2. 1350-1450
• Government
• Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)
• Oligarchies or despots rule Italian city-states
• Medici in Florence
• Sforza in Milan
3. 1350-1450
• Society and Economy
• Little ice age leads to economic depression (1300-1450)
• Black Death appears (1347)
• Height of the Hanseatic League
• Peasant and working class revolts
• Serfdom begins to decline across Europe
4. 1350-1450
• Religion and Philosophy
• Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy (1309-1376)
• John Wycliffe (1330-1384)
• Great Schism in the papacy (1378-1417)
• Great Schism is resolved at the Council of Constance (1418)
5. 1350-1450
• Science and Technology
• Cannon used in siege of Calais (1346 HYW)
• Clocks in general use throughout Europe by 1400
• Paved streets begin to emerge in large cities, ca. 1450
• Gutenberg’s printing press (1450)
6. 1350-1450
• Arts and Letters
• Paintings by Giotto; emergence of Renaissance (1330s)
• Dante’s Divine Comedy (1310)
• Petrarch develops the ideas of Humanism (1350)
• The Decameron by Boccaccio (1350)
• Jan van Eyck, Flemish painter (1366-1441)
• Brunelleschi, Florentine architect (1337-1446)
• Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, 1387-1400
7. 1350-1450
• Arts and Letters
• Height of Renaissance movement:
• Botticelli (1444-1510)
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
• Michelangelo (1475-1564)
• Raphael (1483-1520)
8. 1450-1550
• Government
• Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople (1453)
• War of the Roses in England (1455-1471)
• Inquisition in Spain (1478)
• Reconquista in Spain (1492)
• Charles V, HRE (1519-1556)
• Philip II of Spain (1556-1598)
9. 1450-1550
• Society and Economy
• Christopher Columbus (1492)
• Balboa discovers the Pacific (1513)
• Magellan’s crew circumnavigates the globe (1519-1522)
• Spain and Portugal gain control of regions in Central and South America
(1520-1550)
10. 1450-1550
• Religion and Philosophy
• Expulsion of Jews from Spain (1492)
• Machiavelli, The Prince (1513)
• Thomas More, Utopia (1516)
• Luther, 95 Theses (1517)
• Henry VIII breaks with Rome (1532-1534)
• Ursuline order of nuns founded (1535)
• Loyola founds the Jesuits (1540)
• Calvin establishes Geneva (1541)
• Council of Trent (1545-1563)
• Peace of Augsburg (1555)
11. 1450-1550
• Science and Technology
• Scientific revolution in western Europe (1540-1690)
• Copernicus (1543)
• Galileo (1564-1642)
• Kepler (1571-1630)
12. 1450-1550
• Arts and Letters
• Renaissance movement (1400-1550)
• Baroque movement in arts (1550-1725)
13. 1550-1650
• Government
• Philip II of Spain (1556-158)
• St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572)
• English defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588)
• Henry IV issues the Edict of Nantes (1598)
• Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
• Richelieu dominates French government (1624-1643)
• English Civil War (1642-1649)
• Louis XIV (1643-1715)
• Peace of Westphalia (1648)
• The Fronde in France (1648-1660)
14. 1550-1650
• Society and Economy
• Chartering of the British East India Company (1600)
• English Poor Law (1601)
• Chartering of the Dutch East India Company (1602)
• Height of Dutch commercial activity (1630-1665)
15. 1550-1650
• Religion and Philosophy
• Peace of Augsburg (1555)
• Huguenot revolt in France (1625)
16. 1550-1650
• Science and Technology
• Scientific Revolution (1540-1690)
• Copernicus 1543
• Galileo 1564-1642
• Kepler 1571-1630
• Further development of the scientific method
• Bacon 1605
• Descartes 1637
17. 1550-1650
• Arts and Letters
• Baroque movement in art (1550-1725)
• Rubens 1577-1640
• Velasquez 1599-1660
• Shakespeare (1564-1616)
• Michel de Montaigne 1598
• Cervantes, Don Quixote 1605
• Rembrandt (1606-1669)
• Vermeer (1632-1675)
18. 1650-1750
• Government
• Protectorate in England 1653-1658 – Oliver Cromwell
• English monarchy restored (1660)
• Ottoman siege of Vienna (1683)
• Glorious Revolution in England (1688-1689)
• Peter the Great of Russia (1689-1725)
19. 1650-1750
• Government cont’d
• War of Spanish Succession 1701-1713
• Peace of Utrecht 1713
• Frederick William I of Prussia 1713-1740
• Louis XV of France 1715-1774
• Maria Theresa of Austria 1740-1780
• Frederick the Great of Prussia 1740-1786
20. 1650-1750
• Society and Economy
• Height of mercantilism 1650-1750
• Agricultural revolution in England 1650-1850
• Colbert’s economic reforms in France 1663-1683
• Last appearance of bubonic plague in W. Europe 1720
• Growth of European population 1720-1789
• Enclosure movement in England 1730-1830
21. 1650-1750
• Religion and Society
• Social contract theory
• Hobbes Leviathan
• Locke Second Treatise
• Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 1685
• James II tries to restore Catholicism in England 1685-1688
• Wesley, founder of Methodism 1703-1791
• Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws
23. 1650-1750
• Arts and Letters
• Construction of Baroque palaces 1650-1725
• Bach, 1685-1750
• Enlightenment begins, 1690
24. 1750-1850
• Government
• Seven Years’ War 1756-1763
• Catherine the Great of Russia, 1762-1796
• Partition of Poland, 1772-1795
• Louis XVI of France, 1774-1792
• French Revolution, 1789-1799
• Napoleonic Era, 1799-1815
• Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815
25. 1750-1850
• Government cont’d
• Greece wins independence from Ottomans, 1830
• Great Britain:
• Reform Bill of 1832
• Poor Law reform, 1834
• Chartists, repeal of Corn Laws, 1838-1848
• Revolutions in Europe, 1848
26. 1750-1850
• Society and Economy
• Growth of illegitimate births, 1750-1850
• Industrial revolution in western Europe, 1780-1850
• Serfdom abolished in France, 1789
• British takeover of India complete, 1805
• British slave trade abolished, 1807
• German Zollverein founded, 1834
• Great Famine in Ireland, 1845-1851
• First public health law in Britain, 1848
27. 1750-1850
• Religion and Philosophy
• Rousseau, The Social Contract and Emile, 1762
• Papacy dissolves the Jesuits, 1773
• Smith, Wealth of Nations, 1776
• Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Women, 1792
• Malthus, Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798
28. 1750-1850
• Religion and Philosophy cont’d
• Napoleon signs Concordat with church, 1801
• Herbert Spencer, Social Darwinist, 1820-1903
• Nietzshe, radical and influential German philosopher, 1844-1900
• Marx, Communist Manifesto, 1848
29. 1750-1850
• Science and Technology
• Hargreave’s spinning jenny, 1765
• Arkwright’s water frame, 1765
• Watt’s steam engine, 1780s
• Edward Jenner, smallpox vaccine, 1796
• First railroad, Great Britain, 1825
30. 1750-1850
• Arts and Letters
• Encyclopedia, edited by Diderot and d’Alembert, 1751-1765
• Classical style in music, 1770-1830
• Mozart, 1756-1791
• Beethoven, 1770-1827
• Wordsworth, English romantic poet, 1770-1850
• Romanticism in art and literature, 1790-1850
• Hugo, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, 1831
31. 1850-1950
• Government
• Second Empire in France 1852-1870
• Crimean War 1853-1856
• Unification of Italy 1859-1870
• Bismarck leads Germany 1862-1890
• Third Republic of France 1870-1940
32. 1850-1950
• Government
• Congress of Berlin 1878
• Scramble for Africa 1880-1900
• Dreyfus affair 1894-1899
• Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905
• WWI 1914-1918
• Bolshevik Revolution 1917-1918
• Treaty of Versailles, 1919
33. 1850-1950
• Government
• Mussolini seizes power, 1922
• Stalin comes to power, 1927
• Hitler comes to power, 1933
• Rome-Berlin Axis, 1936
• Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939
• Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 1939
• WWII, 1939-1945
34. 1850-1950
• Government
• United Nations founded 1945
• Cold War begins, 1947
• Founding of Israel, 1948
• Communist government in China, 1949
• Korean War, 1950-1953
• De-Stalinization of USSR under Khrushchev, 1953-1964
35. 1850-1950
• Society and Economy
• Russian serfs emancipated, 1861
• Property rights for women in Britain, 1882
• Second Industrial Revolution, 1880-1913
• Witte directs industrialization of Russia, 1892-1899
• Women’s suffrage movement in Britain, 1900-1914
• Bread riots in Russia, 1917
• N.E.P. in USSR, 1921
• Great Depression, 1929-1939
36. 1850-1950
• Society and Economy
• Rapid industrialization of USSR, 1930s
• Holocaust, 1941-1945
• Marshall Plan, 1947
• European Economic Community founded, 1957
37. 1850-1950
• Religion and Philosophy
• Marx, Das Capital 1867
• Growth of public education in France, 1880-1900
• Keynes, Economic Consequences of the Peace, 1919
• Emergence of existentialism, 1920s
• Revival of Christianity, 1920-1930s
• De Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 1949
38. 1850-1950
• Science and Technology
• Modernization of Paris, 1850-1870
• Great Exhibition in London, 1851
• Freud, 1856-1939
• Darwin, Origin of Species, 1859
• Pasteur develops germ theory, 1860s
• Mendeleev develops the periodic table, 1869
• Electrical industry, 1880-1900
• Trans-Siberian RR, 1890s
• Marie Curie, discovery of radium, 1898
39. 1850-1950
• Science and Technology
• First airplane flight, 1903
• Einstein develops theory of relativity, 1905-1910
• Submarine warfare introduced, 1915
• “Heroic Age of Physics,” 1920s
• First major public radio broadcast, 1920
• First talking movies, 1930
• Radar system in England, 1939
40. 1850-1950
• Science and Technology
• U.S. drops atomic bombs, 1945
• Watson and Crick, double-helix, 1953
• Russian satellite in orbit, 1957
41. 1850-1950
• Arts and Letters
• Realism in art and literature, 1850-1870
• Tolstoy, War and Peace, 1869
• Impressionism in art, 1870-1900
• Emile Zola, Germinal, 1885
• Kipling, “White Man’s Burden,” 1899
• Cubism in art, 1905-1930
42. 1850-1950
• Arts and Letters
• Bauhaus, 1920s
• Dadaism and surrealism, 1920s
• Woolf, Jacob’s Room, 1922
• Joyce, Ulysses, 1922
• Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front, 1929
• Picasso, Guernica, 1937
• Cultural purge in USSR, 1946-1952
• Orwell, 1984, 1949
• Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago, 1956
43. 1950-Present
• Government
• Building of the Berlin Wall, 1961
• U.S. in Vietnam, 1964-1973
• Prague Spring, 1968
• Détente between U.S. and USSR, 1970s
• Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, 1979-1989
• U.S. military buildup, 1980s
44. 1950-Present
• Government
• Solidarity movement in Poland, 1980
• Unification of Germany (east and west) 1989
• Persian Gulf War, 1991
• Dissolution of USSR, 1991
• Civil war in Yugoslavia, 1991-2001
• Separatist war breaks out in Chechnya, 1991
• 9/11, 2001
• War in Afghanistan, 2001
• War in Iraq, 2003
45. 1950-Present
• Society and Economy
• Feminist movement, 1970s
• OPEC oil price increases, 1973, 1979
• Maastricht Treaty, 1990
• European Community become European Union, 1993
• Migration to western Europe increases, 1990
• Euro enters circulation, 2002
• Worldwide financial crisis begins, 2008
46. 1950-Present
• Religion and Philosophy
• Pope John Paul II, 1978-2005
• Revival of religion in USSR, 1985-
• Growth of Islam in Europe, 1990s
• Pope Benedict XVI, 2005
• Pope Francis, 2013
47. 1950-Present
• Science and Technology
• Space Race, 1960s
• Russian cosmonaut first to orbit globe, 1961
• American astronaut first to moon, 1969
• Computer revolution, 1980s-1990s
• Pentium processor invented, 1993
• First genetically cloned sheep, 1996
• Global warming concerns, 2000s
• First hybrid car, 2003
48. 1950-Present
• Arts and Letters
• The Beatles, 1960s
• Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, 1962
• Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique, 1963
49. Continuity and Change: 1450-1815
Economic Changes
• Development of triangle trade
• Creation of a Spanish Empire in the
New World
• Establishment of English and French
colonies in North America
• Shift to cash crops
• Enclosure movement in England
• Cottage industry in England
Economic continuities
• Agricultural economy with
manufacturing and trade
supplements
50. Continuity and Change: 1450-1815
Social/Cultural Changes
• Traditional population cycle
broken
• Creation/growth of merchant
class
• Reformation fractures Church
• Creation of wage labor
• Rise of scientific thinking and
the Enlightenment
Social continuities
• Patriarchal society
• Privileges of the aristocracy
• Dominance of Catholic Church in
Spain, France, and Italy
• Serfdom in Russia
51. Continuity and Change: 1450-1815
Political Changes
• Consolidation and centralization
of power in the monarchy
• Constitutionalism in England and
Holland
• Establishment of a republic in
France
Political Continuities
• Monarchy as the normal form of
government
52. Continuity and Change: 1815-present
Economic Changes
• Second I.R. and growth of
middle class
• Creation and expansion of the
British Empire
• U.S. and USSR as superpowers
• Integration of the European
economy
Economic Continuities
• British leadership maintained
(until WWII)
53. Continuity and Change: 1815-present
Social/Cultural Changes
• Death of the belief in progress in
European culture
• Rise and spread of globalization
Social/Cultural Continuities
• Anti-Semitism
54. Continuity and Change: 1815-present
Political Changes
• Development of mass politics
• Rise of extreme nationalism
• Creation of USSR and Iron
Curtain
• Dominance of US and USSR after
WWII
Political Continuities
• Western European leadership in
progress towards
democratization
