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1. FRENCH ENLIGHTENMENT

2. French enlightenment:
 Reason as the primary source of authority and
legitimacy.
 Everything that humanity is concerned about should
go through the court of philosophical reason, and
be justified by it.
 Intense questioning of the world and how people live
in it.

3. CHARLES-LOUIS DE MONTESQUIEU
 If God has revealed himself to people so that they
become virtuous, then the desire of people to be happy
in this life is not a sin.
 If God loves man, then people also should love one
another and to support each other in the pursuit of
happiness.
 The idea of ​​separation of powers.
 Geographical determinism – impact of natural factors
(fertility of land, climate, a mountainous country or a flat
one, customs and traditions, religious beliefs, the number
of people, etc.)

4. VOLTAIRE
 Doubt is not a pleasant condition, but certainty is
absurd.
 Doubt is the only logical standpoint.
 It is important to develop a system, such as science, to
establish agreement.
 It is vitally important to doubt every “fact” and to
challenge all authority.
 Government should be limited but speech uncensored,
and that science and education lead to material and
moral progress.

5. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
 Humanity’s natural state is innocent, happy, and
independent: man is born free.
 Far from improving minds and lives, the arts and
sciences decrease human virtue and happiness.
 Romanticism - vision of the state of nature as one
of beauty, innocence, and virtue.
 The Social Contract - the laws would arise from all
and apply to all - everyone would be considered
equal.

6. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
 “The general will should come from all to apply
to all”.
 Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité (liberty, equality,
fraternity).
 Reason threatens human innocence and, in turn,
freedom and happiness.
 Instead of the education of the intellect, he proposes
an education of the senses, and our religious faith
should be guided by the heart, not the head.

7. • Man in a “state of nature” is fundamentally good.
• When the idea of private property developed, society had to develop
a system to protect it.
• This system evolved as laws imposed by those with property
onto those without property.
• These laws bind people in unjust ways.
• Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains.

8. DENIS DIDEROT
 Reconciliation of reason with feeling to establish
harmony.
 Without feeling there is a detrimental effect on
virtue, and no possibility of creating sublime work.
 Since feeling without discipline can be destructive,
reason was necessary to control feeling.
 Human consciousness is not a gift of God, but a
phenomenon that emerged during development of
matter.