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1. German non-classical philosophy

2. ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER
 Philosophy is not a science but a form of art,
believes, because the basis of the universe is the
unconscious World Will with its infinite desire for life.
 World Will is the foundation of the world, and it
manifests itself in its infinite forms.
 Human life is meaningless in the same way as any
life is meaningless.
 “Give up everything you wish for yourself, and
do what you do not want”.

3. • My version of the world is limited by…
• …the limited observations I can make of a vast universe.
• …my limited experience of a vast universal Will, of which my will is
just a part.
• My version of the world does not include things I have not
perceived, nor the universal Will I have not experienced.
• I take the limits of my own field of vision for the limits of the
world.

4. SOREN KIERKEGAARD
 “The human spirit is more than just a rational thought”.
 Subjective dialectic of human existence.
 Any world view which is based on the achievements of the natural
science is a symbol of evil. Science, in the end, will lead humanity to
its self-destruction.
 Man passes three stages in his life:
- Aesthetic;
- Ethical;
- Religious.
 Paradox is human suffering arising from the contradictions of
human existence.

5. • When making decisions, we have absolute freedom of choice.
• We realize that we can choose to do nothing, or anything.
• Our minds reel at the thought of this absolute freedom.
• A feeling of dread or anxiety accompanies the thought.
• Anxiety is the dizziness of freedom.

6. KARL MARX
 Marxism was evaluated as one of the peaks in the
development of philosophical thought of mankind.
 All historical change comes about as the result of an
ongoing conflict between dominant (upper) and
subordinate (lower) social classes, and that the roots
of this conflict lie in economics.
 Society had simplified into two classes in direct conflict:
the bourgeoisie (the capital-owning class) and the
proletariat (the working class).
 People were once valued for who they were, but the
bourgeoisie “has resolved personal worth into exchange
value”.

7. KARL MARX
 The bourgeoisie had “substituted naked, shameless, direct,
brutal exploitation”.
 Charters that had once protected people’s freedom had been
cast aside for one “unconscionable freedom - Free Trade”.
 The only solution was for all the instruments of economic
production (such as land, raw materials, tools, and factories)
to become common property, so that every member of society
could work according to their capacities, and consume
according to their needs.
 Final, conflict-free state that lies at the end of the process is
not the spiritual bliss that Hegel predicted, but the perfect
society, where everyone works harmoniously toward the good
of a greater whole.

9. Four major stages in human history,
which he sees as based on four different
forms of property ownership:
 1. The original tribal system of common property.
 2. The ancient communal and state system of
ownership (where both slavery and private property
began).
 3. The feudal or estate system of property.
 4. The modern system of capitalist production.

10.  “A specter is haunting Europe—the specter of
communism”.
 The creative transformation of the world based on
its deep knowledge, construction of humanistic
society which is ruled by comprehensively developed
people in the name of creative self-realization of
personality, hence, of gaining happiness.
 Law of dialectic (F.Engels):
 1. The law of the unity and conflict of opposites.
 2. The law of the passage of quantitative changes
into qualitative changes.
 3. The law of the negation of the negation.