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ECG Signal Denoising using Digital Filter and Adaptive Filter
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2043 ECG Signal Denoising Using Digital Filter and Adaptive Filter Chhatrapal Singh1, Jaspinder Singh2 1Student, M-Tech, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jalandhar, Punjab, India 2Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Jalandhar, Punjab, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - This paper contains some de-noising method of ECG signal. This paper discussed the efficient method of de- noising the ECG signal and gives better SNR (signal to noise ratio). In this paper we designed some filters which provide good SNR value for QRS plane detection and filters are designed for removing the noise from complete ECG signal. Mainly in ECG signal noise generated by artifacts and cardiac rhythm. Key Words: Biomedical Signal, LPF, HPF, BPF, LMS ECG, Savitzky-Golay, QRS. 1. INTRODUCTION The electrocardiograph (ECG) is an instrument, which records the electrical movement of the heart [1]. ECG signal gives the important information about the heart condition and cardiac disorder. This paper describes filtering of ECG signal which eliminate the noise from the signal which are present in ECG signal like: 1. Power line interferences 2. Baseline drift 3. Motion artifacts 4. Muscle contraction (EMG) Voltage differences of mV order between the given points of the body. Most of the electrophysiological s flags have frequencies between 0 Hz to 3000 Hz and amplitudes ranging between 10 microvolt’s and10milli-volts[1].Herea table given which gives information about noises- Table -1: Noise and their parameters Signal Biological source Average amplitude Frequenc y Electrocardiogram Heart 1-5 mV 0.05-100 Hz Electroencephalogr am Brain 10-50 0-150 Hz Electromyogram Muscles 0.1-1 mV 40-3000 Hz Electrooculogram Eyeball 0.05-3.5 mV 0-125 Hz For filtering the ECG signal we use LMS algorithm, band pass filter, low pass filter and wavelet transform. 2. SAVITZKY- GOLAY (SG) FILTER Savitzky-Golay channels are broadly utilized for smoothing and separation. There were considered smoothing and separation channels approximating polynomials of zero to fourth request with 3 - 25 point lengths. Filter coefficient of the low pass filter and high pass filter are given by the Savitzky Golay algorithm [2][5]. The coefficient of filters determine by the practical values. Depends on the order of filter and cut off frequency, here order is 2 and cut off frequency is 15 for low pass filter [5]. Fig -1: Savitzky – Golay filter (cascade connection of low pass and high pass filter) In this first noisy ECG data process through Low Pass filter which remove the noise interference and normalized the ECG data. After this LPF output pass through the HPF which gives the high signal to noise ratio for QRS plane detection. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 -2000 0 2000 second Volts nosy ECG 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 -1 0 1 second Volts ECG Signal after LPF 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 -1 0 1 second Volts ECG Signal after HPF Fig- 2: Output of Savitzky-Golay filter (a) nosy ECG signal (b) output of LPF (c) HPF Nosy ECG data LPF HPF
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2044 This graph showed output of Savitzky-Golay filters where output gives the high SNR values for the QRS planedetection of the ECG signal. Where low pass filter remove the noise frequency which are greater than 50 Hz. High pass filter provides the QRS plan where SNR value is very high. 3. BAND PASS FILTER For noise cancellation of the ECG, band pass filter is used for QRS detection in algorithm given by the Tompkins [3] and Savitzky- Golay [2]. According to Tompkins algorithmlowpassandhighpassare connected in cascaded manner for filtering. In Tompkins algorithm digital filter designs which have integer coefficients. LPF is used to remove higher frequency from the ECG data and HPF is used to getting better SNR at QRS plan [3]. Transfer function of low pass and high pass filter are: H(z)= (1-z-6)2 / (1-z-1)2 low pass in Z domain x(n)= 2x(n-1)-x(n-2)+y(n-6)+y(n-12) low pass in time domain where x(n) output of low pass filter, y(n) input of low pass filter nosy ECG signal. The high pass filter is implemented by the combinationofall pass filter and low pass filter with some delay. Hhp(z) = P(z) / Y(z) = z-16 – Hlp(z) /32 So finally band pass filter equation in time domain: P(n)=y(n-16)-0.03125[ x(n-1)+y(n)-y(n-32)] Where P(n) output of band pass filter, y(n) nosy ECG signal, x(n) output of low pass filter. These equation are depends upon the order of system or filter, here order of filter is 2. Band pass filter is combination of low pass and high pass filter. Here low pass filter, removes the power line interference and base line effect also. And high pass filter provides the better space for QRS plan which more de- noised by the filter. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 ECG 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 x 10 5 low pass 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 high pass Fig -3: Results of Tompkins filter (a) nosy ECG (b) after Low pass filter (c) output of High pass filter Another band pass filter can be used for de-noising the ECG signal which is FIR Butterworth filter. Butterworth filter cancels the noise from whole ECG signal and provide good SNR values for every peal and segments. Using band pass baseline wanders and power line interference noise are removes. For baseline wander cut off frequency is 0.5 Hz (as practically for data set) and cut off frequency for power line interference is 50 Hz. Here both frequencies used as pass band andstopbandfrequency.This gives very accurate results for noise cancellation. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 noisy ecg 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 -1000 0 1000 2000 after band pass filter 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 -4 -2 0 2 4 normalization Fig- 4: Results of Butterworth filter (a) nosy ECG signal (b) Output of Butterworth As the resultant graph showing that band pass filter cancelled the noise from whole signal which is mostly present in signal due to power line, base drift and artifacts.
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2045 Lower cut off frequency removes the EEG signal noise and drift effect and higher cut off frequency limited power line and base wander effect. It also limits other biomedical signal which is present in main ECG signal. 4. ADAPTIVE NOISE CANCELLER Adaptive Noise cancellationistechniqueswhichremoves the noise or limit the noise from corrupt signal. A versatile is basically an advanced channel with self-modification attributes. It comprise of two particular section a computerized channel with customizable coefficient, and a versatile calculation, which is utilized to change or alter the coefficient of the channel as appeared in Fig where two information flag d(n) and u(n) are connected at the same time to the versatile separating framework. The flag d(n) is measured flag got utilizing somesensoranditispolluted flag containing both the real flag and clamor and impedanceflag, accepted uncorrelated with each other. The flag u(n) is reference input flag and is additionally acquired utilizing a few sensor and it give a measure of the sullying signal which is corresponded somehow with clamor and obstruction in the deliberate flag [4][1]. d(n) – measured signal s(n) – primary signal u(n) – reference signal y(n) – output of Adaptive filter e(n) – system output signal Fig- 5: Block diagram of Adaptive filter e(n) called to be cost function which going to be minimized by changing the weight of adaptive filter. At the point of adaptive algorithm LMS (Least Mean Square) filterisused in this paper. This process is an adaptive process,whichmeans it cannot require knowledge ofsignal ornoisecharacteristics [6]. LEAST MEAN SQUARE ALGORITHM: For adaptive filtering LMS algorithm is used mostly. In 1959 Windrow Hoff developed this algorithm for pattern recognition. The LMS calculation is a sort of adaptive filterreferredtoasstochastic inclination based calculation as it uses the gradient vector of the channel tap weights to focalize on the optimal wiener solution [7]. The objective of designing the FIR wiener channel to produces least mean square gauge of a given flag. let noisy signal is x(n) which is given by: x(n) = d(n) + v(n) Fig- 6: Adaptive LMS filter block diagram Here noise signal is v(n) and it is supposed that both signal are WSS ( wide sense stationary). Filter coefficientofwiener filter w(n) are known then desired signal obtained by the convolution of x(n) and w(n). Where (p -1) define the order of filter Wiener-Hopf condition is utilized to settle the channel coefficient w(n), it is accepted that the v(n) has the zero mean and uncorrelated with the d(n) [6].. With every emphasis of the LMS calculation the channel tap weights of the adaptive filter are refreshed by the below equation [7]. w(n+1) = w(n) + 2µe(n)x(n) here µ is the step size and it is a positive small constant.w(n) is adaptive filter coefficients at time ‘n’ and x(n) known as the input vector which contained delayed samples of input signal the progression estimate controls the impact of the updating variable so determinationofa reasonableincentive for µ is basic to the execution of the LMS calculation, if the esteem is too little the time the versatile channel takes to merge on the ideal arrangement will be too long; if µ is too vast the versatile channel ends up plainly flimsy anditsyield veers [7] Designing of the LMS algorithm Mainly 3 steps are present in LMS algorithm 1. The filter output ,d^(n) which is cost function
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2046 = wT(n)x(n) 2. Error estimation is given by this equation: e(n)=d(n)-d^(n) 3. Filter weights updating equation w(n+1) = w(n) + 2µe(n)x(n) In the ECG signal power line interference is related to the main ECG signal so noise and signal both are correlated in natural. Both are related so it is difficult to remove noise from signal with any lose from the main ECG signal. For testing of LMS algorithm first it applied on ideal ECG signal (which is presentinMATLAB)andcommentuponits working and output results. After that Adaptive LMS algorithm applied on the practical nosy ECG signal. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 nosy ECG 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 Adaptive filter output Fig- 7: Adaptive filter (a) nosy ECG signal (b) output of adaptive filter This graph represents the output of the LMS algorithm which is limiting the noise which is present in the signal. Power line noise (50 Hz) is correlated to the main ECG signal for limiting this noise LPF is used. LPF is IIR Butterwort filter which has order 2 and cutofffrequencyis 0.05 (practically according data set). So final output is very smooth and noise very and it is giving good SNA value for whole signal. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 nosy ECG 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 final output Fig- 8: results of LMS + low pass filter This is the output of MATLAB code which is made by the combination of adaptive filter and low pass filter. RESULTS: This paper contains three methods for noise cancellation or de-noising the ECG signal. In which two methods are used for de-noising the ECG signal for detection QRS plan that are band pass filter (Tompkins) and another is Savitzky-Golay (sg) filter. In Band pass filter, two methods are present one is combination of LPS andHPFandotheris Butterworth band pass filter. For QRS plane detection Savitzky-Golay filter provides good SNR value. But Butterworth filter provides good SNR value for whole signal. Table -2: Comparing PSNR and MSE for BPF filters ECg signal Savitzky-Golay Butterworth PSNR MSE PSNR MSE S003 63.8864 0.02657 61.8839 0.04213 S005 67.3653 0.01192 63.1549 0.03144 S007 65.5311 0.01819 63.3504 0.03006 In this table Savitzky –golay band pass filter provides the good PSNR values nad less MSE value but it is suitable for only QRS detection. Adaptive filter is used to remove the problem of find coefficient and frequency for filter. And some time filters are affect the main signal during de-noising process. Adaptive filter is provides good SNR values for signal. It is
5.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2047 not that much good but it keep the signal safeanddecrease the calculation problem. Table 3: Comparing PSNR and MSE for Adaptive filter combinations ECG Signal Adaptive + LPF LPF + Adaptive PSNR MSE PSNR MSE S003 61.7401 0.04355 617903 0.04305 S005 62.3596 0.03776 63.1329 0.03160 S007 63.8078 0.02705 64.0414 0.02564 his table shows that Adaptive filter is removing better noise from the main ECG signal after LPF. 3. CONCLUSIONS Savitzky-Golay filter is better than Tompkins filtering process for detection of QRS plane. But getting good SNR values for whole signal than Butterworth filter is good but it required cut off frequency and some time it effect the signal so it replaced by the adaptive filtering. Adaptive filtering is provide good SNR values and less calculation for de-noising compared to others. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors can acknowledge any person/authoritiesinthis section. This is not mandatory. REFERENCES [1] Hemant kumar Gupta , Dr. Ritu Vijay and Neetu Gupta,” Designing and Implementation of Algorithms on MATLAB for Adaptive Noise Cancellation From ECG”, in “International Journal of Computer Applications (0975- 8887)” ,volume 71-No.5, May 2013. [2] S. Hargittai. Savitzky-Golay , “least squares polynomial filter in ECG signal processing” IEEE, Computers in Cardiology, 2005. [3] J.Pan, W.J. Tompkins,” A Real –Time QRS Detection Algorithm” IEEE Trans. Biomedical engineering. 1985: volume 32, page 230-236. [4] Pranjali M. Awachat and S.S. Godbole,” A Design Approach For Noise Cancellation In Adaptive LMS Predictor Using MATLAB”, In IJERA val.2, issued4,July- august 2012,pp.2388_2391. ISSN: 2248-9622. [5] Savitzky A. and Golay MJE.,” Smoothing and Differentiation of Data By Simplified Least Squares Procedures” Analytical Chemistry,1964;36;1627-1639. [6] Akash kashyap and Mayank Prasad,” Audio Noise Cancellation using Wiener Filter Based LMS Algorithm Using LabVIEW”, in International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, volume3, issue 3,March 2013, ISSN:2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008. [7] Radhika Chinaboina, D.S. Ramkiran, Habibulla Khan, M.usha,” Adaptive algorithms For Acoustic Echo Cancellation In Speech Processing”, IJRRAS, vol7issuel, April 2011 [8] Jashvir chhikara and Jagbir Singh, “ Noise cancellation using adaptive algorithms”, IJMER, vol.2, Issue.3,May- June 2012 pp-792-795, ISSn: 2249-6645. [9] Dr. Monisha Chakraborty and Shreya Das, ” Determination of Signal to Noise Ratio of Electrocardiograms Filtered by Band PassandSavitzky- Golay Filters”,Procedia Technology 4 (2012) 830-833, doi: 10.1016/j.protcy.2012.05.136. [10] R.Sivakumar, R.Tamilselvi and S.Abinaya,” Noise Analysis & QRS Detection in ECGSignals”,inICCTS2012, IPCSIT vol. 47 (2012) , IACSIT press, Singapore, DOI: 10.7763/IPCSIT.2012.V47.27.
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