Nurses

1. UNIT ONE
INTRODUCTION

2. Anatomy is the science of learning the
normal structure of the human. Physiology
deals with learning and understanding the
functions of the body. Physiology is focused
on the body's functions at the level of cells
in the organ systems. It describes how
organs of systems work together. Thus
anatomy and physiology are the two sides
of the same coin.

3. LEVELS OF ORGANISATION
OF HUMAN BODY
Anatomical structures and physiological
mechanisms are arranged in a series of
interacting levels of organisation. At the
chemical (or molecular) level of
organisation chemicals interact to form
complex molecules with distinctive
properties. The molecules interact to
form a cell.

6. For simplicity of learning the body is
divided into nine systems.

16. ANATOMICAL TERMS
•Topography in physiological
(functional) anatomy describes the
position of body structures in
relation to each other. In functional
anatomy, a frame of reference has
also been defined. It is based on
anatomical posture

17. ANATOMICAL POSITION
•An anatomical posture (or position) is one
in which a person stands upright with feet
close together, eyes look forward, arms by
the side of the body and palms face
forward. This is a standard reference
position used to describe position and
interrelationship of various anatomical
structures.

18. Supine position
• When a person is lying on her/his back, arms by
the side, palms facing upward and feet put
together, the position is supine position. The arms
are extended and secured on padded arm boards.
• Supine position is generally used for procedures
such as cardiac, intracranial, abdominal,
laparoscopic, endovascular, lower extremity
procedures, and ear, nose, throat, neck and face

20. Prone position
• Person lying on his/her face, chest and
abdomen, is said to be in prone position.
This position is generally used for sedated
patients who require a ventilator

21. Lithotomy position
• It involves lying on one's back with
flexed at 90 degrees at hips. Person's
knees are bent at 70 to 90 degrees, and
padded feet rest attached to the table
supports both the legs. This position is
mostly used during childbirth and
surgery in the pelvic area

24. Anatomical Regions
•Anatomical regions are the regional
terms concerned with mapping the
surface of the abdominopelvic region
The region is divided into nine segments
using two pairs of imaginary lines.
These regions are useful to describe the
location and orientation of internal
organs.

26. Anatomical Directions
Here are some commonly used directional terms:
• Anterior :- At or near the front of the body (front view)
• Posterior :- At or near the back of the body (back view)
• Midline :- An imaginary vertical line that divides the body
equally (right down the middle)
• Lateral :- Farther from midline (side view)
• Medial :- Nearer to midline (side view)
• Superior :- Toward the head/upper part of a structure.
• Inferior :- Away from the head/lower part of a structure.
• Proximal :- Nearer to the origination of a structure
• Distal :- Farther from the origination of a structure

28. Anatomical Planes and Sections
•Midsagittal and Sagittal section :- It
separates right and left portions.
•frontal section :- It separates anterior
and posterior portions of the body.
•Transverse or Horizontal section :- It
separates superior and inferior
portions of the body.

31. TERMS USED IN MOVEMENT
•Flexion and extension: When two flexor
surfaces are brought close to each other, e.g.,
in elbow joint when front of arm and forearm
is opposed to each other it is called Flexion.
•Extension term is used when extensor or
dorsal surfaces are brought in as much
approximation as possible, e.g., straightening
the arm and forearm at the elbow joint

32. •Abduction and adduction: When limb is taken
away from the body, it is called abduction and
adduction is when limb is brought close to the
body.
•Circumduction: It is movement of distal end of
a part of the body in a circle. A combination of
extension, abduction, flexion and adduction in
a sequence is called circumduction, e.g., as in
bowling.

33. Medial and lateral rotation: When the arm
rotates medially bringing the flexed forearm
across the chest, it is called medial rotation, and
lateral rotation is when arm rotates laterally
taking the flexed forearm away from the body.
Supination and pronation: When the palm is
facing forward or upward, e.g., putting food in
the mouth, it is called supination, and pronation
is when the palm faces backward or downward,
e.g., as is done in picking food with fingers from
the plate.

34. BODY
CAVITIES
OF
HUMAN
BODY

36. • Many vital organs are suspended in spaces
called body cavities. In general, these cavities
have two major functions
• 1. The body cavities protect delicate organs
like brain. spinal cord, heart, lungs, etc, from
accidental shock
• 2. They permit significant changes in the size
and shape of visceral organs. For example,
many visceral organs like heart, lungs,
intestine and urinary bladder can expand
and contract without disrupting the activities
of surrounding organs.