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1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 12 | Dec-2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 576 Design of Radial Pulse Detector Miss. Dengale B. B.1, Dr. K. B. Kale2, Prof. C. R. Shah3, Miss. Thombare M.A.4 1,4PG Scholar, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, DVVP COE, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India 2Dr. Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, DVVP COE, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India 3Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, DVVP COE, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract -Ayurvedic and other ancient alternative medical sciences viz. Chinese, Korean, Yunani etc. practitioners throughout world have been using pulse diagnosis to diagnose the disease and the organ at by feeling the palpations at their close yet precise positions of the radial artery. In this paper, there is consideration of some technical and clinical issues to achieve the development of a pulse diagnosticdeviceaccording to various fields of study: literature studies, sensors,amplifiers, systems, physical quantity studies, and make estimated design of system. This device should be appropriate both technically and in terms of Indian Ayurvedic medicine. The purpose of this project is to help medical practitioner to diagnose different diseases in accordance with changes in various parameters of pulse signal of radial artery. These parameters are calculated by using different sensors. We have pointed out someproblems occurred in previous methods of pulse diagnosisandhavetried to overcome them. And we have proposed a new method for radial pulse diagnosis. Key Words: Radial artery, Pulse diagnosis, Pressure Sensors, 1. INTRODUCTION From the past decades, pulse diagnosis was done from the three precise locations on the wrist at the radial artery, like vata, pitta, and kapha. This science was very important in theTraditional Ayurveda & Chinese. Thesignals obtained from these locations are not only due to the contraction and relaxation of blood vessel but also a result of movement of blood through the artery and change in their diameter. [1] 1.1 What is Pulse Examination? Pulse Examination is an ancient ayurvedictechnique of diagnosis through the pulse. It can accurately diagnose physical, mental and emotional imbalances as well as diseases. The pulse, when examined, reveals both physical & mental characteristics of the patient. 1.2 History of Radial Pulse Diagnosis: The science of Ayurveda is depends on three pulse signals, which are vata, pitta and kapha. In Traditional Chinese Medicine these radial artery named ascun, guan and chi respectively. But the basic for these systems are same. The Pulse experts using their better experience and skill feel this signal by means of diagnosis of disease. [1] The different waveforms obtained from vata, pitta and kapha pulses have shape as that of movement of cobra, frog and swan respectively as shown in fig. 1[1] below. Fig. 1 Shapes of waveform of vata, pitta and kapha pulses [1] These pulses are felt at specific position on the wrist of the patient: vata on index finger, pitta on middle finger and kapha on the ring finger. The Pulse experts feel them by placing their hand in a specific orientation on the patient’s wrist, as shown in Fig. 2 [1] Fig. 2 Location of fingers on wrist to feel vata, pitta and kapha pulses [1] Also, the analysis of hollow organs and semi-solid organs is done by feeling the natureof pulse atthedeepand superficial layers of the wrist radial artery by applying external pressure. The location of organ pulses on both hand is as shown in Fig. 3[1]
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 12 | Dec-2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 577 Fig. 3 Location of organ pulses [1] 1.3 Development in Analysis Technology: For this old technique ofradialpulseanalysisthereis a requirementof yearsof experience and knowledge and can vary from person to person. Thus the recent trend follows to replicate this system in terms of a device which will be smart enough to diagnose disease by capturing the signals from wrist using various types of sensors like pressure sensors, temperature sensors etc. [1] 2. OBJECTIVES The problem statement indicates the need of development of pulse analysis technique to diagnose the disease. In ancient technology of radial pulse diagnosis i.e. Palpation method requires good yogic powers like mind concentration and many years of experience in pulse diagnosis. Also the pulse signal of radial artery varies person to person and makes the diagnosis of disease difficult. So the main aim of this project is to study about location of organ pulses, to select different types of sensors used to calculate different parameters of pulse signals by using ECU. The objectives of this project are asbelow: 1) To help the medical practitioners for diagnosing the various diseases accurately and precisely. 2) To reduce the time required for checking the pulse signal for diagnosis of disease. 3) To store the pulse variation data for diseases other than heart disease such as pitta, vatta, diabetics, asthma etc. for further treatment on it. 3. METHODOLOGY 1) Study of basics of radial pulsediagnosis. 2) Study of location of organ pulses. 3) Designing of model of ECU (Electronic Control Unit) to display different waveforms. 4) Selection of suitable sensors. 5) Designing and Analysis of sensors. 6) Selection of other components of ECU. 7) Construction of ECU. 8) Evaluation of expected results & Experimental results. 4. PULSE DIAGNOSIS 4.1 Characteristics of Pulse: Rate: - Normal pulse rates at rest, in beatsperminute(BPM). Volume: - The degree of expansion displayed by artery during diastolic and systolic state is called volume. Table-1: Characteristics of pulses [2] newbor n (from 0– 3 months ) Infants (from 3–6 months ) Infants (from 6–12 months ) Child- ren (from 1 – 10 years) Children over age 10 years & adults, including seniors well- trained adult athletes 100-150 90-120 80-120 70-130 60-100 40-60 Force: - It is the approximate measure of the systolic pressure. (Systolic Pressure: The top no. refers to amount of pressure in your arteriesduring contractionof yourheartmuscle.=60 mm of Hg to 220 mm of Hg Diastolic Pressure: The bottom no. refers to your B.P. when yourheart is between beats. = 30mmof Hgto120mmofHg) Rhythm: - A normal pulse is regular in rhythm and force. It indicateswhether the beats are equidistantornot.Twotypes of rhythms are 1. Regularly irregular 2. Irregularlyirregular 4.2 Effect of Various Diseases on Pulse: Pulse plays an important role in the diagnosis of the disease. Pulse alters in every disease and at different stages of the same disease. In allthemedical scienceslotmanydescription is found on this topic. Few examples are:-
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 12 | Dec-2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 578 Table-2: Effect of Various diseases on Pulse [2] 5. ESTIMATED DESIGN 5.1 Components of System: 1. Input: Pressure Sensors are required for picking up the radial pulses from the wrist. The physical fundamentals of sensors determinethedimensions ofmeasured signalandcalculating the pulse rate. 2. Amplifier: An amplifier takes a relatively small signal and increases its magnitude. For instance, the signal coming from pressure sensors does not have enough strength to give clear information of physical parameters of pulse and can’t read by operator. But put an amplifier between input and output and the pulse waveform can be read. 3. Filter: Electronic filters are circuits which perform signal processing functions, specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones, or both. 4. A/D Converter: In electronics, an analog-to-digital converter is a system that converts an analog signal, such as a pressure picked up by a pressure sensors into a digital signal. An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement such as an electronic device that converts an input analog signal to a digital number proportional to the magnitude of the signals. 5. Signal Processor: Digital signal processing algorithms typically require a large number of mathematical operations to be performed quickly and repeatedly on a series of data samples. Signals are constantly converted from analog to digital, manipulated digitally, and then converted back to analog form. 6. D/A Converter: In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter is a device that converts a digital signal into an analog signal. 7. Output: A display device is an output device for presentation of information in visual form. 6. SELECTION OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS 6.1 Sensor Selection: In this projectwe are presentinghigh sensitivesensordesign for acquiring the three pulses from the radial artery along with a method of validating the sensor with a standard procedure. [9] 1. Three principal pulsesare felt in the wrist region along the radial artery. The place for feelingthepulse is on the lateral aspect of the right forearm, 2cm up from wrist. 2. Based on the dominant pulse among the three and direction in which pulse motion is felt, we can identify our 350 different diseaseconditions. 3. Healthy human subjects have three pulse amplitudes in the ratio of 4:2:1 respectively. 4. However ratio is to follow seasonal variations and changes with parameters as time of day, temperature and humidity of the skin. 5. The right arm of male subjects and left arm of female is used to read the pulse. By considering the above points there are different sensors present for pulse diagnosis. As many years ago infrared optical sensors have been used for cardiovascular pulse detection. But infrared sensors can’t measure the pressure directly and also harmful to our body and expensive. Another one is Strain Gauge differential pressure sensor used in system where pressure cuff wrapped around the wrist and then pressure modulation in cuff caused by Malaria Slow pulse. Sunstroke Rapid full pulse Perforated Peptic ulcers Strong pulse increasing steadily Hepatic disease Rapid pulse. Goiter Slow pulse. Bronchial Asthma Small, Rapid, Irregular and intermittent pulse. Typhoid Slow compared to other febrile conditions, infrequent, slow pulse during post febrile conditions
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 12 | Dec-2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 579 pressure pulse was measured. But strain gauge pressure sensors are unable to provide lower range of pressure, also sensitive to environmental changes and contain long term drift [8] . Recently piezoelectric sensors used for measuring pulse pressure directly in whichmechanical stimulusgeneratedby pulse is converted into electrical signal. But in recent technology piezoelectric sensors are present with pressure sensitive material like Electro-Mechanical Film (EMFi) and Polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) for pulse detection in radial artery. The base material of EMFi is inexpensive which is applicable for large area sensors but piezoelectric sensors contain fluoride which is toxic substance therefore use ofit is avoided inmedical purpose. In PVDF material its sensitivity to force related to length and width i.e. area of membrane. This property of it creates many versatile applications for material. From above discussion we observe that the piezoe Electric sensor with PVDF membrane is suitable for our system hence we select it as input to our system Fig. 3 Pressure sensor with a PVDF membrane. 6.2 Design of PVDF based Pulse Sensor: In PVDF material its sensitivity to force related to length and width i.e. area of membrane. The length of membrane decided based on following: The mean diameter of right and left radial artery was 2.35 ± 0.49 mm and 2.29 ± 0.48 mm respectively and including sheath it will come up to 3mm-5mm. The length of PVDF membrane is depends on age, height to weight ratio of the person. And mean value of length is 25mm. The length should be less than the distance between two tendons between which artery passes. This changes person to person from 45mm to 55mm hence length restricted to 50mm. The breadth based on placing of sensor. Since sensor are placed at three points where we require the three pulses are at a distance of 12.5mm center to center hence breath should be up to 20mm. High-quality Invitrolon PVDF membrane with0.45µm thicknessisparticularly suited for high sensitivityand low background immunoblotting. Fig. 4 Design of Pulse Sensor [9] 6.3 Sensitivity Analysis for the Sensor: Sensor is considered as a simply supported beam as shown in fig. 5[9] Fig. 5 Model of our sensor for sensitivity analysis [9] Here P is load applied on PVDF at center which is pressure acting over the area of artery. Thepiezoelectric elementusedforconvertingmechanical motionof pulse to electrical signalsmaybethoughtascharge generator. Mechanical deformation generates a charge and this charge appears as voltage to amplifier. Voltage, E = Q/C Volt………………. (i) The magnitude and polarity of the induced surface charges are proportional to magnitude and direction of applied force, F. Polarityof induced chargesdependsondirectionof applied force. Charge, Q = d × F Coulomb…………….. (ii) Where, d = charge sensitivityof PVDFmembrane C/N(Constantfor given material) pC/N …………. (a) d = -34pC/N for PVDF material F = Applied force
5.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 12 | Dec-2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 580 F = p × aNewton ………… (b) (p = Pressure applied by radial pulse in N/m2, a = area of radial pulse = πr2, m2) By taking the values of‘d’ and ‘F’ we get value of charge, Q = -6.8 coulomb to -45.56 coulomb. 6.4 Pulse Measuring System: Development of a signal conditioning unit to improve quality of signals such as amplification, filtering, common mode rejection is generated by PVDF sensor. This unit consists of amplifier, filter, A/D and D/A converter etc. The components of system are selected for the above range of charge from standard parts available in market. 7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK We have a lot of proven records in ancient literature that there is not a single disease in the human body which cannot be diagnosed by examining the pulse. However, ancient medical practitioners had to totallyrelyupon yearsofclinical experience in order to come to any conclusive diagnosis. Clinicians today have limited examination of the pulse to its rate, rhythm and volume by virtueof whichtheyhardlycome to a concrete diagnosis based upon pulse alone. Iftherecould be a system by which the radial pulse could be critically examined just like the ancient Ayurveda practitioners and others, it could be one of the most useful tools in the field of non-invasive modern medical diagnosis of disease. Thus there is need of development of system which has potential to objectively measure and display the changes occurring in the radial artery in accordance with ayurvedic principles without having to undergo subjective interpretations.The sensorsused in such systemareselected and design in this paper whichhelptoselectothercomponent of ECU.Future research will concentrate on thedevelopment of system, vibration analysis of three pulses and diagnosis of disease like using improve version of equipment. And will hope that developing technique should help the medical practitioners to diagnose disease accurately and precisely. 8. REFFERENCES 1. Prajkta Kallurkar1, Shiru Sharma, Kaplesh Patil and Neeraj Sharma ‘Nadi Diagnosis Techniques’, International Journal Of Public Mental Health And Neurosciences ISSN: 2394-4668, Published jointly by Azyme Biosciences (P) Ltd. 2. Dr Gupta Vikas, DR Sodhi Danisha, DR Gupta Nidhi, ‘Conceptual Study on Nadi Vigyana’ Valley International Journals , Volume 3, Issue 2, 1547-1552 3. C. Narayanan, A. Dinesh Kumar & S. Priyadharshini &S. Revathy, ‘Cardiac Disorder Diagnosis Through Nadi (Pulse) Using Piezoelectric Sensors’, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education (IJMRME), Volume I, Issue I, 2015 4. Aniruddha Joshi, Anand Kulkarni, SharatChandran,V.K. Jayaraman and B. D. Kulkarni, ’Nadi Tarangini: A Pulse Based Diagnostic System’ Cité International, Lyon, France August 23-26, 2007. 5. Karen Bilton, Leon Hammer & Chris Zaslawski,‘Contemporary Chinese Pulse Diagnosis: A modern interpretation of an Ancient and Traditional Method’, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies 2013;6(5):227-233 6. Abhinav, Meghna Sareen, Mahendra Kumar, Jaya-shree Santhosh, Ashok Salhan, Sneh Anand, ‘ Nadi Yantra –a robust system design to capturethe signals from the radial artery for assessment of the automatic nervous system non-invasively’, J. Biomedical Science and Engineering, 2009, 2, 471-479 7. Hyunho Kim, Jong Yeol Kim, Young-Jae Park & Young- Bae Park, ‘Development Of Pulse Diagnostic Devices In Korea’, Integrative Medicine Research, 2, 2013, 7-17 8. Steven McLellan, Christina Liese, Melissa Andrews, Mona Boudreaux, G. Faye Boudreaux, Eugene Chabot, and Ying Sun ‘A Microprocessor-Based Wrist Pulse Simulator for Pulse Diagnosis in Traditional Chinese Medicine’ Department of Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881- 0805 USA. 9. S. Mahesh, M. Manivannan, T. Anandan, ‘Three Radial Artery Pulse Sensor Design for Siddha Based Disease Diagnosis’, IIT, Madras.
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