2. German Classical Philosophy:
Immanuel Kant
Johann Gottlieb Fichte
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Ludwig Feuerbach
3. Immanuel Kant
In order for something to exist, it must be
determinable in time - that is, we must be able to
say when it exists and for how long.
Saying that I exist requires a determinate point in
time, and this, in turn, requires an actually existing
outside world in which time takes place.
Only from the human standpoint can we speak of
space.
Human reason is troubled by questions that it cannot
dismiss, but also cannot answer.
4. Questions:
What can I know?– This is the question of the
theory of knowledge (epistemology);
What should I do? - It is a question of ethics, i.e. of
the moral theory;
What can I hope for? - This is a theological
question (faith in God);
What is man by himself without regard to anything?
-It is a question of philosophical anthropology.
5.
6. Johann Gottlieb Fichte
How can people be considered to have free will if
everything is determined by something else that
exists outside of ourselves?
Our own minds create all that we think of as reality.
The self is an active entity or essence that exists
outside of causal influences, and is able to think and
choose freely, independently, and spontaneously.
“Think the I, and observe what is involved in
doing this”.
7. Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
The beginning of the world in the Absolute, which is
the identity of being and thinking, subject and
object.
Man appears as a crown of Nature. In this regard,
"Man and Nature" represent the unity of a subject
and an object.
“If you made, you learned", "cognize by acting“.
It is possible to cognize the world by another way -
esoteric (secret, hidden) way, only intellectual
intuition leads to it.
8. Self-consciousness passes through three stages:
1. From vague feelings to creative contemplation. At
this point inner feelings and an object of feeling are
identical.
2. From creative contemplation to categorical
cognition of being (such concepts as space, time,
causality, need and so on appear).
3. From wording of categories to the act of self-
consciousness (a subject opposes itself to Nature
and at the same time achieves self-knowledge
through consideration of itself as an object).
9. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Dialectic. THESIS - ANTITHESIS = SYNTHESIS
Each stage of world-history is a necessary moment in the
Idea of the World Spirit.
Each of the parts of philosophy is a philosophical whole,
a circle rounded and complete in itself.
The spirit of humanity in its historical dimension:
1. Subjective spirit, i.e. consciousness and self-
consciousness.
2. Objective spirit, i.e. state, law, morality, family.
3. Absolute spirit, i.e. art, religion and philosophy.
10.
11. Ludwig Feuerbach
Humans are not an externalized form of an Absolute
Spirit, but the opposite: we have created the idea of a
great spirit, a god, from our own longings and desires.
In our yearning for all that is best in humankind—love,
compassion, kindness, and so on—we have imagined a
being that incorporates all of these qualities in the highest
possible degree, and then called it “God”.
We have also forgotten or forsaken what we are
ourselves.
We should focus less on heavenly righteousness and
more on human justice—it is people in this life, on this
Earth, that deserve our attention.