Microdermabrasion is a non-invasive skin treatment that uses aluminum oxide crystals or diamond-tipped applicators to gently exfoliate the outermost layer of dead skin cells. It works by using vacuum suction and an abrasive material to remove the stratum corneum and stimulate collagen production, resulting in smoother skin texture, reduced wrinkles and hyperpigmentation. Microdermabrasion has been performed since ancient Egypt using various abrasive tools, and the modern procedure was invented in Italy in 1985 using vacuum suction and microcrystals. It is generally a safe, painless treatment with minimal side effects like temporary redness or flaking.