This document discusses several theories relating to learning movement skills: - Connectionist/associationist theories link a stimulus to a response through reinforcement to strengthen the stimulus-response bond stored in long-term memory. - Thorndike's laws of effect, exercise, and readiness state that positive reinforcement is most effective for strengthening bonds, which improve with practice when the learner is capable. - Operant conditioning, based on Skinner's work, also involves strengthening stimulus-response bonds through reinforcement of desired responses shaped through trial and error. - Cognitive learning theory (Gestalt) focuses on the thinking process of perceiving whole tasks based on past experiences and current knowledge and motivation rather than external stimuli. - Bandura's

1. Theories relating to learning
movement skills

2. Connectionist and
associationist theories
• Depend on linking a stimulus to a
response
• This S-R bond is stored in the Long
Term Memory (LTM)
• The connection is strengthened by
reinforcement. Positive-verbal praise or
tangible reward or Negative

3. • Describe the
connectionist theory
using this example

4. • Describe the
connectionist theory
using this example
• The ball is the stimulus. The
response is to hit the ball. If
successful the response
connects with the stimulus and
a learning bond is formed.
Positive reinforcement may be
that she hits it into the right
area, or her coach may praise
her. Negative reinforcement
could be if she hits the net or
her coach criticises her.

5. Thorndike’s laws
• Thorndike put forward three laws relating to
the application of reinforcement.
• Law of effect. Positive reinforcement is the
most effective way to strengthen the learning
bond
• Law of exercise. The S-R bond is
strengthened by practice.
• Law of readiness. The learner must be
physically and mentally capable of performing
the skill to strengthen the S-R bond

6. • Our introductory
football drill for AS
• Discuss how
Thorndike’s law can
be applied to this
drill

7. Operant Conditioning
• This is based on work by Skinner
• This is a connectionist or associationist
theory. The learner forms and
strengthens a S-R bond.
• The teacher will present a stimulus to
the performer that replicates the
relevant sports situation

8. Operant Conditioning
• Key points to apply to a sports coaching
situation
• Manipulating a situation to bring about the
desired response
• Learning through trial and error
• Reinforcing the response
• Changing the response- behaviour shaping

9. • Design a lesson
using the principles
of Operant
Conditioning to
develop putting
technique to a low
ability Year 7 group

10. Cognitive Learning Theory
(not to be confused with the cognitive stage of
learning)
• This concerns the individuals thought
process rather than the influence of
stimulus response
• GESTALT means whole patterning,
seeing the skill as a whole
• It is a thinking process
• Learning may be slower to start with

11. Cognitive Learning Theory
(not to be confused with the cognitive stage of
learning)
• Perception. Interpretation or understanding the
whole task
• Previous experience. Related experiences can
help with a new task
• Current knowledge. The learner needs an insight
as to what is required
• Motivation. The learner needs to want to solve
the problem
• Self-esteem. The learner must have positive self
esteem.

12. • Not the best picture, but
discuss Cognitive theory
(Gestalt) using the
example of Year 7 boys
trying to attempt a
neckspring on this box.
(obviously taking it well
away from the garage
doors!!)

13. Bandura. Observational
learning
• We have done this, and this forms part
of this chapter. Remember the four
elements. Attention, Retention, Motor
Reproduction and Motivation.
• Examples were juggling, Beckham’s
free kicks.

14. Reinforcement
• This is defined as a process that causes a response or
behaviour to reoccur by forming and strengthening the S-R
bond
• Positive. Show of approval eg ‘well done’. A ‘satisfier’-House
point, certificate
• Negative. Show of disapproval. Weakens incorrect learning
bond. Eg pain when you do a bad dive into the pool.
Negative reinforcement is not punishment
• Try and think of examples of punishment or an unpleasant
stimulus (a noxious stimulus)