this ppt will help to all medical students for understand the medical anatomical terminology & will help to enhance the basic knowledge of human anatomy. (source of this ppt is BD Chaurasia's handbook of general anatomy 5th edition & internet website)

1. “BASIC INTRODUCTION”
HUMAN ANATOMY
DEPARTMENT OF RACHNA SHARIR
(ANATOMY)
SAMCH INDORE (MP) 1

2. • ANATOMY- is the science which deals with the structure of
the human body.
• The term “ANATOMY’’ is derived from a word “ANATOME’’.
• ANATOME (Greek word)
Ana (up) + tome (cutting) = cutting up
• DISSECTION ( Latin word)
• Dissection is a mere technique.
• Anatomy is a wide field of study form firm foundation of
the whole art of medicine.
• It introduces the students to the greater part of the medical
terminology. 2

3. SUBDIVISION OF ANATOMY
• Cadaveric Anatomy -
a)Regional anatomy-
 Upper limb,
 Lower limb,
 Thorax,
 Abdomen,
 Head & Neck
 Brain.
3

4. b) Systemic anatomy – skeletal system, muscular
system, articulatory system, vascular system,
nervous system, respiratory system, digestive
system, urogenital system & endocrine system.
• Living anatomy -
it studied by inspection, palpation, percussion,
auscultation, endoscopy, radiography
electromyography etc.
• Embryology (developmental anatomy) – pre
natal developmental changes in an individuals.
4

5. • Histology (microscopic anatomy) – It is the study
of structures with aid of a microscope.
• Surface anatomy (topographic anatomy)- It is the
study of deeper part of the body in relation to the
skin surface. i.e. palpating the arteries
• Radiological & Imagining anatomy – study of the
bones & deeper organs by plain & contrast
radiography, by USG & CT scans.
• Comparative anatomy – it is the study of
anatomy of the other animals to explain the
changes in form, structure & functions of
different parts of the human body. 5

6. • Physical anthropology – Deals with the external
features and measurements of different races &
group of people and with the study of the
prehistoric remains.
• Applied (Clinical) anatomy- deals with the
application of the anatomical knowledge to the
medical & surgical practice.
• Experimental anatomy –
• Genetics-
6

7. LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
 POSITIONS
Anatomical Position –
• Person is standing straight
• Eyes looking forward
• Both arms by the side of
the body
• Palms facing forwards
• Both feet together
7

8.  Supine position –
• Person is lying on his/her back
• Arms by the side
• Palms facing upwards
• Feet put together
8

9. Prone position-
• Person lying on his face, chest & abdomen
9

10. Lithotomy position –
• Person lying on his back with legs up & feet
supported in straps.
10

11.  PLANES –
 Median/ Midsagittal
plane/ Longitudinal
plane
• Plane passing through
the centre of the body
• Dividing the body into
two equal Rt. & Lt.
halves.
Sagittal plane -
• Plane parallel to the
medial plane
11

12.  Coronal Plane (Frontal
Plane) –
• Plane right angles to
medial/sagittal plane.
• Divides the body into
anterior & posterior
halves.
 Transverse/ Horizontal/
Axial Plane –
• A plane at Rt. angles to
both sagittal & coronal
planes.
• Divides the body into
upper & lower parts.
12

13. 13

14. Oblique Plane –
Cardinal Plane – if any plane traverses the
center of the body.
14

15. Term used in relation to trunk, Neck &
Face
• Ventral / anterior
• Dorsal / posterior
• Medial
• Lateral
• Proximal/Cranial
/Superior
• Distal/ caudal/
inferior
• Superficial
• Deep
• Ipsilateral
• Contralateral
• Invagination
• Evagination
15

16. 16

17. 17

18. Term used in relation to Upper limb &
lower limb
Upper limb
• Ventral / anterior
• Dorsal / posterior
• Medial border
• Lateral border
• Proximal
• Palmar
• Dorsal
• Flexor
• Extensor
Lower Limb
• Posterior
• Anterior
• Medial border
• Lateral border
• Flexor
• Extensor
• Proximal
18

19. TERMS RELATED TO BODY MOVEMENTS
• Gliding movements – relatively flat surfaces move back
& forth from side to side with respect to one another.
exa. gliding movement of hand etc.
• Angular movements – Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
Adduction
Abduction
• Special movements - pronation, supination,
protraction, retraction, inversion, eversion etc.
• Rotation – medial rotation, lateral rotation etc. 19

20. Movements Description Example
Flexion There is decrease in angle between
articulating bones
Flexion of elbow joint
etc.
Extension There is increase in angle between
articulating bones
Flexion of hip joint etc.
Abduction Movement away from mid line Abduction of shoulder
etc.
Adduction Movement towards the mid line Adduction of thumb etc.
Rotation Movement around a longitudinal axis Rotation of the head etc.
Circumduction Movement in a circular motion Circumduction of the
thumb etc.
Pronation When the palm faces downward Pronation of the hand
Supination When the palm faces upward Supination of the hand
20

21. Movements Description Example
Opposition When tip of thumb touches the tips of the
fingers.
Opposition of thumb
Inversion When medial border of the foot is raised
from the ground.
Inversion of foot
Eversion When lateral border of the foot is raised
from the ground.
eversion of foot
Dorsiflexion When dorsum of the foot is brought close to
front of leg & sole faces forwards.
Dorsiflexion of the foot
Plantar flexion When sole of foot or plantar aspect of foot
faces backwards.
Planter flexion of the foot
Protraction When lower jaw slides forwards in its socket
in the temporal bone of skull
Protraction of the
mandible
Retraction When lower jaw slides backwards in its
socket in the temporal bone of skull
retraction of the mandible
21

22. Upper limb movements
• Flexion
• Extention
• Abduction of shoulder
• Adduction of shoulder
• Flexion of the shoulder
• Extension of the
shoulder
• Circumduction
• Medial rotation of
shoulder
• Lateral rotation of
shoulder
• Supination
• Pronation 22

23. ….Upper limb
23

24. ….Upper limb
• Adduction of
digits/fingers
• Abduction of the digits
• Opposition of thumb
• Circumduction of
thumb
• Flexion of thumb
• Extension of thumb
• Abduction of thumb
• Adduction of thumb
• .
24

25. ….Upper limb
25

26. .…Upper limb
• Flexion of wrist
• Extension of wrist
• Flexion & extension of metacarpophalangeal &
interphalangeal joints
26

27. Lower limb movements
• Flexion of thigh
• Extension of thigh
• Abduction of thigh
• Adduction of thigh
• Medial rotation
• Lateral rotation
• Circumduction
27

28. 28

29. • Flexion of knee
• Extension of knee
• Dorsiflexion of foot
• Plantar flexion of
foot
• Inversion of foot
• Eversion of foot
29

30. 30

31. Neck movements
• Flexion
• Extension
• Lateral flexion
• Rotation
• Opening the
mouth
• Closure of the
mouth
• Protraction
• Retraction
31

32. 32

33. Trunk movements
• Extension
• Flexion
• Lateral flexion
• Lateral rotation
33

34. Terms used to describing muscle
• Origin
• Insertion
• Belly
• Tendon
• Aponeurosis
• Raphe
• Ligaments
34

35. Term used to describing vessels
• Arteries
• Veins
• Venae comitantes
• Capillaries
• Sinusoids
• Anastomoses
35

36. SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
• Respiratory system (pulmonology)- it consists of
nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, alveoli & the diaphragm.
• Articular system (arthrology) – comprises
various joints with their ligaments.
• Muscular system –
• Circulatory system – comprises cardiovascular
system (cvs) which consists of heart & blood
vessels.
• Lymphatic system – comprises of various lymph
vessels.
36

37. • Skeletal system (osteology) – consists of
numerous cartilages and bones.
• Integumentary system (dermatology) – consists
of the skin with its various appendages i.e. hair,
sweat glands, sebaceous gland & nail.
• Digestive system (gastroenterology) – comprises
various digestive organs.
• Urinary system (Urology) – comprises of kidneys,
ureters, urinary bladder & urethra.
• Reproductive System –
(Andrology - in male)
(Gynaecology - in females) 37

38. • Endocrine system (endocrinology) – consists of
ductless glands like pitutary, thyroid etc. which
produce hormones.
• Special sense organs – include senses of taste,
sight, smell, hearing, balance & touch.
• Nervous system (neurology) - consists of CNS
& PNS
38

39. Clinical anatomy related terms
• -itis (suffix)
• -ectomy (suffix)
• -otomy (suffix)
• -ostomy (suffix)
• -oma (suffix)
• Puberty
• Symptoms
• Sign (physical signs)
• Diagnosis
• Prognosis
• Pyrexia
• Lesion
• Inflammation
• Oedema
• Thrombosis
• Embolism
• Haemorrhage
• Ulcer
• Sinus
• Fistula
• Necrosis
• Degeneration
• Gangrene
• Infarction
• Atrophy
• Dystrophy
39

40. Clinical anatomy
• Hypertrophy
• Hyperplasia
• Hypoplasia
• Aplasia
• Syndrome
• Paralysis
• Hemiplegia
• Paraplegia
• Monoplegia
• Quadriplegia
• Anaesthesia
• Analgesia
• Themanaesthesia
• Hyperaesthesia
• Paraesthesia
• Coma
• Tumour (neoplasm)
• Benign
• Malignant
• Carcinoma
• Sarcoma
• Cancer
• Metastasis
• Convalescence
• therapy
40

41. Arrangement of structures in the
body from within outwards
• Bones from the supporting framework of the
body
• Muscle are attached to the bones.
• Blood vessels, nerves & lymphatics form
neurovascular bundles which course in
between the muscle, along the fascial planes.
• The thoracic & abdominal cavities contains
several internal organs called viscera.
• The whole body has three general coverings,
namely – skin, superficial fascia & deep fascia.41

42. 42