Lecture Slides, Germanna, His 102 LH01, Fall 2019

1. The 18th Century and
The French Revolution
Week 5

2. Overview
• c. 1670 – 1815
• The Enlightenment
• Agricultural Revolution
• 18th Century Culture
• Political Use of Space
• The French Revolution
• Napoleon
Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, 1808

3. The Scientific Revolution
• Background
• Empiricism
– Francis Bacon (1561-
1626)
• Astronomy
– Geocentric vs.
Heliocentric Universe
– Copernicus (1473-
1543)
– Galileo Galilei (1564-
1642)
• Professionalism
Henri Testelin, Louis XIV and Colbert
Visit the Academy of Sciences, 1666

4. The Enlightenment
• Philosophes
• “tabula rasa”
• Government
• Social Contract
• Religion
– Deism
• “Republic of Letters”
• France
• Salons A reading in the salon of Madame
Geoffrin
Anicet Charles Lemonnier, 1812

5. The Enlightenment
• Europe
– John Locke
– Montesquieu
– Diderot
– Adam Smith
– Marquis de Condorcet
– Voltaire
– Thomas Day
• America
– Benjamin Franklin
– Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity
from the Sky, Benjamin West, 1816

6. 18th Century Agricultural Rev.
• New crops
• New farming
techniques
• Weather
• Enclosures
– Common land
– More efficient farming
– Who owned it?
– downside
• Increase in birthrate
– Plague
Port Meadow, Oxford

8. Consumer Revolution
• What and Why
• Commodities
– Silver
– Tobacco
– Pelts
– Sugar
– Coffee and Tea
• Gentry and Bourgeoisie
• Wealth
– Finances
• Rise of the Coffeehouse

9. Gin Lane
by William Hogarth, 1751

10. Prosperity & Refinement Jean-Étienne Liotard,
Tea Set, 1781-3

11. A Meeting of a Masonic Lodge in
Vienna, 1790

12. Women
• History
• Rousseau
– Separate spheres
• Voltaire et al disagreed
• Examples:
– Margaret Cavenidsh (1623-
1673)
– Aphra Behn (1640-1689)
– Mary Astell (1666-1731)
– Mary Wollstonecroft
(1757-1797) – Vindication
of the Rights of Woman
Madame du Pompadour (1721-1764)
by François Boucher, c.1750

13. The Western World, c. 1788
• European Balance of
Power
• Absolutism
• Mercantilism
• Enlightenment
• American Revolution

14. The Old Order in France
• Economic Crisis
– Environment
– Wars
– Fiscal system
– Ideas
• Louis XVI (1754-1793, r.1774-
1792)
– Marie Antoinette
• Reform ministers
– Necker’s Report (1781)
• Estates-General, May 1789

15. The Calling of the Estates, May 1789
• Estates-General
– 1st Estate: the Church
– 2nd Estate: the Nobility
– 3rd Estate: the Commoners
• Debates
– Cahiers de Doléances
• June 17, 3rd Estate votes
itself the National
Assembly
• June 20, Tennis Court
Oath

16. The Tennis Court Oath by David

17. Oath of the Horatii by Jacques-Louis David, 1784

18. Storming of the
Bastille,
July 14, 1789
• King at first supports National
Assembly, but hedges bets
• Fires reform ministers
• Calls up soldiers
• Peasants restless in Paris and
elsewhere
• Bastille
• Prison, symbol
• Weapons
• Nat’l Assembly saved

19. Key to the Bastille

20. Timeline of the Revolution
• June 1789 – Sept 1791, National Assembly
• Oct 1791 – Sept 1792, Legislative Assembly
• Sept 1792 – July 1794, National Convention
– April 1793 – July 1794, Committee of Public Safety
• Aug 1794 – Oct 1795, Thermidorian Reaction
• Oct 1795 – Nov 1799, The Directory
• Napoleon
– Nov 1799, Consulate/Triumvirate, “First Consul”
– 1802, Consul for life
– 1804, Emperor

21. Aftermath
• Declaration of the
Rights of Man and the
Citizen, August 26
• Olympe de Gouges
• Women’s March on
Versailles, October 5
• June 1791, Royal
Family flees
• New Constitution, Sept
1791

22. The Women’s March

23. Radicalization
• Legislative Assembly
• Declaration of Pillnitz
– August 1791
– Prussia and Austria
• Radicals:
– Jacobins
– Sans-culottes
• Aug. – Sept. 1792
– Palace of the Tuleries
– September Massacre,
1200 killed

24. The Reign of Terror (1793-1794)
• The 1st French Republic
– The National Convention
• Jacobins
– Girondists
– The Mountain
• Louis XIV
• Maximilien Robespierre
(1758-1794)
• Committee of Public Safety
• Guillotine: 10,000s killed
– 26 killed/day in Paris,
officially
• Marat (1743-1793)

25. The Republic of Virtue
• Liberty, Equality and
Fraternity
– “Citizen”
• Scientific Government
• Dechristianization
• Cult of the Supreme Being
• New Calendar

26. Redrawing the Map of France

27. The Flags of France

28. Caravaggio, The Entombment of
Christ, 1603 David, Death of Marat, 1793

29. A New Calendar!

30. The End of the Terror
• March 30, 1794 –
Georges Danton
and allies arrested
• June 8, Festival of
the Supreme Being
• July 27, Robespierre
arrested
• Thermidorian
Reaction

31. France’s Revolutionary Army

32. Rise of Napoleon
• France’s Revolutionary
Army
– Levée en masse
• Napoleon Bonaparte
(1769-1821)
– Paris, 1795
– Italy, 1796
– Egypt, 1798-1799
• July 21, 1798, Battle of the
Pyramids
Young Napoleon, Baron Gros, 1801

33. Invasion of Egypt, 1798-1799
The Rosetta Stone, 196 BC
Watteau, Battle of the Pyramids,
1799

34. Napoleon’s Reign
• 1799, First Consul
• 1804, Emperor
• Concordat with the
Pope
• The Napoleonic Code
• Prefects
• Grand Army
• Continental System
• Urbanism
Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, 1808

35. Coronation of Napoleon, David, 1805-1808

36. The First French
Empire at its
Height

37. Haiti/Saint-Domingue
• Social Unrest
• Revolution, 1791
• Toussaint L’Ouverture
• Slavery abolished, 1793
• Invasion, 1802-1804
– Louisiana
– Massacres
• Results

38. Napoleon’s Wars
• 1805, Battles of
Trafalgar and Austerlitz
• 1807-1813, Wellington’s
Peninsular War
• 1812, Invasion of Russia
and the War of 1812
• 1814, exiled to Elba
• 1815, Battle of
Waterloo
• Final exile to St. Helena
Napoleon Crossing the Alps, David, 1802