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IRJET- Distance Algorithm for Transmission Line with Mid-Point Connected STATCOM
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IRJET- Distance Algorithm for Transmission Line with Mid-Point Connected STATCOM
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 09 | Sep 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1222 DISTANCE ALGORITHM FOR TRANSMISSION LINE WITH MID-POINT CONNECTED STATCOM Bhupendra Dewangan1, Neelesh Kumar2 1Student, Electrical & Electronics Engineering, 2Asst. prof., Electrical & Electronics Engineering, 1,2Disha Institute of Management & Technology, Raipur (C.G), India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices are playing an increasingly important role in electrical power systems to satisfy the function of achieving better power transferability and enhancing power system controllability. The presence of FACTS devices in power systems has carried up some challenges to the protection schemes in the grid. Distance protection, as a major transmission line protective scheme, is facing such a challenge to meet the basic requirements for the accuracy, selectivity, reliability and security. This dissertationreviewsFACTSconcepts, andstudies the shunt connected STATCOM and its modeling. Based on the dynamic behavior of a shunt connected STATCOM in a two- machine system, whereadistanceprotectionscheme isapplied to protect the transmission line connecting the two machines, performance of the two zone distance protection scheme has been evaluated in EMTDC/PSCAD simulation environmentfor different contingent conditions. This includes different load angles, various STATCOM mode of operation, various fault locations & types. To overcome the misoperation of the conventional distance relay and make the distance scheme operational and reliable when the transmission line is shunt compensated with STATCOM, an adaptive distance algorithm is presented in this work. Key Words: STATCOM; FACTS; EMTDC/PSCAD; Distance Relay, Adaptive Distance Algorithm. 1. INTRODUCTION Transmission lines, as a most importantcomponentofan electrical power system, play the very important role in the transmission of power from generation to load and to interconnect regional power systems into a grid network. Hence, protection of transmission lines is critical in system contingencies to separate faults and to ensure thesafetyand integrity of a power grid. Despite the economic reasons, distance protection is widely employed because the basic requirements for a protection scheme, which are selectivity, reliability and sensitivity with satisfactory fault clearing time, can be easily met with proper scheme setup and coordination study. By measuring the ratio of voltage to current at relay position, distance protection can sense different types of faults and initiaterelatedtrippingschemes to separate the fault from the system with a desired time delay [1]. Distance protection is a reliable and selectiveform of protection for transmission lines particularly where line terminals are relatively distant apart. With thedevelopment and application of power electronics technology and maturity of manufacturing, more and more power semi- conductor based devices, called FACTS[2], withratingsfrom tens to hundreds of giga watts, have been utilized in the power systems to satisfy the function of achieving better power transferability and enhancing power system controllability. In the present work of STATCOM, a shunt connected FACTS device, and its modeling technology. Based on the dynamic behavior of a STATCOM in a two machine transmission system, performance of a distance relay protecting the transmission lineinthesystemduringseveral incident conditions has been estimated in EMTDC/PSCAD (commercial software) simulation environment. 2. DISTANCE RELAY Distance relay, also called impedance relay [5], operates on the principle that measures the ratio of voltagetocurrent phasors at a relay location to determine if a fault is within the relay’s protection boundary. Various characteristics in distance relay family are built up according to the positive and zero sequence impedance of the protected transmission line. Based on transmission line impedance, setting coordination with adjacent lines and other regulations, distance protection with particular characteristic can be selected to apply on the protected transmission line. Fig-1: Mho Characteristic It is common to use an R–X diagram to both analyze and visualize the response of a distance relay. Impedance characteristic is plotted as a circle with its center at the origin of the coordinates and radius equal to its setting in ohms [6]. Relay operation occurs for all impedance values less than the setting, that is, for all the points within the circle. In this work, the Mho characteristic is select to build up the simulation models and is used to conduct analysis for a distance relay’s behavior under various system conditions R jX
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 09 | Sep 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1223 with a STATCOM installed on the transmission line. As shown in Figure 1, the characteristic of a Mho impedance relay, when plotted on R-X diagram, is a circle whose circumference passes through the origin. It will operateonly on faults in forward direction (quadrant one) along the transmission line. The Mho Characteristic of a distance relay is inherently directional to protect the faults in single direction on the protected line [7]. The relay operates when the measured impedance falls within the circle Zone. 3. STEP DISTANCE SCHEME As a non-pilot application, distance relayingiscalledstep distance protection when numerous zones are employed to protect a transmission line [3]. A conventional step distance scheme installed at terminal 1 protecting transmission lines is shown in Figure 2 The first zone, designated as Z1, issetto trip without any intentional time delay and its protection boundary is set as approximately 80%-90% of transmission line impedance in order to avoid overreach operation for faults. The second zone, Z2, is set to protect the remaining 10%-20% of the transmission line plus an adequate margin, and it has to be time delayed (TA2) to coordinate with the relays installed at remote terminal 2. The third zone with time delay (TA3), Z3, is applied as backup for zone 2 and can be applied as backup for relay failure or breaker failure at remote terminal 2. With proper coordination, Z1 & Z2 at terminal 1, Z1 &Z2 at distant terminal 2, and Z3atterminal 1 relay will detect all faults on the transmission lines A and B plus some part of the lines fed from the distant terminal 3 (Line C). Fig-2: Normal Selectivity Adjustment of Step Distance Scheme 4. MODELING OF DISTANCE PROTECTION IMPEDANCE The best location for the installation of a STATCOM to improve system stability and power flow in a two-power source transmission system is the mid-point of the transmission line. The chapter begins with the discussion of STATCOM operating principle with its associate control structures. The detail modeling of STATCOMcontrol scheme is presented. 4.1 STATCOM INSTALLED AT MID-POINT OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE Fig-3: Single line diagram of the studied power system. The system shown in Figure 3 is utilized to perform an analysis of the distance relay protecting a transmission line with a STATCOM installed at the mid-point. In the circuit, two generators, S1 and S2, are connected with a transmission line. The distance relay is installed next to Bus M to protect the transmission line on which a STATCOM is installed at the mid-point (Figure 3). In this case, only the distance relay close to Bus M is analyzed. Another distance relay installed at the Bus N end to protect the transmission line should behave in a similar manner when the same types of faults occur on the transmission line. 4.2 STATCOM OPERATING PRINCIPLE AND CONTROL STRUCTURE The SVC and STATCOM Controllers are static VAR generators whose output is varied so as to maintain or control specific parameters of the power system. Although the operating principles of these shunt VAR compensators are different, and their voltage-current steady state characteristics, power losses, as well as their speed of response, are quite different, they all can provide controllable reactive shunt compensation and exhibiting similar overall functional capabilities within their linear range of operation.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 09 | Sep 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1224 Fig-4: (a) Single line diagram of STATCOM connected to a power system, (b) STATCOM control structure used in the simulation. The shunt FACTS compensator is connected at a bus in a power system. The blocks shown inthefigureisdescribedas following: Measurement and Processing Circuit: The function of this circuit is to step-down the three phase voltages and currents to a lower levels using potential and current transformers and then produce a corresponding a dc equivalent signals proportional to the root meansquare (rms) value of the reduced balancethree-phasevoltages and currents at the fundamental frequency. In addition, the circuit filters the unwanted frequencies and harmonics. The voltage regulator: A proportional-integral (PI) controller is commonly used as voltage regulator. It is used to produce the reference current signal (Iqref) would reduce the error voltage signal (∆ET) to zero, which mean the terminal voltage will be maintained at the desired reference voltage. Slop or Current-Droop Constant (K):Adropofintherangeof 3 to 5% is normally used in practice [2]. In many applications, the terminal voltage (ET) is allowed to vary from the reference voltage (Eref) with small percentage in proportional with the compensation current for the sake of getting additional benefits from the static compensator. The advantages attained from using the regulation droop are as follows: 4.3 CONVENTIONAL DISTANCE ALGORITHM WITH MID-POINT CONNECTED STATCOM In order to analyze the operation of the distance relay when a STATCOM is installed at the midpoint of the line, a sequence network for a single phase fault is utilized. The apparent impedance seen by the distance relay can be calculated with the symmetrical components of the voltage and the current measured at the relay location. The basic equation to calculate the apparent impedance seen by a distance relay for a single phase to ground is [4]: MA SA S 0 pp A a V I kI Z = + (1) where, k is the zero sequence compensationfactorandgiven as, L0 L1 L1 Z -Z k= Z . where: VMA, ISA are the phase voltage and current at relay point ISA0 is zero sequence phase current ZL0, ZL1 are zero and positive sequence impedance, respectively, of the transmission line. For a distance relay on this transmission line, there are two possible fault locations to consider relative to the STATCOM in the circuit: before andaftertheSTATCOMpoint of installation. 4.4 SINGLE PHASE FAULT AFTER STATCOM A transmission line with a STATCOM installedatthemid- point and a single phase to ground fault in the second half of the transmission line, i.e. after the STATCOM, is shown in Figure 4. In the circuit, the distance relay is installed next to the sending Bus M and protects the transmission line. The parameter ‘m’ is defined as the per unit distance from the fault location to the relay location. IM is the current in the transmission line after the STATCOM installation point, VSA and ISA are the voltage and current at bus M, respectively, IF is the ground fault current, Ishis the shunt current injected from the STATCOM, ZL is the combined impedance of the whole transmission line. This variation in fault current adversely affects the impedance seen by the distance relay. Fig. 3 represents the equivalentnetwork ofsystemrepresentedinEMTDC/PSCAD domain. The corresponding CT and PT modelling in EMTDC/PSCAD. Fig-5: Equivalent network of the studied power system. The positive, negative and zero sequence networks of the equivalent power system with mid-point connected ZS B1 V S A V S B V M V N ~ I S B I F I M I s h R F X sh V F 0.5 ZL (m-0.5)ZL (1-m)ZLZS A1 STAT COM Source A (SA) Source B (SB)~ P
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 09 | Sep 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1225 STATCOM shown in Fig.3. Distance relay is located at Bus M to protect the transmission line. The following symbolizations with reference to Fig. 5. are used for the analysis: VSA, VSB = equivalent voltages of the two sources. L1 L2 L0Z , Z , Z = positive, negative and zero sequence impedance of the line respectively. M1 M2 M0V , V , V = positive, negative and zero sequence phase voltages at relay locationatBus‘M’. M1 M2 M0I , I , I = positive,negativeandzerosequence currents through transmissionlineatrelaylocation. sh1 sh2 sh0I , I , I = positive, negativeandzerosequence shunt injected phase current by STATCOM. m = per unit distance from the fault location to the relay location. RF = fault resistance in ohm. F1 F2 F0I , I , I = positive,negativeandzerosequenceof fault current. Fig-6: Sequence network of the studied power system. (a) Positive. (b) Negative (c) Zero shA L1 L1 rela app y m-0.5 I Z I Z Z +=m (2) where, relayI is the relay current and is given by 0 relay sa s1I =I +kI . new L1 SA S sh A0 A 0. 0.35 Z = Z 1 5+ + I I +kI (3) where, sh relay I γ = I = compensation factor (4) 5. FLOW DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED METHOD The flow diagram oftheproposedadaptivezoneselection algorithm is shown in Fig.7. In this study, the current injected by STATCOM at point of connection (Ish) and the relay operating quantities (Irelay and Vrealy) are collected based on the assumption that there exists a synchronization link between bus M and midpoint [8]. It is also assumed that the shunt current (Ish) is transmitted with the help of fast fiber-optic cable. Fig-7: Flow diagram of the proposed method N o No Ye s No Trip START V, I and Ish signals form CT and CCVT Compute apparent impedance Zapp<Zset Calculate γ using (51) Calculate ZNew using (50) ZNew>Zset Tri pP PP PII PP p NoZapp>Zset Ye s Ye s Fault at boundary of zone- 1 (Capacitive mode) Fault beyond zone-1 (Inductive mode)
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 09 | Sep 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1226 The algorithm begins with the accumulation of current and voltage signals at the pointofrelayconnection.Full cycle discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is applied to extract fundamental frequencycomponent.However,withmidpoint connected STATCOM, phasor estimation is not accurate. Therefore, depending upon the mode of operation of STATCOM, faults at boundary and end zone create problems in distance relaying. To mitigate this problem, proposed method adaptively sets its new boundary based on the calculation of degree of compensation. Finally, the relay takes decision depending upon the new set impedance. 6. RESULTS SINGLE LINE TO GROUND (SLG) FAULT To verify the efficiency of the proposed algorithm during SLG fault considering different worst power system parameters are discussed and presented in this section. The performance of the proposed method is tested forfault,fault resistance, location, and load angles. 6.1 DURING UNDERREACH Underreach occurs due to capacitive mode operation of STATCOM as a result of which the net impedanceseen bythe relay increases. Therefore, the conventional relay doesn’t trip for a fault close to boundary of zone 1. Fig. 8 shows impedance trajectory for system with and without STATCOM. Conventional relays for the transmission line without STATCOM operates correctly and with STATCOM it maloperates. However, with new adaptive zone setting this malfunction can be prevented. Single line to ground fault is created at remote end (255 km)ofthetransmissionlinewith STATCOM connected at the midpoint. Fig-8: Adaptive Mho relay for load angle 20◦ and Rf =1 Ω. 6.1.1 PERFORMANCE FOR DIFFERENT FAULT LOCATIONS, FAULT RESISTANCE, LOAD ANGLE Faults occurring at the boundary of zone 1 hinder the performance of the relay. However, for an in-zone fault the relay should operate properly with adaptive zone setting. Single line to ground fault is created at 255 km from relay location with fault resistance of 10Ω and load angle of 100. The corresponding results with and without STATCOM is shown in Fig. 9(a). LG fault is created near the zone 1 reach. Fig. 9(b). shows the impedance trajectory with and without STATCOM. The fault resistance and load angle is set to 30Ω and 300 correspondingly. In this section load angle of 500 and a low fault resistance of Rf =50Ω is considered. From this exploration it has been found that increasing the load angle of the system the relay calculated impedance is increased.Thecorrespondingresult is shown in Fig.9(c). Fig-9: (a) load angle 10◦ and Rf =10 Ω (b) load angle 30◦ and Rf =30 Ω. (c) load angle 50◦ and Rf =50 Ω 6.2 DURING OVERREACH Overreach occurs when the STATCOM is operated in inductive mode. The primary sources are when STATCOM compensates a poor system and the reference voltage is less than 1 p. u. To detect the relay overreachcondition reference voltage of 0.85 p. u. is considered. LG fault is created a remote end (260 km) of the transmission line with midpoint connected STATCOM and proposed adaptive method is applied with various power system situationstomitigatethe condition of the overreach . Relay measured impedance without STATCOM is exactwhilewithSTATCOMforanoutof section fault the impedancetrajectoryentersintotheZone-1. However, proposed technique evaluates the new zone for which the relay operation is precise. The corresponding result is shown in Fig. 10. X (Ω) R (Ω) -10 -5 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 20 Adaptive Zone Zone 1 setting
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 09 | Sep 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1227 Fig-10: Adaptive Mho relay for load angle 20◦ and Rf =1Ω. 6.2.1 PERFORMANCE FOR DIFFERENT FAULT LOCATIONS, FAULT RESISTANCE, LOAD ANGLE To examine the performance of the proposed adaptive method a single line to ground fault is created at 200 km since the relay location. The case is simulated with fault resistance Rf = 10Ω and load angle of 100. The proposed algorithm not only operates properly foroutofsectionfaults but also operate properly for an in-zone fault. The corresponding result is shown in Fig. 11(a). Fig-10(a) load angle 10◦ and Rf =10 Ω. (b) load angle 30◦ and Rf =30 Ω. (c) load angle 50◦ and Rf =50 Ω. Single line to ground fault is created at remote end of the transmission line (beyond Zone-1) with a high fault resistance of Rf = 30Ω and load angle of 300. Fig.11(b).shows the impedance seen by relay with conventional zone-1 setting, which leads to malfunction. However, operation of the relay is accurate with proposed adaptive zone Region. In this section load angle of 500 and a low fault resistance of Rf =50Ω is considered. Henceforth, it has been found that by increasing the load angle of system the relay calculated impedance also increases. The corresponding result is shown in Fig.11(c). 7. CONCLUSION The impact of a shunt connected FACTS device, the STATCOM, in a power transmission system isinvestigatedin terms of impedance protection. In particular, theimpedance measured by the distance relay protecting a transmission line compensated by a STATCOM is studied. A model for a transmission line including a STATCOM and a distance protection scheme is built in the PSCAD environment, in which various system fault conditions together with three STATCOM installation locations are simulated. The Mho tripping characteristic of the distance relay is analyzed in various contingent conditions. Both analysis and simulation results show that the STATCOM installation location has a significant influence on the performance of the distance relay. If the STATCOM is connected at the mid-point of the line, presence of the STATCOM in the transmission line can cause malfunction of the distance relay. If the STATCOM is installed at the sending end of the transmission line, the measured impedance of the distance relay is not affected. In the cases when the STATCOM is installed at the receiving end, the distance relay functions well with minimum errors. Voltage settings of the STATCOM also are considered in the studies. However, no effect on the measured impedance of the distance relay is detected when the voltage settings of the STATCOM are changed. In order to overcome the mis- operation of the distance relay in the transmission line system, and make the distance scheme operational and reliable when the transmission line is shunt compensated using STATCOM, some communication-aided protection schemes are discussed. APPENDIX A Parameters of the study system The parameters of the study system modeled using the EMTDC/PSCAD are given in this appendix. A.1. Equivalent Sources Data: Rated voltage (kV) = 230, System frequency (Hz) = 50, Positive sequence, impedance (Ω) = 4.497+j25.506, Zero sequence, impedance (Ω) = 4.497+j25.506. A.2. Transmission Line Data: Length of line: 300 km, Positive sequence impedance = 0.0362 + j0.5087 Ω/km, Positive sequence capacitance = 0.01054 μF/km, Zero sequence impedance = 0.3659+ j1.3357Ω /km, Zero sequence capacitance=0.00760 μF/km. X (Ω) R (Ω) -10 0 10 20 0 5 10 15 20 Adaptive Zone Zone 1 setting
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 09 | Sep 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1228 REFERENCES [1] Paul M. Anderson, Power System Protection. Volume 4 of IEEE Press Power Engineering Series, 1998, pp. 379 [2] N G Hingorani and L Gyugyi. Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems, IEEE Press, 2000, Chapter 5 [3] IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Transmission Lines," IEEE StdC37.113-1999, 2000 [4] Stanley H. Horowitz &Arun G. Phadke, Power System Relaying, Third Edition, John Wiley& Sons Ltd, 2008 [5] J. Lewis Blackburn ThomasJ. Domin, ProtectiveRelaying Principles and Applications, Third Edition, CRC Press. 2006. [6] Network Protection & Automation Guide, published by Alstom Grid, 2011, page 176, chapter 11. [7] ElmorWaltera, Protective Relaying Theory and Application, Second Edition, 2004Marcel Dekker, Inc. [8] K. El-Arroudi, G. Joos, D. T. McGillis, "Operation of Impedance ProtectionRelays with the STATCOM", IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume: 17, Issue: 2, April 2002, Pages: pp. 381 - 387. [9] PSCAD/EMTDC User’s Guide. Winnipeg, MB, Canada: Manitoba HVDC Res. Ctr., 2005.
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