a brief description and basic anatomical planes and different medical terminology. One should know in a medical professional for first-year MBBS, nursing and paramedical students

1. Medical Terminology
Presenter: Dr. Rahul Sharma
Bpt ( JMI)
MSc.ANATOMY
AIIMS, RISHIKESH
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2. Contents
• Introduction
• Positions of body
• Anatomical planes
• Anatomical axis
• Terms Used in Relation to Trunk
• Terms related to body movements
Upper limb
Lower limb
Neck
• In trunk
• Muscle
• Term used in muscles
• Summary
• MCQs
• References
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3. Introduction
• Anatomy – science deals with structure of body, from macroscopic to
microscopic level
• Anatome = (Greek anatomē, 'dissection') is the branch of biology
concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their
parts
• Anatomical Nomenclature = to eliminate unambiguous description of
thousands of structures is impossible without an extensive and often
highly specialized vocabulary.
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4. Approach To Study Anatomy
1. Regional anatomy
2. Systemic anatomy
3. Clinical (applied anatomy)
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5. Regional Anatomy
• Human body as major part or segment
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6. Surface Anatomy
• Provide knowledge , what lies under the skin.
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7. • By means of radio graphical, sectional anatomy and endoscopy
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8. Systemic Anatomy
Study of body’s organ systems work together to carry out complex
function.
1. Integumentary system
2. Skeletal system
3. Articular system
4. Muscular system
5. Nervous system
6. Circulatory system
7. Alimentary system
8. Respiratory system
9. Urinary system
10. Genital system
11. Endocrine system
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9. Clinical Anatomy(Applied Anatomy)
• Incorporates regional and systemic approaches.
• Important in role of solving clinical problem.
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10. Anatomical position
Anatomical position:
•person is standing straight
•Eyes looking forwards
• Both arms by the side of body
•palms facing forwards
• Both feet together, the position is
anatomical position
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11. Supine position
When a person is lying on her/his back, arms by the side,
palms facing upwards and feet put together, the position is
supine position
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12. Prone position
• Prone position: Person lying on his/her face, chest and
abdomen is said to be in prone position
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13. Lateral recumbent position
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14. Lithotomic position
Person lying on her back with legs up and feet supported
in straps. This position is mostly used during delivery of
the baby
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15. Fowler’s position
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16. Anatomical planes
• Plane – hypothetical plane used to transect body to locate structures
or direction of movement
• Axis – an imaginary line about which a body rotates
anatomical planes:
1) Sagittal plane
2) Coronal plane
3) Transverse plane
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18. Sagittal plane
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19. Coronal plane
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20. Transverse plane
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21. Oblique plane
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22. Anatomical axis
• 3 axis :
• 1) Sagittal axis
• 2) Frontal axis
• 3) Vertical axis
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23. Sagittal axis
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24. Frontal axis
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25. Vertical axis
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26. Terms Used in Relation to Trunk
• Ventral or Anterior is the front of trunk.
• Dorsal or Posterior is the back of trunk
• Medial is a plane close to the median
plane
• Lateral is plane away from the median
plane.
• Proximal/Cranial/Superior is close to the
head end of trunk
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27. • Distal/Caudal/Inferior is close to the lower
end of the trunk.
• Superficial is close to skin/towards
surface of body
• Deep away from skin/away from surface
of body.
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28. Laterality
• Ipsilateral on the same side of the body as another structure
• Contralateral on opposite side of body from another structure.
• Bilateral
• Unilateral
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29. • Invagination is projection inside.
• Evagination is projection outside
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30. Terms of Relation Commonly Used in Embryology
but sometimes in Gross Anatomy
• (a) Ventral - Towards the belly
• (b) Dorsal - Towards the back
• (c) Cranial or Rostral - Towards the head (l
• (d) Caudal - Towards the tail
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31. Terms related to upper trunk
In Upper limb
• Flexion: When two flexor surfaces are brought close to each other
e.g. elbow joint when front of arm and forearm are opposed to each other
• Extension: When extensor or dorsal surfaces are brought in as
much approximation as possible
e.g. straighten the arm and forearm at the elbow joint.
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32. • Abduction: When limb is taken away from the body.
• Adduction: When limb is brought close to the body.
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33. • Medial rotation: When the arm rotates medially bringing the flexed
forearm across the chest.
• Lateral rotation: When arm rotates laterally taking the flexed
forearm away from the body.
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34. • Supination: When the palm is facing forwards or upwards, as in
putting food in the mouth (Fig. 1.17).
• Pronation: When the palm faces backwards or downwards, as in
picking food with fingers from the plate
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35. • Adduction of digits/fingers: When all the fingers get together.
• Abduction: When all fingers separate.
The axis of movement of fingers is the line passing through the centre
of the middle finger.
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36. • Circumduction: It is movement of distal end of a part of the body
in a circle. A combination of extension, abduction, flexion and
adduction in a sequence is called circumduction as in bowling.
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37. • Opposition of thumb: When tip of thumb touches the tips of any
of the fingers.
• Circumduction of thumb: Movement of extension, abduction,
flexion and adduction in sequence.
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38. Lower Limb
• Flexion of thigh: When front of thigh comes in contact with front
of abdomen.
• Extension of thigh: When person stands erect.
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39. • Abduction: When thigh is taken away from the median plane.
• Adduction: When thigh is brought close to median plane.
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40. • Medial rotation: When thigh is turned medially.
• Lateral rotation: When thigh is turned laterally.
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41. • Flexion of knee: When back of thigh and back of leg come in
opposition.
• Extension of knee: When thigh and leg are in straight line as in
Standing.
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42. • Dorsiflexion of foot: When dorsum of foot is brought close to front
of leg and sole faces forwards (Fig. 1.18).
• Plantarflexion of foot: When sole of foot or plantar aspect of foot
faces backwards.
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43. • Inversion of foot: When medial border of foot is raised from the
ground (Fig. 1.18).
• Eversion of foot: When lateral border of foot is raised from the
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44. In the Neck
•Flexion: When face comes closer to chest.
• Extension: When face is brought away from the chest.
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45. • Lateral flexion: When ear is brought close to shoulder.
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46. • Rotation: When neck rotates so that chin goes to opposite side.
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47. • Protraction: When lower jaw slides forwards in its socket in the
temporal bone of skull.
• Retraction: When lower jaw slides backwards in its socket in the
temporal bone of skull
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48. In the Trunk
• Backward bending is called extension.
• Forward bending is flexion
• Sideward movement is lateral flexion.
• Sideward rotation is lateral rotation.
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49. Terms Used for Describing Muscles
• Origin: end of a muscle which is relatively fixed during its contraction
• Insertion: end of a muscle which moves during its contraction.
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50. Terms Used in Clinical Anatomy
Suffix is a word component added to the end of a word that changes or
modifies its usage, functioning or meaning.
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51. • itis = inflammation e.g. tonsillitis
• ectomy = excision, removal e.g. tonsillectomy
• otomy = opening and closing a hollow viscous or region
e.g. Hysterotomy
• tomy = act of cutting e.g. Osteotomy
• ostomy = to open a hollow organ e.g. Tracheostomy
• oma = a tumour e.g. Lipoma
• tripsy = to crush , breakdown e.g. Lithotripsy
• plasty = surgical repair e.g. Rhinoplasty
• desis = surgical fixation, fusion e.g. Arthrodesis
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52. 4 rrh’s
• rrhagia = excessive flow, profuse blood discharge e.g menorrhagia
• rrhea= flow, discharge e.g. albuminorrhea
• rrhaphy = suture e.g herniorrhaphy
• rrhexis = rupture e.g. enterorrhexis
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53. MCQs
• Q1. Coronal plane divides the body into :
A) Equal right & left halves
B) Equal upper and lower halves
C) Equal anterior & posterior halves
D) Unequal right & left halves
• Ans. C
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54. MCQs
• Q.2) Thumb abduction & adduction occur in which plane?
• A) Frontal plane
• B) Sagittal plane
• C) Midsagittal plane
• D) Oblique plane
•
• Ans . B
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55. MCQs
• Q.3) Medial & lateral rotation movements of hip occurs in which
plane?
• A) Oblique plane
• B) Midsagittal plane
• C) Transverse plane
• D) Coronal plane
• Ans. C
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56. References
•Gray’s Anatomy 1st Edition
•Bd chaurasia book of general Anatomy
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57. THANK YOU
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