1. The document discusses Stern's classification of learning strategies, which divides strategies into 5 categories: management and planning, cognitive, communicative/experiential, interpersonal, and affective. 2. Within each category are examples of specific strategies like goal-setting, memorization, asking questions, interacting with native speakers, and building confidence. 3. Effective learners are found to use a variety of strategies appropriately for the task and are aware of how and why they use different strategies. Less effective learners apply strategies randomly without purpose.

1. Casey Emmerling and Maya Brown

2.  There are hundreds of behaviors that serve as
useful learning strategies.
 Stern’s classification of learning strategies
divides learning strategies' into five categories.
 Stern’s Categories:
1. Management and Planning Strategies
• Commitments/ Goals
• Methodology/ Resources
• Monitor/ Evaluate Progress
• Example: Concrete Goal “I will speak only speak
Spanish with my friends.”

3. 2. Cognitive Strategies
• Clarification/ Verification
• Inductive/ Deductive Reasoning
• Practice/ Memorization
• Example: Making Flashcards
3. Communicative/ Experiential Strategies
• Gesturing
• Paraphrasing
• Asking for Repetition/ Explanation
4. Interpersonal Strategies
• Interact with Native Speakers
• Become Familiarized with Target Culture
• Example: Study Abroad

4. 5. Affective Strategies
• Recognizing and Overcoming Emotional Obstacles
• Building Self Confidence
• Forming Positive Relationships with Language, Culture, and
Learning Activities.
• Example: “If I spend one hour talking to my language
partner I will go to a movie tonight as a reward.”

5.  Use a variety of learning strategies.
 Are aware of why and how they use their
learning strategies.
 Select language strategies that work well
together and tailor them to the required
task.
•Less aware of strategies they use
•Less effective learners apply
strategies at random

6.  Studies have shown that strategy training is
frequently successful but isn’t always as
effective in some skill sets as it is in others.
 The most effective strategy training is
explicit and learners are told exactly which
behaviors are likely to be helpful.
 Blind training, where students are led to
strategies without realizing it is less
successful.
 Strategy training works best when it is woven
into regular class activities.

7.  In order to teach learning strategies teachers
have to learn about the student’s, their
interests, motivations, and learning styles.
 Teachers should analyze lesson plans to see if
they use a variety of learning styles and
strategies.
 Teacher should be aware of whether his
strategy training is implicit, explicit, or both
and if there are different ways for learners
to approach tasks.

8.  Learning Strategies-
http://www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/CILL/strategy
.htm
 Language Learning Strategies in Foreign
Language Learning and Teaching-
http://iteslj.org/Articles/Hismanoglu-
Strategies.html