Linux Systems Programming: Inter Process Communication (IPC) using Pipes
MANUFACTURING PROCESS-II UNIT-5 NC MACHINE TOOLS
1. UNIT 5
– Numerical Control (NC) machine tools – CNC types,
constructional details, special features, machining
centre, part programming fundamentals CNC – manual
part programming–micromachining – wafer machining.
2. NUMERICAL CONTROL SYSTEM
– Numerical control refers to the automation of machine tools
operated by programmed commands encoded on a storage
medium against to manual control through hand wheels or
mechanically automated through cams alone.
– Controlling a machine tool by means of a prepared programme is
known as Numerical Control or NC
3. Definition of NC System
– A system in which actions are controlled by the direct insertion of
numerical data at some point is known as NC system.
4.
5. TYPES OF NC SYSTEM
– Traditional numerical control (NC)
– Computer numerical control (CNC)
– Distributed numerical control (DNC)
18. Driving system of NC Machines
– Electromechanical devices
– Digital circuits
19. AC Drives
– Principle of operation
The velocity of AC synchro motor is controlled by
manipulating the voltage frequency supplied by the motor. The
frequency manipulation requires the use of an electrical inverter, the
inverter contains DC power supply and the circuit inverts DC voltage
into AC voltage with a continuously controllable frequency.
21. STEPPING MOTOR
– Principle of operation
The drive unit contains a steering circuit and a power
amplifier. It translates the input pulses into the correct switching
sequence required to step the motor.
24. TOOLING SYSTEMS IN NC
MACHINES
– Using quick change tool holders
– Automatic tool selection
– Changing tools automatically for sequence of operations
25. APPLICATIONS OF NC
MACHINES
– Metal cutting machine tools
– Press working machine tools
– Welding machines
– Inspection machines
– Assembly machines
– Industrial robots
– Cloth cutting
26. ADVANTAGES OF NC
MACHINES
– It provides greater accuracy
– Less production cost
– Less operator skill is required
– Machine utilization is better
– Tooling cost is less
– Cycle time is reduced thereby increasing the tool life.
28. CNC SYSTEM
– Computer numerical control is a NC system that utilizes a stored
programme to perform the basic numerical control functions. A
mini or micro computer based controller unit is used.
29.
30. The type of CNC used in these
above- said fields are given below
– CNC lathes
– CNC turning centres
– Gear hobbing machines
– Gear shaping machines
– Tube bending
– Electron beam welding
– Press brakes
– Abrasive water jet machines
– Coordinate measuring machines
34. Special features of CNC
machines
– CNC drive systems
– Feed drive
– Slide movement element
– coolant control
– Working of automatic tool changer
– Work holding system
– CNC controller
– Type of CNC machines
47. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF
CNC MACHINES
– Static load
– Dynamic load
– Thermal load
– Guideways
– Measuring system
– Tool monitoring system
48.
49. APPLICATION OF CNC MACHINES
– Metal cutting industry for processes
– In addition to metal cutting machines, CNC has also been applied
to the following
– Press working machine tools
– Welding machines
– Inspection machines
– Assembly machines
– Industrial robots
– Cloth cutting
50. ADVANTAGES OF CNC
MACHINES
– It increases in capacity for storing large part programs
– It increases the memory for part programme processing
– It is easy to edit the part programs on the control console
– CNC is more compatible
51. DISADVANTAGES OF CNC
MACHINES
– Costly setup and skilled operators are required
– Computer programming knowledge is essential
– Maintenance is difficult
– Machines have to be installed in air conditioned places
52. DNC
– DNC can be defined as a manufacturing system in which a number
of CNC machines are controlled by a single computer through
direct connection and in real time.
55. ADVANTAGES OF DNC
– The computer can be remotely located even a thousand miles
away
– The computer can simultaneously programme for many NC
machines
56. PART PROGRAMMING
FUNDAMENTALS
– The conversion of engineering blueprint to a part
programme can manually be performed or with the
assistance of a high level computer language.
– Part program
– Methods of creating part programming
57. Part program
– The part programme is a set of instructions proposed to get the
machined part starting with the desired blank and NC machine
tool.
58.
59. Methods of creating part
programming
– Manual part programming
– Computer assisted part programming (CAD/CAM)
– Manual data input
– Computer automated part programming
60. CNC MANUAL PART
PROGRAMMING
– To prepare a part programme using a manual method, the
programmer writes the machining instructions on a special format
called part programming manuscript.
– The manual programming jobs can be divided into two categories
– Point to point jobs
– Contouring jobs
61. DATA REQUIRED FOR PART
PROGRAMMING
– Job dimensions/workpiece
– Work holding
– Feed/cutting speed
– Finished dimension with tolerance
– Sequence of operation
– Types of tools
– Mounting of tools
63. ZERO POINTS
– Origin is considered as zero point of the coordinate
system. NC machines have either of two methods for
specifying the zero point.
– Fixed zero
– The origin is always located at the southwest corner (lower left
hand corner).
– Floating zero
– The machine operator sets zero point at any positions on the
machine table.
64. REFERENCE POINT
– The part programmer decides the zero point to be located. It is
known as reference point.
65. NC related dimensioning in part
programming
– There are two type of positioning
– Absolute positioning
– The tool locations are always defined in relation to zero point. G90
code is used in a part programme to represent absolute mode
– Incremental positioning
– The next tool location must be defined with reference to the
previous tool location. G91 code is used in a part programme to
represent incremental mode
66.
67. There are two types of unit system
follows
– Inch system
– G70 command is used
– Metric system
– G71 command is used
68. The following steps should be kept in
mind while writing the programme
– Fixation of coordinate system
– Reference of G and M codes
– Dimensions of work and tools
– Locating the fixture and machine table
– Speed and feed according to the work and tool material.
69.
70. PREPARATORY FUNCTIONS (G) IN
PART PROGRAMMING
– Preparatory commands which prepare the machine or
tool for different modes of movement positioning.
71.
72.
73. MISCELLANEOUS FUNCTION IN
PART PROGRAMMING
– The function not relating the dimensional movement of the
machine but it denotes the auxiliary or switching information is
called miscellaneous functions.
– For example coolant on/off, spindle speed
80. INTERPOLATION IN PART
PROGRAMMING
– It is the process of developing coordinate points in between start
and finish coordinates.
– Interpolation in NC machining is required to calculate the
intermediate points of a curve or straight line when its start and
end coordinates are given. Interpolation may be linear, circular or
cubic/parabolic.
83. SUBROUTINES
– The same machining operation which was carried out already is to
be performed at many different operations on the work piece. It
can be executed by means of a means of programme called as
subrouties.
84. CANNED CYCLE
– A canned cycle is a combination of machine moves that performs
anyone particular machining function drilling, turning, milling,
boring, tapping etc.
– G81 to G89 are used for canned cycles
– G80 is used for cancelling the canned cycle
85. MICROMACHINING
– Micromachining refers of the technique for the fabrication of 3D
structure on the micrometer scale. Micromachining refers the
super finishing, a metalworking process for producing very fine
surface finishes.
– The various types of micromachining process are given below
– Bulk micromachining
– Surface micromachining
86.
87. SURFACE MICROMACHINING
– In surface machining process, the structures are created on top of
a substrate. In this case, a silicon substrate (wafer) is selectively
etched to produce structures.
– In this machining the microstructures are built by deposition and
etching of different structural layers on top of the substrate.
