How human body breathe?

1. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
BY- NIHARIKAVERMA

2. RESPIRATION
 Respiration is the act of breathing.
 INHALING –The act of breathing in oxygen.
 EXHALING –The act of breathing out carbon dioxide.
 The respiratory system is made up of the organs included in the
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.These are the parts:
 Nose
 Mouth
 Throat (pharynx)
 Voice box (larynx)
 Windpipe
 Large airways ( bronchi)
 Lungs

3. The upper respiratory tract is made up of the:
 Nose
 Nasal cavity
 Sinuses
 Larynx
 Trachea
The lower respiratory tract is made up of the:
 Lungs
 Bronchi and bronchioles
 Air sacs (alveoli)

4. Types of Respiration
AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
 Takes place in the presence
of O2 to produce energy.
 Glucose (CH2O6) + 6O2 +
6CO2 + 6H2O + chemical
energy (ATP).
 Glucose breaks down into
CO2 and H2O.
 All higher organisms
including mammals have
this type of respiration.
 Takes place in the absence of
O2 to produce energy.
 Glucose  lactic acid +
energy (ATP)
 Glucose breaks down into
lactic acid and energy.
 Lower organisms such as
bacteria, yeast use this type
and process is seen in the
muscles of human beings
during any physical activity.
This respiration is carried out by a system of organs known as Respiratory System

6. Parts of Respiratory Track
1. Nose: It is the part of entry for atmospheric air.
External – Nostrils
Internal – Nasal Chambers
Functions- > Olfaction (smelling)
> Respiration (breathing)
• And each nasal cavity is divided into Olfactory
 Respiratory Region
• Filtration of foreign particles from inspired air and humidifying
the air .
• The two openings in the nose called – Nostrils
Nostrils-They lead to 2 nasal cavities, that are separated by the
septum, a wall of cartilage.
• Inside the face is an intricate system of canals and pockets of air
called Sinus Cavities.
Sinus Cavities- Span all the way to the back of the skull, right above
the oral cavity within the cheek bones and between the eyes
and brows.

7. • The nose smells with the olfactory deft which
is the roof of the nasal cavity – It is right next
to smelling part of the brain which consist of
the Olfactory Bulb.
Olfactory Bulb- It has many nerve endings that
carry smell sensations to the brain.
• A sticky fluid called Mucous.
Mucous- Act as a radiator that warms up and
moistens the air passes into the body.

10. 2. Pharynx- It is a common passage at the back
of mouth for air and food.
• Air enters the front tube calledTrachea.
Trachea- Opening of the wind pipe guarded by a
Muscular Flap called Epiglottis.
Epiglottis- Allow air to pass into the larynx and
lungs.

11. 3. Larynx- Located at the start of the trachea is a hollow
cartilaginous structure calledVoice Box.
The trachea divides in theThoracic cavity into 2 Bronchi 
Left ,  Right
|
Enters into lungs called BronchialTree (Smallest Branches
called Bronchioles).
Functions
 Deglutition means swallowing
 Protecting the trachea against food aspiration.
 Respiration means breathing.
 Phonation means voice production commonly called voice
box.

12. 4. Alveoli: Provide surface for gaseous exchange.
They are lined by a fluid layer known as
Surfactant which maintains the shape and
surface tension of the air sac by maintaining
surface tension there is more surface area
through which O2 and CO2 molecules can pass.
• During inhalation, Alveoli expand as the negative
pressure in the chest is created by contraction of
the diaphragm during exhalation the alveoli
recoil (spring back) as the diaphragm relaxes.
• Elastic structure and smooth muscle fiber each
alveolus is covered with a thick net of capillaries.

13. 5. Lungs – It is located in the chest, behind the rib cage on
either side of the heart.
• The main function of the lungs is to perform the
exchange of O2 and CO2 with air from the atmosphere.
• 2 Large spongy organs, that fill nearly the entire
thoracic cavity (chest).
• Lungs contain the bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and
capillaries.
• Enveloped in layers of tissue called Pleura.
• Expand and contract to fill up with gas.
• The lungs take in oxygen.The cells of your body cells
need oxygen to live and carry out their normal
functions.
• The lungs also get rid of carbon dioxide, a waste
product of the cells.
• The lungs are a pair of cone- shaped organs made up of
spongy, pinkish- gray tissue.

14. • They take up most of the space in the chest (thorax).
• The lungs are surrounded by a membrane (pleura).
• The right lung has 3 sections, called lobes.The left lobe has
2 lobes, when you breathe.
• Air enters your body through your nose or mouth.
• Air then travels down the throat through the larynx and
trachea.
• Air goes into the lungs through tubes called main – stem
bronchi.
• One main stem bronchus leads to the right lung and one to
the left lung:
• In the lungs, the main stem bronchi divide into smaller
bronchi.
• The smaller bronchi divide into even smaller tubes
(bronchioles).
• Bronchioles end in tiny air sacs (alveoli) where the
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs.

15. • Mediastinum – it is a part of the chest that lies between the
sternum and the spinal column, and between the lungs.This area
contains the heart, large blood vessels, wind pipe (trachea) ,
thymes gland, esophagus, and connective tissues.
Functions
 Supplies the body with O2 and disposes of CO2.
 Filters inspired Air.
 Produces sound.
 Clears the body from excess water and heat
 Control blood PH.
Primary Function
 To obtain O2 for use by body cells and eliminate CO2 that cells
produce.
 Breathing – PulmonaryVentilation – consist of 2 cyclic phases.
 Inhalation- Also called inspiration (draws gases into the lungs).
 Exhalation- Also called expiration forces gases out of the body).

16. Bones
Hyoid Bones –
 The hyoid bone has two important functions-
 It holds up the tongue, which sits above it,
and it holds up the larynx, which hangs below
it.
 It also transmits the force of muscles that
help to open the jaw.

18. Cartilages
The cricoids cartilage-
 It is a ring of cartilage that surrounds the trachea, or
windpipe.
 It is located near the middle and center of the neck.
 This cartilage consists of strong connective tissue
constituting the dorsal (back) part of larynx, or voice box.
 This cartilage is found in ribs, nose, trachea, larynx.
Function of this Cartilage
 support the body
 Provides a framework.
 Provides attachment sites for muscles.
 Protect underlying tissue.
 Helps provide flexibility.
 Form structural models for growing bones.

19. Hyaline cartilage-
 It is a type of connective tissue. It is one of the
three types of cartilage; the other two types
are elastic cartilage and fibro cartilage.
 Hyaline cartilage it is the most abundant
type of cartilage in the body.
 Hyaline cartilage is high in collagen, a protein
that is found not only in connective tissue but
also in skin and bones, and helps hold the
body together.
 Hyaline cartilage provides support and
flexibility to different parts of the body.

20. Epiglottis cartilage-
 The epiglottis is flap of cartilage located in the throat
behind the tongue and in front of the larynx.
 The epiglottis is usually upright at rest allowing air to pass
into the larynx and lungs.
 When a person swallows the epiglottis folds backward to
cover the entrance of the larynx so food and liquid do not
enter the windpipe and lungs.
 After swallowing the epiglottis returns to its original
upright position.
 The epiglottis is located in the larynx and attached to the
thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone.
 Its movement are regulated by the passive pressure from
the tongue as it pushes the food down the pharynx.
 The trachea is lined with a moist mucous- membrane layer
composed of cells containing small hair like projections
called CILIA.

22. Common Respiratory Disease
 Asthma- Bronchial Asthma – Chest Pain or
Cough
 Bronchitis
 Pneumonia
 TB  Lungs (mycobacterium)