other items. Determination of quality and type hardness of raw water is a must prior to the selection of softening method. Proper selection of method reduces expenditure as well as providesdesirable quality of water. However all the methods are suitable depending on the quality of Groundwater. 5. REFERENCES [1] “Lime softening”, tech brief, a national drinking water claring house fact, 1998. [2] Aparna ghadge, sagar gawande “Removal of hardnessof water by using optimum lime dose” IJREST vol.3, 2017. [3] Terlumum, peter okoh “Optimization of soda ash/lime dosage for u.g water in makurdi” EJERS vol.2, 2017. [4] Ocheri, Umar n.d, M.I “Groundwater quality in Nigerian urban area” Global journal of sci. vol.13, 2014. [5] Pradhan alka, goyal harshiya, khan nazish, deshmukh jitendra “Study of groundwater in vadodara” JERD vol.3A, 2015.
Download now