2. Appearance of Man started the study of
SCIENCE
CENOZOIC ERA
(includes Tertiary and Quaternary Periods)
(66 million years ago to the present)
Tertiary Period
(includes Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene
and Pliocene Epochs) (66-1.6 million years ago)
First Ancestor of Man appeared 5.8-5.2 milion
years ago oldest human ancestor, Ardipithecus
ramidus kadabba, hominid fossil remains at
Middle Awash, Ethiopia
3.
4.
5. c6500 BC- 1453AD
Sumerian Civilization- Cradle of the World’s earliest known
civilization
16. Middle Ages Timeline
Middle Ages encompass one of the most
exciting and bloodthirsty periods in English
and European History. This
comprehensive Middle Ages Timeline of
the Medieval period details the major
events significant to the lives and events
of famous people and the Kings and
Queens of England and Europe.
17.
18. The Dark Ages is a time period generally thought to have begun in 476 AD when
Romulus Augustulus, the last Western emperor, was deposed and the Western
Roman Empire fell. This is a matter of some debate , however, as some scholars
believe the period began when Alaric sacked Rome in 410 and others contend the
period began later in 500 AD. The term once referred to the Middle Ages as a whole,
which lasted until 1485 AD when the Renaissance Period began. Scholars of the
19th century restricted the term to the Early Middle Ages, a period which ends about
1000 AD. Today, the phrase "Dark Ages" is rarely used by scholars due to its
negative connotations.
The Italian scholar and poet Petrarch first coined the term "Dark Ages" in reference
to the period's lack of cultural achievements. To others, this phrase seemed a fitting
description of a tumultuous period of history marked by religious struggle between
Catholics and other Christians as well as Muslim conquests throughout the fallen
empire. Scholars of the time found "dark" to be an appropriate description of the era
because it was deeply shrouded in mystery due to a lack of historical documents,
literature, art, and music from the period.
25. A basic definition: Nanotechnology is the
engineering of functional systems at the molecular
scale. This covers both current work and concepts
that are more advanced.
In its original sense, 'nanotechnology' refers to the
projected ability to construct items from the
bottom upusing techniques and tools being
developed today to make complete, high
performance products.
26.
27.
28. NATURALISM-The system of thought holding that all
phenomena can be explained in terms of natural
causes and laws.
believed by most philosphers like Thales,
Anaximander,Leucippus, Democritus,etc.
29. METAPHYSICS- The fundamental nature of
reality and the existence and/ or the
essence of things.
Aristotle, Plato and Socrates
30. theory that things exist objectively: the theory that things such
as universals, moral facts, and theoretical scientific entities exist
independently of people's thoughts and perceptions
theory of objectively existing world: the theory that there is an
objectively existing world, not dependent on our minds, and that
people are able to understand aspects of that world through
perception
theory that statements have truth values: the theory that every
declarative statement is either true or false, regardless of
whether this can be verified
Mostly Greek Philosophers liKe Archimedes Euclid and Ptolemy
31. Mysticism is the pursuit of communion with, identity with, or
conscious awareness of an ultimate reality, divinity, spiritual truth,
or God through direct experience, intuition, instinct or insight. ...
The beliefs, ideas, or thoughts of mystics; A doctrine of direct
communication or spiritual intuition of divine truth; A
transcendental union of soul or mind with the divine reality or
divinity;
St Peter Damian and and saint Bernard of Clairvaux
32. is any outlook or way of life centered on human need and interest.
Sub-categories of this type include Christian Humanism and Modern
Humanism.
Christian Humanism is defined by Webster's Third New International
Dictionary as "a philosophy advocating the self- fulfillment of man
within the framework of Christian principles." This more human-
oriented faith is largely a product of the Renaissance and is a part of
what made up Renaissance humanism.
Modern Humanism, also called Naturalistic Humanism, Scien- tific
Humanism, Ethical Humanism and Democratic Humanism is defined
by one of its leading proponents, Corliss Lamont, as "a naturalistic
philosophy that rejects all supernaturalism and relies primarily upon
reason and science, democracy and human compassion." Modern
Humanism has a dual origin, both secular and religious, and these
constitute its sub-categories.
Foremost advocate is Galileo
34. the doctrine that knowledge is derived from experience
the application of empirical methods in any art or science
quackery: medical practice and advice based on observation and
experience in ignorance of scientific findings
In philosophy, "empiricism" is a theory of knowledge that asserts
that knowledge arises from sense experience. Empiricism is one of
several competing views about how we know "things", part of the
branch of philosophy called epistemology, or "the Theory of
Knowledge
36. a theory that holds that reason alone, unaided by experience, can
arrive at basic truth regarding the world. Associated with rationalism
is the doctrine of innate ideas and the method of logically deducing
truths about the world from "self-evident" premises
the doctrine that knowledge about reality can be obtained by reason
alone without recourse to experience
the doctrine that human knowledge can all be encompassed within a
single, usually deductive, system
38. Sometimes associated with empiricism,
positivism maintains that metaphysical
questions are unanswerable and that the only
knowledge is scientific knowledge
Karl Marx
39. Utilitarianism is a moral philosophy, generally operating on the
principle that the utility (happiness or satisfaction) of different
people can not only be measured but also meaningfully summed
over people and that utility comparisons between people are
meaningful.
To achieve the goal utilitarian British philosopher Jeremy Bentham
described as "the greatest good for the greatest number."
Jeremy
Bentham
John
Stuart
Mill
40. any of a group of philosophical doctrines that
share the monistic view that material objects
and the external world do not exist in reality
independently of the human mind but are
variously creations of the mind or constructs
of ideas
George
Hegel
Johann
Fichte
41. the doctrine that the content of a concept consists only in its
practical applicability
the doctrine that truth consists not in correspondence with the facts
but in successful coherence with experience
action or policy dictated by consideration of the immediate practical
consequences rather than by theory or dogma
A practical, matter-of-fact way of approaching or assessing
situations or of solving problems.
John
Dewey
William
James
42. Evolutionism is a world-view, which seeks to explain every aspect of
this world in which we live. It encompasses a wide variety of topics,
from astronomy to chemistry to biology. At its core, it teaches that
there were different stages in the evolution of our universe:
Charles
Darwin
Ernst Haeckel
43. Existentialism is a philosophy concerned with finding self and the
meaning of life through free will, choice, and personal responsibility.
The belief is that people are searching to find out who and what they
are throughout life as they make choices based on their experiences,
beliefs, and outlook. And personal choices become unique without
the necessity of an objective form of truth. An existentialist believes
that a person should be forced to choose and be responsible
without the help of laws, ethnic rules, or traditions.
Karl
Jaspers
Jean Paul Sartre
44. The method of psychological therapy originated by Sigmund Freud
in which free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of
resistance and transference are used to explore repressed or
unconscious impulses, anxieties, and internal conflicts, in order to
free psychic energy for mature
The theory of personality developed by Freud that focuses on
repression and unconscious forces and includes the concepts of
infantile sexuality, resistance, transference, and division of the
psyche into the id, ego, and superego.
Sigmund Freud
45. Neorealism or structural realism is a theory of international
relations, outlined by Kenneth Waltz in his 1979 book Theory of
International Politics. Waltz argues in favor of a systemic
approach: the international structure acts as a constraint on state
behavior, so that only states whose outcomes fall within an
expected range survive. This system is similar to a microeconomic
model in which firms set prices and quantity based on the market.
Edmund
Husseri
Bertrand
Russel
46. A philosophy or method of inquiry based on the premise that reality
consists of objects and events as they are perceived or understood in
human consciousness and not of anything independent of human
consciousness.
Phenomenology is the study of structures of consciousness as experienced
from the first-person point of view. An experience is directed toward an object
by virtue of its content or meaning (which represents the object) together with
appropriate enabling conditions.
Maurice
Merleau - Ponty
