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The document discusses several theories of learning: 1) Observational learning or social learning involves learning from observing and modeling others, such as siblings. Demonstrations are important for learning motor skills at all stages. 2) Operant conditioning according to Skinner involves learning from previous experiences to act in new situations. Positive and negative reinforcement strengthen behavior while punishment weakens it. 3) Positive and negative reinforcement strengthen the stimulus-response bond according to Thorndike's law of effect. Repetition and practice are important for learning according to the law of exercise. The learner must be ready physically and psychologically according to the law of readiness.
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Albert Bandura was a leading researcher in observational learning theory. Observational learning occurs when an observer's behavior changes based on watching a model's behavior, without direct reinforcement. According to Bandura, observational learning does not require imitation of the model's exact behavior, and children in particular learn through observing and modeling others. Reinforcement theory also influences observational learning, as observers are more likely to replicate behaviors they observe being rewarded or punished.
Sir Syed Ahmed khan ,by Sohail Ahmed
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a 19th century Muslim scholar and reformer in British India who founded the Aligarh Movement. He sought to encourage modern education among Muslims and improve relations between them and the British after the 1857 uprising. Some of his key initiatives included establishing scientific societies, schools, and Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College, which later became Aligarh Muslim University. The Aligarh Movement aimed to promote moderate views and help produce an intellectual Muslim class through English education. It played a significant role in the educational and intellectual development of Indian Muslims.
Learning (Psychology) Lecture notes by Imran Ahmad Sajid
This document discusses different types of learning including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive learning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. Operant conditioning is learning through reinforcement and punishment where behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on consequences. Cognitive learning focuses on mental processes like attention, retention, and motivation that underlie learning through observation and latent learning when behaviors are acquired but not demonstrated until needed.
Social learning theory
Bandura's social learning theory posits that people learn through observing others within a social context. The theory explains that learning can occur through observation of others' behaviors and the outcomes of those behaviors without direct reinforcement. Social learning theory emphasizes that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation.
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Learning (Psychology) Lecture notes by Imran Ahmad Sajid
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The document discusses several theories of learning and skill acquisition:
1. Operant conditioning (Skinner) involves forming stimulus-response bonds through reinforcement of correct responses. It can be used to shape complex skills through part learning.
2. Cognitive theories (Gestalt) emphasize understanding the whole problem/skill. Learners perceive cues and use past experiences and insight to solve problems.
3. Social learning theory (Bandura) explains how people learn by observing and imitating role models, which requires attention, retention, reproduction of the skill, and motivation.
General Psychology. Its aim is to discover psychology in learning methods
Learning involves relatively permanent changes in behavior resulting from experience. There are several theories that seek to explain the learning process, including behavioral and cognitive theories. Behavioral learning theory, pioneered by Pavlov and Skinner, focuses on observable behaviors and the stimuli that trigger them. Pavlov's classical conditioning explains how neutral stimuli become associated with innate responses, while Skinner's operant conditioning examines how behaviors are reinforced or punished by their consequences. Different reinforcement schedules impact the speed and strength of learning.
3.Bandura’s social learning _ observational learning theory.pptx
Bandura's social learning theory posits that personality and behavior are shaped by observing and imitating others. According to the theory, we learn new behaviors by watching significant others or role models, and imitating their actions, especially if reinforcement is present. The process of observational learning involves paying attention to a model, retaining what is observed, reproducing the behavior physically, and being motivated to imitate the model. Bandura's theory suggests that personality develops through social interaction and environmental influences rather than innate traits.
Chapter 3 Learning & Theories of Learning.pdf
This document provides an overview of learning and theories of learning. It defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience. Key elements of learning definitions include that it is a change in behavior, occurs through practice/experience, and changes must be relatively permanent. The document also discusses the nature, characteristics, factors influencing learning, and laws of learning such as readiness, exercise, and effect. Finally, it briefly introduces six main theories of learning: behaviorism, cognitivism, social learning theory, social constructivism, multiple intelligences, and brain-based learning.
Chapter 4
This document provides guidance for educators on promoting positive learning environments, managing learner behavior, addressing difficult situations, and providing academic advisement. It discusses establishing credibility and respect, setting clear expectations, focusing on positive reinforcement, addressing both minor and chronic misconduct, dealing with barriers to learning like shyness or distraction, and having strategies for common issues like tardiness, side conversations, or overparticipation. The key principles are maintaining professionalism, consistency, effective communication, and addressing issues without ridicule through tailored interventions for different learner needs and behaviors.
Chapter 4
This document provides guidance for educators on promoting positive learning environments, managing learner behavior, addressing difficult situations, and providing academic advisement. It discusses establishing credibility and respect, setting clear expectations, focusing on positive reinforcement, addressing both minor and chronic misconduct, dealing with barriers to learning like shyness or distraction, and having strategies for common issues like tardiness, side conversations, or overparticipation. The key principles are maintaining professionalism, consistency, effective communication, and addressing issues without ridicule through tailored interventions for different learner needs and behaviors.
Chapter 4
This document provides guidance for educators on promoting positive learning environments, managing learner behavior, addressing difficult situations, and providing academic advisement. It discusses establishing credibility and respect, setting clear expectations, focusing on positive reinforcement, addressing both minor and chronic misconduct, dealing with barriers to learning like shyness or distraction, and having strategies for common issues like tardiness, side conversations, or overparticipation. The key principles are maintaining professionalism, consistency, effective communication, and addressing issues without ridicule through tailored interventions for different learner needs and behaviors.
Module 1_Part A.pdf
This document provides an overview of learning and development. It defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. There are five key principles of learning: participation, repetition, relevance, transference, and feedback. Learning involves four stages - stimulus, response, motivation, and rewards. Different types of learning capabilities are also outlined, including motor skills, attitudes, verbal information, cognitive strategies, and intellectual skills. Organizational learning improves employee satisfaction, retention, productivity and adaptability.
Module 1.pptx
This document provides an overview of learning and development. It defines learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. There are five key features of learning: it involves change, not all changes reflect learning, learning is reflected in behavior, change occurs due to experience/practice, and practice must be reinforced. The importance of organizational learning is that it leads to increased job satisfaction, lower turnover, and greater productivity. Learning capabilities include motor skills, attitudes, verbal information, cognitive strategies, and intellectual skills. Principles of effective learning are participation, repetition, relevance, transference, and feedback. The learning process involves a stimulus, response, motivation, and rewards.
Learning skills theories
This document discusses several theories relating to learning movement skills:
- Connectionist/associationist theories link a stimulus to a response through reinforcement to strengthen the stimulus-response bond stored in long-term memory.
- Thorndike's laws of effect, exercise, and readiness state that positive reinforcement is most effective for strengthening bonds, which improve with practice when the learner is capable.
- Operant conditioning, based on Skinner's work, also involves strengthening stimulus-response bonds through reinforcement of desired responses shaped through trial and error.
- Cognitive learning theory (Gestalt) focuses on the thinking process of perceiving whole tasks based on past experiences and current knowledge and motivation rather than external stimuli.
- Bandura's
LEARNING.pptx
The document discusses various theories and aspects of learning. It begins by defining learning as the acquisition of habits, knowledge, and attitudes through new experiences that allow adjustment to changing environments. Several key points are then made:
- Learning is a lifelong process that begins at birth and involves physical, cognitive, and emotional development.
- Factors like motivation, environment, experiences, and reinforcement influence learning.
- Different learning theories are proposed, including trial-and-error, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive theories.
- Laws of learning like exercise, effect, readiness are described. Different types and processes of learning are also outlined.
trial and error theory el thorndike. presentation prepare by kanhaiya Dixit r...
1) Edward Thorndike proposed the trial and error theory of learning, which states that learning occurs through repeated trials, errors, and consequences.
2) Thorndike conducted experiments with cats in puzzle boxes to solve problems, with successful responses reinforced by food.
3) Thorndike's laws of learning include the law of effect, exercise, and readiness. The laws emphasize the role of motivation, practice, and mental preparedness in learning.
Mod 3a generic
This document summarizes a training on promoting children's social and emotional success. It discusses reflecting on relationship building and environment strategies from Modules 1 and 2. It reviews conducting functional behavior assessments to understand the meaning and function of challenging behaviors, in order to develop individualized interventions for children with persistent issues. The training focuses on building positive relationships, creating supportive environments, and teaching social-emotional skills to benefit all children.
Unit 2
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to learning theories and principles. It discusses several major schools of learning theory, including behavioral theory, cognitive theory, social learning theory, social constructivism, multiple intelligences theory, and brain-based learning. For each theory, it outlines some of the core ideas and implications for how learners learn most effectively. It also describes principles of learning such as readiness, exercise, effect, primacy, recency, intensity, requirement, and freedom. Overall, the document aims to provide insight into learning from the perspective of educational psychology and different learning theories.
Itcpilots5
The document discusses various techniques and principles for effective instruction and learning. It covers ideas from Confucius and Lao-Tzu on learning through experience versus being told. It then defines concepts like education, training, learning and teaching. It outlines rules of learning and forgetting as well as principles like readiness, exercise, effect, primacy, intensity and recency. It discusses different learning styles, types of knowledge, skills and attitudes. It also covers the learning process, training methods, communication skills, instructional aids and evaluating learning.
Session 3 learning
The document discusses several key concepts related to learning:
1. Most professionals avoid double-loop learning, which involves questioning underlying assumptions, and instead focus only on single-loop problem solving. This prevents them from learning when strategies fail.
2. People's espoused theories of how they behave differ from their actual theories-in-use, which are governed by values of control, winning, and rationality to avoid vulnerability.
3. Defensive reasoning and "doom loops" discourage testing private assumptions objectively and encourage avoiding responsibility for failures.
IOSIE
The document outlines a 5-step process called IOSIE for analyzing student behavior problems and effective classroom management. The steps are: 1) Identify the problem objectively, 2) Determine SMART objectives, 3) Propose preventative or interventional solutions, 4) Implement the solution and evaluate results, 5) Evaluate if objectives were achieved and behavior stopped. It also discusses theoretical models of behavior and different approaches to classroom management ranging from using consequences to individual guidance.
Behavior.Plan.021[1] Lena Zammataro's Plan GED 604
This behavior management plan outlines strategies for the first day of class and subsequent days. On the first day, the teacher will use icebreaker activities to help students get to know each other and assess their personalities and needs. They will also discuss appropriate classroom behavior. In following days, the teacher will set an orderly tone and develop a code of conduct with students. The plan details positive reinforcement techniques and ways to address misbehavior by identifying its underlying causes such as a need for attention, power, revenge or failure avoidance.
NCV 2 Human & Social Development Hands-On Support Slide Show - Module 1
The document discusses reflection and its application in education studies. It defines reflection as serious thought about a situation or experience and explains how reflective techniques like questioning and journaling can be used. Reflection is important for practitioners to develop skills and address challenges. It clarifies that both open-ended and closed questions have a role in reflection. The document also discusses Bloom's Taxonomy and its domains of learning. Learners are asked to complete reflective writing assignments and discussions applying these concepts.
Learning
Dear all,
I'm attaching presentation on learning.
Kindly go through it.
feedback is required.
have a nice day........
Smita Choudhary
Alwar(Raj.)
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General Psychology. Its aim is to discover psychology in learning methods
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3.Bandura’s social learning _ observational learning theory.pptx
3.Bandura’s social learning _ observational learning theory.pptx
trial and error theory el thorndike. presentation prepare by kanhaiya Dixit r...
trial and error theory el thorndike. presentation prepare by kanhaiya Dixit r...
Behavior.Plan.021[1] Lena Zammataro's Plan GED 604
Behavior.Plan.021[1] Lena Zammataro's Plan GED 604
NCV 2 Human & Social Development Hands-On Support Slide Show - Module 1
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The document provides an overview of the four aspects of sports history that will be studied: popular recreation, 19th century public schools, rational recreation, and state elementary education. It lists key terms related to these aspects and five sports/activities that will be studied through time: football, cricket, tennis, rowing, and association football. The document also includes a timeline with important dates in the history of these sports.
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This document contains summaries of 14 notable sports figures and sporting events:
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Performance enhancing drugs like anabolic steroids, human growth hormone, erythropoietin, beta blockers, stimulants, and diuretics can provide advantages like increased muscle and strength, faster recovery, steady hands, and endurance, but often have serious health risks. Side effects range from acne and baldness to heart problems, stroke, seizures, and even death in rare cases. While some seek to gain a competitive edge, these substances are banned and dangerous.
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The document discusses various types of deviance in sport including relative deviance, positive deviance, and negative deviance. It also examines causes of deviance such as lack of training and crowd mentality. The concept of a "contract to compete" is introduced which refers to an agreement by performers to play fairly and allow opportunities for others to demonstrate their skills. Forms of violence and hooliganism in sport are then analyzed as well as efforts to combat hooliganism. The use and implications of performance enhancing drugs is covered along with methods for fighting drug use in sport. Finally, the relationship between sport, performers, officials, and the law is briefly outlined.
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1. There are four main energy systems that produce ATP in the body: ATP-PC system, lactic acid system, aerobic system, and high-intensity system.
2. The ATP-PC system produces ATP quickly through phosphocreatine breakdown and is used for intense bursts under 10 seconds.
3. The lactic acid system produces ATP through anaerobic glycolysis but also produces lactic acid, limiting its duration to 1-2 minutes.
4. The aerobic system produces the most ATP over long durations through aerobic breakdown of carbohydrates and fats in the mitochondria.
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The document discusses the relationship between sport, media, and sponsorship, noting how they rely on each other through television rights, advertising, and promotion. It examines the reasons for and benefits of sponsorship for various groups, as well as some disadvantages, and how technology, commercialization, and the media have changed and impacted sports over time.
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This document describes 5 different performance curves: linear, positive acceleration, negative acceleration, S-shaped, and plateau. Each curve represents how athletic performance in a sport can improve with increased trials or training over time. For example, a sprinter may see positive acceleration curve gains, while a weightlifter's progress could plateau.
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This document provides a table for classifying various skills along continua from gross motor skills to fine motor skills. It asks the reader to place 10 different skills - such as a basketball lay-up shot, throwing a dart, a spin bowler's wrist action in cricket, and a gymnast's beam routine - into one of the continua columns and provide a justification for each decision. The goal is to determine whether each example involves larger or smaller muscle movements and place them on the appropriate point of the motor skills spectrum.
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Muscles contract in different ways to move and stabilize the body. Prime movers or agonists are muscles that cause joints to bend or flex, while antagonists cause joints to straighten or extend and hold positions. Fixators work with agonists to maintain body position for movement, and synergists shorten to aid joint motion along with agonists. Isometric contractions occur when muscle length stays the same against resistance. During concentric contractions muscles shorten to move joints, like in bicep curls, while eccentric contractions lengthen under load, such as when lowering a weight.
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We provide feedback to help improve performance, give guidance on how to do better next time, and recognize achievements. The appropriate type of feedback depends on the situation, with beginners benefitting most from continuous, intrinsic feedback while competitors may need terminal, extrinsic feedback or positive reinforcement of success. Feedback after a loss should be negative but aim to boost motivation rather than criticize ability.
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Syllabus
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
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