pre water treatment and hardness of water

1. 4/26/2018

2. GROUP MEMBERS
IHTESHAM UL HAQ
SYED SHEHBAZ AHMAD
FARMAN ULLAH
HAROON KHAN
NAVEED KHAN
AMIR HAMZA
Subject:- Environmental Engineering
Instructor:- Engr ADNAN Soomro
BUITEMS

3. 4/26/2018
BUITEMS

4. OVERVIEW
 Water used in industries comes from natural source like lake, canal, river and well.
 They contain many dissolved and suspended particles with it.
 This can cause fouling, scaling in equipment and reducing its life time.
 To secure the equipment and maintain its smooth operation, water is treated and them used by plant.
 Water treatment reduces turbidity, TDS, DS, and DO, organic matter, hardness and colour of water.
 Different unit operations are applied in series to make water suitable for plant.
 The canal water is preferred due to low hardness despite of high turbidity.
 This is because turbidity reduction is less costly than hardness removal.
 Tube wells are only used when canal water is not non-functional, due to shortage of water.
 A mixture of both could be used to make process economical.
4/26/2018

5. 4/26/2018

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Hardness of Water
DEFINITION:-
“The property of water to form an insoluble curd with soap instead of lather. In other words, it is the soap
destroying property due to the presence of Bicarbonates, carbonates, Sulphates and Chlorides of Calcium and
Magnesium. Soap (C17H35COONA or sodium stearate).
Types of Hardness
A. TEMPORARY HARDNESS:-
 It is due to the presence of Bicarbonates, carbonates of Calcium & Magnesium and can be removed by
boiling.
B. PERMANENT HARDNESS:-
 It is due to the presence of Sulphates, Nitrates and Chlorides of Calcium & Magnesium.
Measurement of Hardness
 Hardness of water is expressed / measured in terms of milli equavilant / litre
 1 milli-equavilant = 50 mgs.of CaCO3 / litre

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Classification of Hardness
Soft water-------------------- = 1 m.Eq. / litre
Moderately hard water--- = 1-3 m.Eq. / litre
Hard water----------------- = 3-6 m.Eq. / litre
Very hard water---- = 6 and > 6 m.Eq. / litre
Disadvantages
Are in the form of economic loss of a community and a country at large such as:
1. More consumption of soap & detergents
2. More consumption of fuel due to scaling formation in the boilers in industries
3. Discoloration of foods
4. Short life of clothes due to deposition of salts in fabrics
5. Disturbance of dyeing process
6. Decreased life of cisterns and Pipes

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Advantages
Reduced prevalence of,
1. Arteriosclerotic heart disease
2. Degenerative heart disease
3. Sudden death due to Cardiac arrest
4. Hypertension
Removal of Hardness
A. FOR TEMPORARY HARDNESS:
1. Boiling
B. FOR PERMANENT HARDNESS:
1. Addition of Lime (Calcium oxide, commonly known as quicklime )
2. Addition of Sodium Carbonate
3. Base Exchange method / Permutit Process

9. Water Resources & Treatment
FFC PLANT GHOT MACHI

10. Water Sources:-
 Canal water
 Ground Water
• Ahmed Pur Lama [Well Area]
• No. of Wells : 68
• Power Source: 11kV transmission line from plant
• Pipe Line: 8 km, 20 in diameter
Water Requirement:-
Plant : 1200~1450 m3/hr
Township : 150~ 200 m3/hr
Water Resources & Treatment Contd..

11. Water Resources & treatment Contd..
Water Storage Reservoirs:
STORAGE TYPE CAPACITY
FIRE WATER STORAGE 4145 m3
RAW WATER STORAGE 7790 m3
MAIN RESERVOIR 30,000 m3

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13. Al2(SO4)3
RAW WATER
Polyelectrolyte
Lime solution
C.TOWER MAKE UP

14. Water Resources & treatment Contd..
Lime Softening
 is the process used to reduce temporary hardness of water by treatment with
lime.
Sedimentation
 Liquid solid separation process after the water has been coagulated
and flocculated.
Coagulants
 Widely used Alum, Ferrous and ferric salts.
Organic Polymers
 Poly electrolytes used as a coagulant aids to improve treatment.
Principle of Clarifier

15. Cation
Exchanger
Urea
condensate
Carbon
filters
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
Filtered
Water
Degasifier
- - - - - -
- - - - - -
- - - - - -
- -
Strong Anion
- - - - -
- - - - -
- -
Weak Anion
De-ionized
water
tank
+ - + -
+ - + -
+ - + -
+ - + -
Mix Beds
De-mineralized
water tank

16. References:-
1. https://www.slideshare.net/ahsansha
fiq90/hardness-of-water
2. https://www.google.com/search?q=
water+treatment+plant+design+ppt
&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwioionYotPa
AhXhA8AKHdFUAf8Q1QIIvQEo
Aw&biw=1366&bih=588

17. Q/A
4/26/2018
Quartz Crystal Thermometer for Measuring
Temperature Deviations in the 10−3 to 10−6 °C Range

18. Thank You
4/26/2018 Mechanical Temprature Mesurement 18