Lecture Slides, GMU, His 125 009, Fall 2019

1. The 19th Century:
Ideas and Reactions
Weeks 12 & 13

2. Overview
• 1750 – 1850
• Other Revolutions
• The Industrial Revolution
• The Restoration &
Reactions
• The 1st Opium War
• The Taiping Rebellion
• The American Civil War
• Imperialism
• Homework:
– Ch 16-17
– PSR #3 (11/24)

3. Haiti/Saint-Domingue
• Classes
– Gens de couleur
• Revolution, 1791
• Toussaint L’Ouverture
• Slavery abolished, 1793
• Invasion, 1802-1804
– Louisiana
– Massacres
• Results

4. Other Revolutions
• China
– White Lotus Rebellion (1796-
1804)
• Ottoman Empire
– Selim III (r. 1789-1807)
– Mahmud II (r. 1808-1839)
– Greek War for Indp (1821-
1832)
• Latin America
– Mexico (1821)
– South America
• Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)
• Gran Colombia (1819-1830)
– Caudillos
Battle Scene from the Greek War of
Independence, George Perlberg, 19th century

5. The Ottoman Empire, 19th Century

6. Latin America

7. The Industrial Revolution
Ironbridge near Coalbrookdale, 1775-1779

8. Economic Developments
• Population increases
• Agricultural changes
– Migrations
– Innovations
• Industrious Revolution
– 17th – 18th centuries
– Putting-out system
– Globalization

9. Components of the Industrial Rev.
• Technology
• Division of Labor
• Capital
• Employees
• Raw Materials
• Markets
• Infrastructure
• Government
• Rights
• Other regions?

10. What was produced in the
Industrial Revolution?

11. Traditional Spinning Wheel

12. Textile Factories
• The Factory System
– Adam Smith, Division of
Labor
• Spinning Jenny (1764)
– James Hargreaves
• Water Frame (1767)
– Richard Arkwright
• Power Loom (1785)
– Edmund Cartwright
• Cotton Gin (1793)
– Eli Whitney
Mule spinning at Swainson & Birley Mill,
Preston, 1834

13. Early Factories
• (above) Slater Mill,
Pawtucket, RI; 1793
• (left) reconstruction of a
factory

14. New Cash Crop

15. p291

16. “I think God has forsaken this place. I
believe I have seen Hell and it's white,
it's snow-white.”
Elizabeth Gaskell, North and South

18. Industrial Society
• Developments
– Coke, 1709
– James Watt, 1765
– 1st steam powered train, 1815
• Limited-Liability Joint-Stock
Company
• Bourgeoisie/Middle Class
• Working Class
– Free Labor
– Regulated Day
– Discipline
• Reform
– Luddites
– Unions
– British Mines Act, 1842
Report of the Children’s
Employment Commission in Great
Britain , 1842

19. Changes in Industrial Societies
Winslow Homer, “Bell-Time,” July 1868

20. Child Labor and Reform

21. The 19th Century
• Disruptions of
c. 1800
• Reaction
• New Ideas
• The search for
meaning
• Larger
communities
• Religion
– Millenarianism
Opening of the Suez Canal, 1869

22. Europe in 1815

23. Restoration Period (1815-1848)
• Congress of Vienna (1815)
• Conservative
• Kings and Aristocrats
• Prince Klemens von
Metternich (1773-1859)
– Carlsbad Decrees (1819
– Foreign Minister (1809-
1848)
Metternich, Sir Thomas Lawrence, 1820-1825

24. Liberalism
• Middle Class
• Constitutionalism
• Rights
• Laissez-faire
• Industrial Revolution
• John Stuart Mill (1806-
1873)
– On Liberty
– On the Subjugation of
Women
Le Bon Marché

25. Socialism
• Working Class
• Property
• Utopian Socialism
– Charles Fourier
(1772-1837)
• Phalanstery
• Fourierism
– Robert Owen (1771-
1851)
• Lanark, Scotland
– George Fitzhugh
(1806-1881)
• Sociology for the
South, 1854

26. What is Nationalism?
Eugene Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People,1830

27. Nationalism
• Community
– “the Nation”
• Identity
• Shared Characteristics
• Nation-State
• Political Nationalism
– Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)
– Young Italy
• Cultural Nationalism
– Johann Gottfried von Herder
(1744-1803)
• Zionism
– Theodor Herzel (1860-1904)
– 1897, World Zionist
Organization
Battle Scene from the Greek War of
Independence, George Perlberg, 19th century

28. Nationalism

29. Religious Movements
• Methodism
– John Wesley (1703-1791)
– Revival
• 2nd Great Awakening
– Mormons
• American Indians
– Tenskwatawa (1775-1836)
– Tecumseh (1768-1813)
– Battle of the Tippecanoe
River, 1811
• Wahhabism
– Muhammad Ibn abd al-
Wahhab (1703–1792)
Religious Camp Meeting, J. Maze
Burbank, 1839

30. Religious Revolutionaries

31. The Qing Empire in the 19th Century

32. European Imperialism in Asia, 1800

33. Giuseppe Castiglione/Lang Shining,
Qianlong Emperor, 1736

34. First Opium War (1839-1842)
• Qing Policies and Problems
– White Lotus Rebellion (1796-
1804)
• Industrial Revolution and
Imperialism
• Free Trade vs. Monopoly
• B.E.I.C.
• Canton
• Cohong Merchants
• Country Traders
• Commisioner Lin Zexu
• Treaty of Nanjing, 1842
• Unequal Treaties
Residence of Augustine Heard and
Company, Hong Kong, c.1860

35. B.E.I.C.

36. Tea

37. Opium Warehouse

38. Sino-British Trade Balance
years silver flow into China
1781-1790 +16.4 million taels (Chinese oz.)
1800-1810 +26.0 million taels
mid-1820s equilibrium
1831-1833 -10.0 million taels

39. B.E.I.C. Ship Destroys a Chinese Junk

40. Treaty Ports

41. Canton, Foreign Trade Interests

42. The Taiping Rebellion

43. Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864)
• Hong Xiuquan (1813-1864)
– Hakka
– Dream, 1837
• Christianity
– Millenarian
– Confucianism
• The Taiping Heavenly
Kingdom
• Goals?
– Beliefs
– Foreignness
• Mercenaries
• Empress Cixi (1835-1908)

44. The United States of America, 1861

45. The American Civil War (1861-1865)
• Democracy
• Slavery
• John Brown, 1800-1859
– Harper’s Ferry, July 3, 1859
• Election of 1860
• Secession
– Union vs. Confederacy
• American Nationalism
• Cotton Famine
• Total War
– Shenandoah, 1864
– Sherman’s March to the Sea
• Reconstruction, 1865 –
1877
– 13th-15th Amendments

46. The Corner Stone Speech,
Alexander Stephens, March 21, 1861
“Our new government is founded upon exactly the
opposite idea; its foundations are laid, its corner-
stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is
not equal to the white man; that slavery
subordination to the superior race is his natural and
normal condition. This, our new government, is the
first, in the history of the world, based upon this
great physical, philosophical, and moral truth. This
truth has been slow in the process of its
development, like all other truths in the various
departments of science. ”

47. Defending Slavery

48. The Cruelty of Slavery

49. Cotton Bond, Emile Erlanger & Co.

50. Battle of Antietam, Sept 17, 1862

51. New Weaponry

52. Reconstruction

53. Results of the Civil War

54. Results of the Civil War

55. Who said this?
“Whatsoever therefore is
consequent to a time of [War],
where every man is Enemy to
every man; the same is
consequent to the time, wherein
men live without other security,
than what their own strength,
and their own invention shall
furnish them with…. In such
condition, there is no place for
Industry … no Knowledge of the
face of the Earth; no account of
Time; no Arts; no Letters; no
Society … and danger of violent
death; And the life of man,
solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and
short.”
“All that we can do, is to keep
steadily in mind that each organic
being … has to struggle for life
and to suffer great destruction.
When we reflect on this struggle,
we may console ourselves with
the full belief, that the war of
nature is not incessant, that no
fear is felt, that death is generally
prompt, and that the vigorous,
the healthy, and the happy
survive and multiply.”

56. Charles Darwin
• 1809-1882
• Evolution
– Natural selection
• Origin of Species, 1859
• Descent of Man, 1871
• Social Darwinism
Vanity Fair, September 30, 1871

57. Imperialism

58. Imperialism

59. Imperialism

60. The New Imperialism
• Africa and Asia
• Western
• Colonial Rule
• Types
– Formal Imperialism
– Economic Imperialism
“Citizens of the British Empire, the
Greatest Empire the world has ever
known...” London Illustrated News, 1911

61. Why?
• Technology
– Battle of Omdurman, 1898
– Maxim gun
– Quinine
– Travel and
Communications
• Economic
• Geopolitical
• Psychological
• Civilizing Mission
– Missionaries vs. Colonial
administrators

62. The Scramble for Africa
• Pre-1870s
• Berlin Conf., 1884-1885
• Raw Materials
• Infrastructure
• Congo
– Leopold II (1865 – 1909)
– Need for wealth
– Atrocities

63. Belgian Congo

64. The Asante and the British
• Akan Speakers
– Aman
– Ahenfo
• Asante Confederation
• Slavery
• British Empire, 1873
– Fante Confederation
– Gold Coast
– Colony
– Protectorate
• Palm oil
• Civilizing Mission

65. West Africa

66. Cecil Rhodes and British S. Africa
• Cape Colony
– Boers/Afrikaners
– Great Trek, 1835
• Zulu War, 1879
– Battle of Isandhlwana,
1879
• Cecil Rhodes (1853 –
1902)
– Diamonds (1860s) and gold
(1886)
– De Beers
– PM (1890-1896)
– Trans-Africa Railroad
• Boer War (1899 – 1902)

67. The Struggle for South Africa

68. Imperialism in Asia, ca. 1914

69. Asia
• India
– India Mutiny/Rebellion of
1857
– Indian National Congress,
1883
• Japan
– Tokugawa Shogunate
– Commodore Matthew C.
Perry, 1853
– Meiji Restoration, 1868
• Ito Hirobumi
• Daimyo and Samurai
– Meiji Constitution, 1889
• Imperial Diet
– Sino-Japanese War, 1894-95
– Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5

70. The India Mutiny

71. King George V and Queen Mary of the
United Kingdom, India, 1911

73. Industrial Revolution
British Textile Factory, 1851 Tomioka Silk Factory, 1870s

74. China and
Imperialism
• Empress Cixi
• Self-Strengthening
Movement
– Yung Wing
(1828-1912)
• Open Door Policy,
John Hay, US
Secretary of State,
1899
• Boxer Rebellion,
1900-1902
– Relief of Peking,
1900

75. International Intervention

76. Boxer Rebellion
“Justice or Mercy?
Uncle Sam Decides”

77. Imperialism and the USA
• Monroe Doctrine, 1823
• Manifest Destiny
• Indian Removal Act of
1830
• Mexican War, 1846 –
1848
– Texas and California
• Reconstruction, 1865 –
1877
– The South
• Battle of the Little Big
Horn, 1876
American Progress, John Gast, 1872

78. Imperialism and the USA
• Spanish-American War, 1898
– Cuba, Puerto Rico, the
Philippines
• Hawaii
– Queen Lili’uokalani, r. 1891-
1893
– US Territory, 1898
• Boxer Rebellion, 1900-1902
• Mexican Revolution
– Vera Cruz, 1914
– Punitive Expedition, 1916 –
1917
• Banana Wars, 1900-1934
– US Marine Crops
– United Fruit Company