list at least 5 major differences between bacteria and virusesSo.pdf

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list at least 5 major differences between bacteria and viruses Solution Bacteria 1. Contains both DNA and RNA, of which DNA is inherited and 2. Do not need a host to replicate. Can grow on any appropriate nutrient medium . 3. Size ranges in 0.2 - 2 micrometer in diameter and 0.5 - 5 micrometers in length. 4. Their structure consists of cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosome, and sometimes flagellum and inclusion bodies. 5. They grow by cell division and replication. Viruses 1. Contains either DNA or RNA as genetic material but not both. 2. Can produce only within living cells, need a host to replicate. 3. Size ranges 0.02- 0.3 micrometer 4. Structure consists of a protein coat, surrounded on the nuclei acid, collar, sheath, tail fibres and tail pins. 5. Reproduce by either lyric or lysogenic cycle..

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Describe how a selectively permeable membrane is involved in osmosis. Include the role that the solute concentration plays in the direction of water movement. Now think about how this process may differ between plant and animal cells. For instance, how might cell walls disrupt the role of solute concentration and cause one to refute a hypothesis for the direction of water movement based on water concentration alone? Solution Let me first briefly descibe you how does osmosis happen. Consider there are two compartments contaning a particular solute in a solvent seperated by a semi permeable membrane. If there exists a solute difference between the two compartments, then solvent moves from the region of lower conceration (with respect to solute) to higher concentration (with respect to solute) until it reaches equilibrium. That means semi permeable membrane is permeable to solvent. Now comes the situation of in vivo (i.e., within the body). The cells, whether from animals or plants are usually hypertonic in nature that means cells have higher ionic concentration compared to its external environment (water is the solvent). Then how do these cells maintain such a higher ionic concentration by refuting the process of osmosis/diffusion. First let us consider the plant cell. Plant cell has two coverages, namely plasma membrane and cell wall. Cell wall in plant cell is made up of cellulose and cellulose is a polysacharide provides the rigidity to the cells. Actually, it is the plasma membrane which does not allow the movement of water molecules to cross based on gradient of solutes. Let me talk about the cell wall at the end of this answer. What makes that plasma membrane to refute the law of osmosis ? It is its structural organization. Plasma membrane is made up of phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins mainly. Phospholipids are oriented in bilayer form facing its hydrophilic (water loving) head at both the ends interacing with cytoplasma and extracellular environment and its hydrophobic (water hating) tails are oriented deep within the membrane interacing each other. Plasma membrane of either plant or animal are highly impermeable to the solutes and water. Permeability of plasma membrane highly depends on the nature of solutes. If solute is smaller in size and hydrophobic in nature it diffuses through the membrane quiet easily but it is difficult for the hydrophilic and largge size solutes. Charge of the solutes also plays the major role. It is not only based on the concentration gradient but also based on charge gradient. Hence it is known as electrochemical gradient. It is actually a beautiful mechanism of cells to produce energy required for the cell based on electrochemical gradient (within mitochondria) And for water, it is difficult to pass through. There is a term called \"Activation energy\". Energy need to be supplied in order to facilitate the movement of solutes.Lower the activation energy, lesser the energy required and vica versa. Comi.

Describe how a selectively permeable membrane is involved in osmosis.pdf

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Compare and contrast Erikson\'s fifth stage of personality development and Marcia\'s theory on identity statuses. Which do you agree with and why? Solution Yes , i agree , as the Marcia\'s theory on identity statuses are developed based on Erikson\'s fifth stage of personality development. The fifth phase of Erikson\'s life stage hypothesis is identity and role confusion.. Strains for a juvenile can know him/herself, what s/he will do with his/her life, fitting in gathering sand encountering things. Knowing him/herself is imperative to a pre-adult in light of the fact that on the off chance that he or she knows him/herself, his/her capacities, he or she can shape his/her life as indicated by the properties and capacities that s/he has. Young people take a stab at encountering things, for example, fitting into social gatherings, encountering things to think about themselves and capability of their identity regardless of the possibility that they need to go out on a limb. Accordingly to these strains, these encounters may bring about change in conduct, identity and look of a youthful. What\'s more, these encounters keep on happening until the pre- adult get over this identity and role confusion. In light of Erik Erikson\'s noteworthy work on character and psychosocial improvement in the 1960s, Canadian formative clinician James Marcia refined and amplified Erikson\'s model, principally concentrating on youthful development. Tending to Erikson\'s thought of character emergency, Marcia set that the immature stage comprises neither of personality determination nor personality disarray, but instead how much one has investigated and focused on a personality in an assortment of life areas from employment, religion, social decisions, sex parts, et cetera. Marcia\'s hypothesis of character accomplishment contends that two unmistakable parts frame a juvenile\'s personality: emergency (i. e. a period when one\'s qualities and decisions are being reexamined) and duty. He characterized a crisis as a period of change where old qualities or decisions are being reevaluated. The end result of an crisis prompts to a guarantee made to a specific part or esteem.. Upon developing a semi-structured interview for identity research, Marcia proposed Identity Statuses of psychological identity development: · Identity Diffusion –: the status in which the adolescent does no have a feeling of having options; he or she has not yet made (nor is endeavoring/willing to make) a promise Identity Foreclosure : the status in which the immature appears to focus on some significant parts, qualities, or objectives for what\'s to come. Teenagers in this stage have not encountered a personality emergency. They have a tendency to fit in with the desires of others in regards to their future (e. g. permitting a parent to decide a profession course) As such, these people have not investigated a scope of alternatives. Identity Moratorium – the status in which the juvenile is as of now in a.

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Briefly describe the phenomenon of exon shuffling and provide an example of this in living systems Solution exon shuffling is a molecular mechanism for the formation of new genes. in this process 2 or more exons are from different genes are brought together at a non-homologous site or there is a duplication in the exons forming new intron-exon structures. exon shuffling takes place by various processes such as transposon-mediated, cross over between gametes during sexual recombination or any inappropriate recombinations. living examples for exon shuffling are metazoans such as Homo sapiens have post- transcriptional exon shuffling, Drosophila with 39% of gene rearrangements. during evolution, 1-1 shuffling units were found in Trichoplax adhaerans and Nematostella vectensis..

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Biological Science in the News dentify source (internet link) and date of news. Write the title of the news article. Use the D.A.R.E. critical thinking components to discuss article: Define, Analyze, Resolve, and Evaluate. Define: What is article about? (do not discuss the important points here) Analyze: a. Discuss salient/important ideas or points. b. What impact do you think this news has or will have on you or the world we live in? Resolve: Generate a few questions that you have about the information. Evaluate: Is it a controversial or a critical issue that needs more research? Is it information you think should be more widely publicized? Should any action be taken? by whom? Explain your thoughts. Solution Biological Science in the News News presents in form of sound, picture, text individually or in combinations. Various studies reveal that sound, picture or text has significant effects on human’s body and behavior. On the basis of that, the article has greater potential to discuss the effects of news through biological aspects. The representation and information of news makes human feel better or worse accordingly. That feelings and impressions effect the brain of human body significantly which can measure by the level of hormones like dopamine, serotonine, noradrenaline and others. These impacts may bring society to feel accountable or no accountable to the particular effects of news. People live in society and news comes from their interactions. Therefore, it would have greater impacts to the physiological and behavioral factors of human. Now, scientist, activists, and researchers are pointing out the possible harmful effects of news. Many news channels are serving news on dinning plates. They are making the news exclusive and hot. Therefore, it requires taking a stop on such news and making effective preventions..

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An organization called the Repository for Germinal choice in Escondido, CA once served as a sperm bank for Nobel Prize winners and others possessing high IQs. Dozens of babies have now been produced by artificial insemination from the sperm bank. Do you regard this as wise or unwise, ethic or unethical, foolish or inspired? Solution The major rising ethical challenge is the connection between the pre-selection of embryos for \"babies with high IQ (intelligent quoscent) based on meticulous genetic analysis of sperm donation & artificial insemination followed by rising discrimination of \"disabled people\". Therefore, even though, it is a \"wise methodology\" but highly \"unethical\" and foolish due to chances of occurrence of genetic abnormalities. This ethical problem is associated with selection of future children based on their low levels of disabilities and abnormalities. The genetic abnormalities of prenatal baby with any other serious diseases but this method of screening is leading to reinforcement of disable people discrimination and stigmatization. There is chance of unintended multiple pregnancy & success rate is lesser. The meticulous ethical factor associated with donated sperm (for high IQ) via artificial insemination is any presence of sexually transmitted diseases (HIV etc), genetic disease carriers (sickle cell anemia). This methodology is regarded as “wise protocol” to those women who are unable to participate in sexual intercourse followed by sperm implantation into the women fallopian tube for fertilization with egg..

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XYZ stock price and dividend history are as follows: Year Beginning-of-Year Price Dividend Paid at Year-End 2010 $ 140 $ 4 2011 $ 159 $ 4 2012 $ 132 $ 4 2013 $ 137 $ 4 An investor buys five shares of XYZ at the beginning of 2010, buys another three shares at the beginning of 2011, sells one share at the beginning of 2012, and sells all seven remaining shares at the beginning of 2013. a. What are the arithmetic and geometric average time-weighted rates of return for the investor? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answers to 2 decimal places.) Arithmetic mean 2.93 % Geometric mean 2.08 % b-1. Prepare a chart of cash flows for the four dates corresponding to the turns of the year for January 1, 2010, to January 1, 2013. (Negative amounts should be indicated by a minus sign.) Date Cash Flow 1/1/2010 $ -700 1/1/2011 -457 1/1/2012 164 1/1/2013 987 b-2. What is the dollar-weighted rate of return? (Hint: If your calculator cannot calculate internal rate of return, you will have to use a spreadsheet or trial and error.) (Negative value should be indicated by a minus sign. Round your answer to 4 decimal places.) Rate of return % Solution a) Year Beginning-of-Year Price Dividend Paid at Year-End 2010 $140.00 $4.00 2011 $159.00 $4.00 2012 $132.00 $4.00 2013 $137.00 $4.00 Return = [(Capital Gains + Dividend)/Price] Year 2010-2011 (($159 - $140)+$4)/$140 16.43% Year 2011- 2012 (($132 - $159)+$4)/$132 -14.47% Year 2012-2013 (($137 - $132)+$4)/$132 6.82% Arithmetic mean: = (16.43%+(14.47%)+6.82%)/3 2.93% Geometric Mean Return 1+ return% 16.43% 1.164 -14.47% 0.855 6.82% 1.068 Geometric Mean =( (1.164 x .855 x 1.068)^(1/3 ))-1 2.08% b-1. Prepare a chart of cash flows for the four dates corresponding to the turns of the year for January 1, 2010, to January 1,2013. Date 1/1/2010 1/1/2011 1/1/2012 1/1/2013 Cash Flow -$700.00 -$457.00 $164.00 $987.00 Date Cash Flow 1/1/2010 -$700.00 Purchase of 5 shares at $140 per share 1/1/2011 - $457.00 Purchase of 3 shares at $159, plus dividend income on 5 shares held 1/1/2012 $164.00 Sale of 1 share at $132, plus dividend income on 8 shares held 1/1/2013 $987.00 Sale of 7 share at $137, plus dividend income on 7 shares held b-2 Date Cash Flow 1/1/2010 -$700.00 1/1/2011 -$457.00 1/1/2012 $164.00 1/1/2013 $987.00 IRR = Rate of Return 0.21%.

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a- Define public goods and common resources. How are they similar and how are they different. Are markets efficient in the presence of public goods and common resources? b- Why or why not? Solution Public goods is a good which is non excludable and non rivalrous. Where use by one individual doesnot effect the availabilty by others Common goods are rival but not excludable Example of public goods are national defense, uncongested nontoll roada Example of common resource are fish in the ocean, environment etc Market doesnot effect the public good because the person using it is a free rider. He will think that others will pay for his good. There can be a market interuption in common resources as private player can come in and develop a market for products like pure air and water..

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What does IPO underpricing refer to? When in recent decades has it been most severe? What are some reasons that underwriters might want to underprice their IPOs? On the other hand, what might be some problems with this approach? Solution IPO refers to Initial Public Offer and underpricing refers to Pricing of shares lower than the market value. Hence, IPO Underpricing refers to the listing of the initial issue of the company at the rate below the market value of the share. Underwriters does so to make the shares feasible for every investor to invest in. Not every share is approachable to the small investors. So the motive of the IPO Underpricing is to make the issue approachable financially to small and big investors both.Thereby, knocking the opportunities for potential small investors and grabing small pockets of many investors. The problem can definitely be that the big investors doesnot look these IPO\'s and show less interest in investing them and hence the issuer will not be able to collect fund in one go..

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When summing forces in the x direction why does Force of Ax be included? Wouldn\'t Ax not be included because it is considered an internal force? Solution Ax is an external force that\'s why it is included in calculating the net force in a direction .Internal forces have no role in FBD of a body as the are cancelled on its on by action reaction. Ax is included in the net force in the X-direction because it is one of the force that is applied externally and bring a change to the system..

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Which of the following statements true about Cyanobacteria? Cyanobacteria ... are a diverse, polyphyletic group of bacteria. use chlorophyll a and release oxygen during photosynthesis. are the only group of autotrophic bacteria? can reproduce sexually. are obligate aerobes. Solution Ans. B and E Cyanobacteria also known as blue green algae as it is blue green in color present in aquatic environment and produce its own food using chlorophyll a and release oxygen as a byproduct in splitting of water. Other bacteria use H2S and hence doesn\'t release oxygen and also doesnot possess chlorophyll a. Cyanobacteria are obligate parasites and prefer dilute carbon source.

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Which agency monitors al Confirmed cases of food-borne illnes? FDA. CDC USDA EPA Solution Answer 1 : Food and Drug Administration (FDA) monitor outbreak of illness disease from food and then report is sent to Centre for Disease Control and Prevention CDC:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention USDA:United States Department of Agriculture deals with agriculture EPA: Environment Protection Agency deals with environment related issue.

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What role does ethics play in leadership? Do you believe that some people abuse it? Why or why not? Provide examples. Solution his is extremely interesting territory. Organisations and people within organisations rarely if ever demonstrate a homogeneous mix of ethical values, but they do have to function. Ask the question. How will the Iraq even create a temporary framework to govern given that it seeks to balance such disparate issues? History tells us that we compromise because the alternatives are often far worse. Pragmatism becomes the order of the day and I think that this is a pattern that is repeated in corporations. Organisations function according to their perception of how they need to respond to the power of the circumstances around them. There is a behavioural bottom line for organisations which should not be crossed (ethical considerations embodied in the law) but, there is a vast array of other ethical issues that may or may not be taken on board. They are generally only taken on board when it is perceived that the short term self interest of the company matches the ethical value. Organisations then present different images to their stakeholders to maximise the warm glow that they project. Profit to the shareholders. Respect me vibes to the institutions. We work for our workforce vibes to employees and their supporters. All these images conflict and one of the key roles of leadership (setting the agenda) is to ensure that this conflict is managed and the business machine does not slow down. Those leaders who have gone through the processes of: 1. Learning to lead and manage themselves. 2. Developing a clear understanding their values and goals. 3. Learning to lead and motivate others. 4. Learning how to apply leadership strategically. will manage without falling off the horse. It is unlikely however, that they will lead on ethics even if their standpoint is ahead of their company\'s minimal position. They are more likely to gratefully respond to what the social consensus seeks to make imperative..

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What is Simmonds’ disease aka pituitary cachexia? Describe the features of the disease Solution Answer: Simmonds\' disease or pitutary cachexia is a disease caused by the destruction of the anterior lobe of the pitutary gland due to any cause, like post partum necrosis of the pitutary gland, trauma like bullet injuries or fractures at the base of the skull, morbidities like tuberculosis or syphilis, tumors of the pitutary and supra cellar cysts are some of the main caises of Simmonds\' disease. Features are: 1. as post-partum necrosis is one of the major causes of simonds\' disease, it is most common betweeb ages of 20- 45 years. it is more common in women than men. 2. earliest manifestation of the disease are evident soon after few days from puerperium. 3. Failure of lactation or rather engorgement of the breasts is noticed. 4. Patients are of average nutrition and have a pale, dry, rather sallow skin suggesting a degree of anemia more severe than what the hematological examinations reveal with a possible subthyroid condition. 5. Progeria is unusual 6. Head hair is normal in size and texture. 7. eyebrows are thin. 8. disturbance in menstruation with amennorhia or scanty and irregular periods. 9. Loss of libido 10. atrophy of genetelia. 11. bear a striking resemblance to myxoedema. skin of face and arms is dry and scaly with a faint yellow colouration. 12. senstivity to cold is pronounced. 13. well marked erythema ab igne of legs is pronounced.. 14. adrenal lesions lead to loss of pubic and axillary hair. 15. Keplers\' Test for adrenal dysfunction is positive. Treatment: Horone replacement therapy is the only available management so far..

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6. All plants produce __________ by mitosis and __________ by meiosis. A)spores, gametes B)gametes, gametes C)gametes, spores D)spores, spores E)spores, gametes and spores 7. In a heterosporous life cycle, the microspore develops into the _____ gametophyte, while the megaspore develops into the ______ gametophyte. A)female, male B)male, female C)diploid, haploid D)haploid, diploid E)None of the above 8. Asexual reproduction in liverworts is accomplished by A)gametophytes. B)spores. C)gemmae. D)tracheids. 9. You are walking along a roadside and find a plant with the following characteristics: very thin waxy cuticle, stomata, simple leaves in whorls around a central stem, independent sporophyte and gametophyte, sporangia in strobili. This plant is most likely a member of which of the following phyla? A)Bryophyta B)Sphenophyta C)Pterophyta D)Lycophyta 10. Plants differ from algae in that only plants A)are photosynthetic. B)are multicellular. C)possess chlorophyll. D)have multicellular embryos protected by the parent. E)are eukaryotic. 11. Which statement about the alternation of generations in plants is not true? A) The plant life cycle is characterized by diploid and haploid forms. B)Meiosis occurs in sporangia. C)Gametes are always produced by meiosis. D)The zygote is the first cell of the sporophyte generation. E)The gametophyte and sporophyte differ genetically. 12. The most abundant gymnosperm phylum today is A) Cycadophyta. B) Ginkgophyta. C) Gnetophyta. D) Coniferophyta. E) None of the above 13. Coniferous gymnosperms, such as pines, depend primarily on __________ for pollination; thus, the plants produce large quantities of pollen that disperse over large areas during the spring. A) insects B) birds C) water D) wind E) mammals 14. An evolutionary trend that runs throughout the plant kingdom is that the sporophyte generation ___ and is more independent of the gametophyte, and the gametophyte generation _____ and is more dependent upon the sporophyte. A) becomes smaller, becomes smaller B) becomes larger, becomes smaller C) becomes smaller, becomes larger D) becomes larger, becomes larger E) does not change in size, becomes larger 15. Angiosperms differ from other plants in that two male gametes, contained within a single male gametophyte, participate in fertilization events. One sperm nucleus combines with the egg to produce a diploid zygote. The other sperm nucleus combines with two other haploid nuclei of the female gametophyte. This process is called A) biparental inheritance. B) multiple paternity. C) double fertilization. D) biparental fertilization. E) multiple fertilization. 16. The reproductive organ of angiosperms is the A)sporangium. B) flower. C) cone. D) archegonium. E) sporophyte. 17. The prominent components of Earth\'s modern land flora in most areas are A) angiosperms. B) gymnosperms. C) ferns. D) bryophytes. E) club mosses. 18. Flowers with insect pollination have showy A) petals. B) sepals. C) anthers. D) fruits 19. In a.

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ulsalullailut Ul glucose linked to muctose. Similarly, link ing three or more monosaccharides forms a polysaccharide such as starch, glycogen, or cellulose (fig. 6.3). Question 1 Examine figure 6.2. hich groups of a glucose molecule are involved in forming a polysaccharide? Shade the groups with a pencil. Solution In the structiure of glucose, the OH groups are present on 1, 2, 3, and 4th position of the ring and at 5th position CH2OH is present. When a glucose molecule involves in the formation of polysaccharide, the OH group at 1st position of a aglucose molecule interacts with the OH group at 4th position of another glucose molecule..

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This is a photograph of an organelle found in living cells. Use it to help answer questions 1, 2 and 3. (From Essential Cell Biology, Alberts Betal (2009) 3rd edition; Garland Science, NY & London. Photo by Daniel SFriend.) 1) What is the name of this organelle? D. O Chloroplast Endoplasmic Mitochondrion Ribosome reticulum 2 What is the function of this organelle? c, O D. O Anaerobic Aerobic Protein Photosynthesis respiration respiration release 3 Which one of the following substances is produced when this organelle is functioning Oxygen Carbon Glucose Starch dioxide Solution 1: C Mitochondria; The given image shows mitochondria as the inner membrane is shown like finger like projections which is characteristic feature of mitochondria. 2: B Aerobic respiration; Mitochondria are the double membrane bound organelles which serve as site for aerobic respiration. The Kreb cycle and electron transport chain take place in it. 3: B Carbon dixoide; CO2 is the product of Kreb cycle. Glucose enters the glycoysis and forms pyruvic acid which in turn enters the Kreb cycle in form of Acetyl CoA and is decarboxylated..

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