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Determining Artificial Light Requirement for Growing Plants
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 05 | May 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 507 Determining Artificial Light Requirement for Growing Plants Abhishek Thamake1, Akshay Ghule2, Mayur Kate3, Prajwal Joshi4 1234Students, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, JSPMs Rajarshi Shahu College of Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Presently there is a huge impact on traditional agriculture due to climate change. Controlled growingsystem using artificial lighting can be used to increase the rate of production and capacity of yields. Recent developmentoflight emitting diode (LED) technologies presents an enormous potential for improving plant growth. Photosynthetic organisms use natural light for photosynthesis, artificial light like LED can also serve this purpose. Electrical Load Estimation is critical in preliminary design level prior to any design. A reliable estimate is important to avoid any guess work. The work assesses lighting load estimation done by a scientific approach. The focus of the research paper is to solve the problems of engineers and farmers in estimatingelectrical lighting load requirement of a project especiallyaclosedroom or closed container. Key Words: Hydroponics, Dutch Bucket, LED, Photosynthetically Active Radiation, Photosynthetic Photon Flux, Lighting Load, High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamp. 1. INTRODUCTION Hydroponics is a soilless technique to grow thecrops.Ituses water mixed with nutrient solution which is allowed to circulate throughout the system. There are various types of hydroponics technique like Nutrient Film Technique (NFT), Media Bed, Dutch Bucket, Vertical Tower, Ebb and Flow, etc. Each technique has its own uniqueness, advantages and disadvantages and according to the type of crop, a suitable system is selected. For example, tomato plant can be grown using Dutch Bucket system. In Dutch Bucket system, several buckets are placed on the bench and each bucket contains individual plant.Areservoir is used which holds the nutrient solution. This solution is pumped using a pump through the irrigation lines and then dropped onto the plants using the emitters. Excess of solution is returned to the reservoir using return lines. A growth medium is used to support the plant. Generally, growth medium like perlite, vermiculite, coconut is used. Plants like cucumbers, peppers, potatoes, squash and tomatoes can be grown by this system. Figure 1: Dutch Bucket System Crops can be grown using artificial light sources such as Light Emitting Diode (LED), High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps. Plants perceive light in a different way than humans. For humans lumens (denoted by lm) is a measurement of total amount of light (which is visible to human eye) from lamp source. The lumen rating is directly proportional tothe brightness of the lamp. The reason why lumens is not a good indicator for determininglightrequirementsofplants,isthat the light plants need most is almost out of the visible spectrum for humans. Figure 2: Response of human eye to different amounts of ambient light
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 05 | May 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 508 The three curves in the figure 2 shows how human eye responds to different amounts of ambient light. The shift in sensitivity exists because of two types of photoreceptors, one is known as cones and the other is rods. The eye's response towards the light depends on these photoreceptors. The response of human eye under normal lighting conditions is shown by the curve on right, it is called photonic response. The cones in the human eye respond to light under these conditions. The curve peaksat550nm,this shows that human eye is most sensitive to yellowish-green color under normal lighting conditions. Blue range (425–450 nm) and red range (600–700 nm) are best wavelengths of visible light for photosynthesis. plants which receive a good amount of blue light will have healthy as well as strong stems and leaves. Red light is responsible for making plants flower and producefruit.Thecombination of blue and red light allows a higher photosynthetic activity than that under either monochromatic light. Therefore, the light sources which are used for photosynthesis should mostly emit light in the blue and red ranges. Figure 3: Relative light intensity of four light bulbs across the visible spectrum High intensity discharge (HID) lamps, such as metal halide and high-pressure sodium lamps, have photosynthetically active radiation efficiency upto 40% and have high fluence. They are typically used in greenhouses and plant with growth rooms. Due to high operational temperatures, they cannot be placed close to canopy, their spectral distribution may vary according to input power i.e., high proportion of green–yellow region, significant ultraviolet radiation and altered red: far red ratio. LEDs have high photosynthetically active radiation efficiency (80%-100%). LEDs have high efficiency, low operatingtemperatureandsmall sizebecause of which they can be placed close to canopy. LEDs have long life expectancy, and they are easy to control. LEDs emitting blue, green, yellow, orange, red and far red are easily available in market and these can be combined to provide high fluence or special light wavelength characteristics because of their narrow-band-widthlightspectrum.Figure3 shows relative light intensity of four light bulbs (Incandescent Light Bulb, Compact Fluorescent Light Bulb, Halogen Light Bulb, LED Plant Light Bulb) across visible spectrum, it is seen that LEDs have high intensity in wavelength range of 425-475 nm and 625-675 nm which is good for photosynthesis. Because of these reasons LEDs make a good choice for use in greenhouse and growth chambers all year round. There are different terms which are related to lighting in terms for plants. These are the terms manufacturers often use for horticulture lighting. The purpose of introducing these terms is to define relation between these terms and clear some common misunderstanding. As intensity of light plays important role in lighting for farming in enclosed space, we must understand the importance and meaning of all this terms. PAR: The radiation which is available for photosynthesis is known as PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation). The light of wavelengths 400-700 nm and is portion of light spectrum utilized by plants for photosynthesis is photosynthesis active radiation. Human perception of brightness is green biased and measure of metrics such as luminous flux, illuminance is based on this perception. Hence these metrics do not describe the quantity of light usable for photosynthesis. Because of this reason PAR is preferred metric. PAR is not metric unit likeKg,Km, m but PAR is types of lights needed for plant growth. To measure the light intensity Quantum sensor is used. Figure 4: Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) PPF: PPF stands for photosyntheticphotonflux.PPF is the measurement of the total amount of PAR produced by the lighting system each second (μmol/s). PPF shows how efficienta lightingsystem is to produce PAR.
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 05 | May 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 509 PPFD: Photosynthetic photonfluxdensitymeasures how much light is actually received by the plants or “the number of photosynthetically active photons which fall on a surface each second”. The measurement is expressed as μmol/m2/s. Since the lights are brightest at the center and decreases at the edges of the leaves, to calculate he actual PPFD the manufacturer should mention: measurement distance from light source (vertical and horizontal). Figure 5: Flow of Energy DLI: The measurement of amount of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) which is delivered over a 24 - hours period is called as Daily Light Integral (DLI). It is also an important factor which influences the growth of plant over a period of time. It is expressed as mol/m2/day. A lighting system with higher PPF at less photoperiod will deliver same amount of DLI as compared to system with lower PPF and longer photoperiod. By knowing DLI of plants the preferred lightingsystem can be installed. Watt (Wattage): It is the unit of power. The amount of energy consumed by lighting fixture depends its efficiency. Higher the efficiency means more PPFD. Coefficient of Utilization (CU): It tells the amount of light falling on the growth area from the light source. Alternatively, it is the quantity of Photosynthetic Photon Flux (PPF) that the light has produced is making its way towards the plant. CU can be found as: CU = For example, if actual angle utilized is90°fromtotal angle of 360°, then CU will be 0.25. PPF/Watt: This term depends on the type of artificial light and also on the manufacturer. Generally, for LED it is between 2 to 2.5 PPF/W. More the value of PPF/W more is the efficient light source for growing the plant. Placement of light source: If the growth area is 4 m2, then the light is placed at 2 m from the surface of growth area. This is because light intensity degrades as we move away from the light. And if we move towards the plant its growth area reduces. Here, Inverse Square Law rule becomes applicable. It explains that if we double the distance the intensity is reduced to 1/4th of total intensity. For example, if the value of PPFD (intensity) is 1000 µmol/m2/s at the distance of 1 m then intensity at 2 m will be 250 µmol/m2/s. Figure 6: Distance v/s PPFD 2. ESTIMATES OF CALCULATIONS To grow plants hydroponically by providing required lighting system we have performed the calculation based on plant requirements. We have chosen a tomato plantwhich is grown hydroponically through Dutch Bucket system which
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 05 | May 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 510 has a growth area of 0.743 m2. Plants are grown in Dutch Bucket system which is placed in enclosed space. We have used the light emitting diode (LED) forthelightingsystem as LEDs have advantages like little heat production and low power consumption. Figure 7: CAD of Dutch Bucket System 3. CALCULATONS Here, we are calculating lighting load for growing tomato plant. We have, • Daily Light Integral (DLI)=15 mol/m2/day. • Duration (t) = 50400 sec (14 hours). • Growth Area (A) = 0.743 m2 (from CAD). • Coefficient of Utilization (CU) = = 0.5 • PPF/Watt = 2.1 µmol/J. 1. Calculating required Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD): PPFD = = PPFD = 297.619 µmol/m2/s. 2. Calculating Photosynthetic Photon Flux (PPF): PPF = = PPF = 221.13 µmol/s 3. Calculating Power: Power = = Power = 210.6 W ∴ For 0.743 m2 area 210.6 W is required. The average time for which lights are kept ON is 14 hours each day. ∴ Throughout year the time will be, Total Duration = 14 × 365= 5110 hours. ∴ Units consumed throughout the year is = Power × Total Duration =210.6 × 5110 =1076166 Wh. ∴ Total Units consumed are 1,076.166 kWh annually. Parameters Unit Value Daily Light Integral (DLI mol/m2 /day 15 Duration sec 50400 Growth Area m2 0.743 Coefficient of Utilization (CU) multiple (0 to 1) 0.5 PF/Watt µmol/J 2.1 PPFD µmol/m2 /s 297.619 PPF µmol/s 221.13 Power W 210.6 Units kWh 1076.166 Table 1: Summary 4. CONCLUSION For estimation of calculation of the lighting load we have considered tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum) and amongst various hydroponic systems we have used Dutch Bucket system as it is suitable fortomatoplanttogrow.LEDs consume around 60% less energy than a conventional lighting system to deliver the same light and they have been popular as a new artificial lighting sourcefor photosynthesis and to regulate photomorphogenesis and also to enhance nutritional quality of crops. Hence, due to its several advantages we have consideredLEDsasourprimarylighting source. The purpose of this calculation is to get an idea of how the lighting system must be provided to grow a plant in its required environment. The various parameters that we found through these calculations are PPFD = 297.619 µmol/m2/s, PPF = 221.13 µmol/s, Total Units consumed are 1,076.166 kWh annually for area 0.743 m2. Through above calculated results we can conclude that the parameters found in this are sufficient to design a lighting system.
5.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 05 | May 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 511 REFERENCES [1] Nisha Sharma, Somen Acharya, Kaushal Kumar, Narendra Singh and O.P. Chaurasia (2018).Hydroponics as an advanced technique for vegetable production: An overview. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation17(4): 364-371. DOI: 10.5958/2455-7145.2018.00056.5 [2] Guilherme Lages Barbosa, Francisca Daiane Almeida Gadelha, Natalya Kublik, Alan Proctor, Lucas Reichelm, Emily Weissinger, Gregory M. Wohlleb and Rolf U. Halden (2015). Comparison of Land, Water, and Energy Requirements of Lettuce Grown Using Hydroponic vs. Conventional Agricultural Methods. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 12(6), 6879-6891. DOI:10.3390/ijerph120606879 [3] Robinson, S. J. and Schmidt, J. T. (1984). Fluorescent Penetrant Sensitivity and Removability – What the Eye Can See, a Fluorometer Can Measure, Materials Evaluation, Vol. 42, No. 8, pp. 1029-1034 [4] Eva Darko, Parisa Heydarizadeh, Benoıˆt Schoefs and Mohammad R. Sabzalian (2014). Photosynthesis under artificial light: the shift in primary and secondary metabolism. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 369: 20130243. Available online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0243 [5] Yeh N, Chung JP (2009). High-brightness LEDs: energy efficient lighting sources and their potential in indoor plant cultivation. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.13,2175– 2180. Available online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.01.027 [6] Muzammal Rehman, Sana Ullah, Yaning Bao, Bo Wang, Dingxiang Peng Lijun Liu (2017). Light-emitting diodes: whether an efficient source of light for indoor plants? Environ Sci Pollut Res (2017) 24:24743–24752. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0333-3 [7] S. Dutta Gupta and A. Agarwal (2017). Artificial Lighting System for Plant Growth and Development: Chronological Advancement, Working Principles, and Comparative Assessment.Springer,Singapore.Available online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5807-3_1 [8] Luechai Promratrak (2017). The effect of using LED lighting in the growth of crops hydroponics. International Journal of Smart Grid and Clean Energy, vol. 6, no. 2. [9] Jacob A. Nelson, Bruce Bugbee (2014). Economic Analysis of Greenhouse Lighting: Light Emitting Diodes vs. High Intensity DischargeFixtures.PLOSONE,Volume 9, Issue 6, e99010. [10] Flávio Barcellos Cardoso, Herminia Emilia Prieto Martinez, Derly José Henriques da Silva, Carla do Carmo Milagres, José Geraldo Barbosa (2018).Yieldandquality of tomato grown in a hydroponic system, with different planting densities and number of bunches per plant. Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical [Agricultural Research in the Tropics], Goiânia, v. 48, n. 4, p. 340–349. [11] Dietmar Schwarz, Andrew J. Thompson and Hans-Peter Kläring (2014). Guidelines to usetomatoin experiments with a controlled environment. Frontiers in Plant Science Crop Science and Horticulture,Volume5,Article 625. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00625 [12] Dr. Martine Dorais (2003). The use of supplemental lighting for vegetable crop production: Light intensity, crop response, nutrition, crop management, cultural practices. Canadian greenhouse conference. [13] Onofrio Davide Palmitessa ,MarcoAntonioPantaleoand Pietro Santamaria (2021). Applications and Development of LEDs as Supplementary Lighting for Tomato at Different Latitudes. Agronomy. Available online: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050835 [14] Gioia D. Massa, Hyeon-Hye Kim, Raymond M. Wheeler, Cary A. Mitchell (2008). Plant Productivity in Response to LED Lighting. HORTSCIENCE VOL. 43(7).
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