Tissues

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tissues

Learning Objectives:
 Identify the different tissues of the body.
 Explain the function of each tissues based on
location.
 Differentiate the different tissues based on location
and function.
 Identify and explain the different types of connective
tissue as to location and function.
 Identify the different structure of tissues as location
and function.
 Compare the tissues as to function.

 Tissues
 Groups of cells with similar structure and
function
 Four primary types
 Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
 Connective tissue
 Muscle tissue
 Nervous tissue

Epithelial Tissues
 Locations
 Body coverings
 Body linings
 Glandular tissue
 Functions
 Protection
 Absorption
 Filtration
 Secretion

Epithelium Characteristics
 Cells fit closely together and often form sheets
 The apical surface is the free surface of the tissue
 The lower surface of the epithelium rests on a
basement membrane
Avascular (no blood supply)
Regenerate easily if well nourished

Classification of Epithelia
 Number of cell layers
 1.Simple
epithelium—one
layer
Source: Tunica
mucosa ( digestive
tube lining of the
glands)
 2.Stratified
epithelium—more
than one layer
Source: epidermis Figure 3.

 3. pseudostratified – made up of one layer of cells
but different heights
Source : inner lining of trachea

Classification of Epithelia
 Shape of cells
 Squamous
 flattened
 Cuboidal
 cube-shaped
 Columnar
 column-like
Figure 3.17b

Simple Epithelia
 Simple squamous
 Single layer of flat cells
 Usually forms membranes
 Lines body cavities
 Lines lungs and capillaries

Simple Epithelia
Figure 3.18a

Simple Epithelia
 Simple cuboidal
 Single layer of cube-like cells
 Common in glands and their ducts
 Forms walls of kidney tubules
 Covers the ovaries

Simple Epithelia
Figure 3.18b

Simple Epithelia
 Simple columnar
 Single layer of tall cells
 Often includes mucus-producing goblet cells
 Lines digestive tract

Stratified Epithelia
 Stratified squamous
 Cells at the apical surface are flattened
 Found as a protective covering where friction
is common
 Locations
 Skin
 Mouth
 Esophagus

Figure 3.18e

 Stratified cuboidal—two layers of cuboidal cells
 Stratified columnar—surface cells are columnar,
cells underneath vary in size and shape
 Stratified cuboidal and columnar
 Rare in human body
 Found mainly in ducts of large glands

 Transitional epithelium
 Shape of cells depends upon the amount of
stretching
 Lines organs of the urinary system

Figure 3.18f

Glandular Epithelium
 Gland
 One or more cells responsible for secreting a
particular product

Glandular Epithelium
 Two major gland types
 Endocrine gland
 Ductless since secretions diffuse into
blood vessels
 All secretions are hormones
 Exocrine gland
 Secretions empty through ducts to the
epithelial surface
 Include sweat and oil glands

 Sensory epithelium
Specialized for reception of stimulus
Source: tongue, eyes, skin
 Germinal epithelium
Specialized for production of germs cells
Source: gonads, ( ovary and testis)

Connective Tissue
 Found everywhere in the body
 Develop from mesenchyme
 Loose arranged ( supported by a solid or liquid
matrix)
 Includes the most abundant and widely
distributed tissues
 Functions
 Binds body tissues together
 Supports the body
 Provides protection
 Transport substances

Connective Tissue Characteristics
 Variations in blood supply
 Some tissue types are well vascularized
 Some have a poor blood supply or are
avascular
 Extracellular matrix
 Non-living material that surrounds living cells

Extracellular Matrix
 Two main elements
 Ground substance—mostly water along with
adhesion proteins and polysaccharide
molecules
 Fibers
 Produced by the cells
 Three types
 Collagen (white) fibers
 Elastic (yellow) fibers
 Reticular fibers

Types of connective tissues
 A. types of loose connective tissues:
1. Mesenchyme
2. Mucous connective tissue
3. Reticular connective tissue
4. Areolar connective tiisue
5. Adipose connective tissue

 1. mesenchyme- unspecialized embryonic tissue
Cells are called mesenchymal cells
 2. mucous connective tissue- large cells called
fibroblasts ( forming a network )
Ex: umbilical cord
 3. reticular connective tissue- fibroblasts
supported by a matrix with reticular fibers.
Ex: bone marrow

 4. areolar connective tissue
Fibroblasts are oval or round supported by a matrix
with collagenous and elastic fibers
Ex: mesenteries, omenta, submucosa of digestive
tube, subcutaneous layer
 5. Adipose connective tissue
Adipose cells are round with stored fats
 Source: fat deposits between the skin and
muscles greater omentum

Dense connective tissue
 Types of dense connective tissues:
 1. irregularly arranged dense connective tissue-
fibers occur in sheets forming a course, tough
mesh
 Source: fascia, periosteum, perichondrium,
dermis
 2. regularly arranged dense connective tissue-
fibers in matrix parallel to each other.
 Source: tendon, ligament, aponeuroses

Specialized Connective Tissue Types
 Types of specialized connective tissues:
1. Bone (osseous tissue)
 Called bone cells or osteocytes
 Composed of
 Bone cells in lacunae (cavities)
 Hard matrix of calcium salts
 Large numbers of collagen fibers
Function:Used to protect and support the body

 2. cartilage – chondrocytes cells ( lie within a space
called lacuna
 Matrix contain fibers
Types of Cartilage:
1. Hyaline cartilage
 Most common type of cartilage
 Composed of
 Abundant collagen fibers
 Rubbery matrix
 Locations
 Larynx and Entire fetal skeleton prior to birth

Connective Tissue Types
Figure 3.19b

2. Elastic cartilage- matrix with elastic fibers
 Provides elasticity
 Location
 Supports the external ear
3. Fibrocartilage- matrix with collagenous fibers
 Highly compressible
 Location
 Forms cushion-like discs between
vertebrae

Figure 3.19c

Dense Connective Tissues
Dense connective tissue (dense fibrous tissue)
 Main matrix element is collagen fiber
 Fibroblasts are cells that make fibers
 Locations
 Tendons—attach skeletal muscle to bone
 Ligaments—attach bone to bone at joints
 Dermis—lower layers of the skin

Figure 3.19d

Loose Connective Tissue Types
 Loose connective tissue types
 Reticular connective tissue
 Delicate network of interwoven fibers
 Forms stroma (internal supporting
network) of lymphoid organs
 Lymph nodes
 Spleen
 Bone marrow

Figure 3.19g

 Blood (vascular tissue)
 Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix called
blood plasma
 Fibers are visible during clotting
 Functions as the transport vehicle for
materials

Figure 3.19h

 1. plasma
 Fluid part
 Transport of substances
 55% of the blood
 2. formed elements or cells
 45% of the blood
A. red blood corpuscles ( erythrocytes)
 Transport of gases
 Normal RBC count:
 5-5.5 million per cubic millimeter of blood in males
 4- 4.5 million per cubic mm. in female

 B. white blood corpuscles ( leukocytes)
 Soldiers of the body
 5000-9000 per cu.mm
 Normal thrombocytes: 200,000-300,000 per cubic
millimeter of blood.
 A.granulocytes:
 Neutrophil- eats bacteria
 Basophil- heparin and histamine
 Eosinophil- activates histamine
- least common

 b. agranulocytes:
 Monocytes- largest WBC
 Lymphocytes- smallest WBC

Muscular tissue

Muscle Tissue
 Function is to produce movement
 Three types
 Striated voluntary muscle or Skeletal muscle
 Striated involuntary muscle or Cardiac muscle
 Smooth involuntary muscle or visceral muscle

Muscle Tissue Types
Figure 3.20a

Muscle Tissue Types
 Cardiac muscle
 Under involuntary control
 Found only in the heart
 Function is to pump blood
 Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells
 Cells are attached to other cardiac muscle
cells at intercalated disks
 Striated
 One nucleus per cell

Muscle Tissue Types
Figure 3.20b

Muscle Tissue Types
 Smooth muscle
 Under involuntary muscle
 Found in walls of hollow organs such as
stomach, uterus, and blood vessels
 Characteristics of smooth muscle cells
 No visible striations
 One nucleus per cell
 Spindle-shaped cells

Muscle Tissue Types
Figure 3.20c

Nervous tissue

Nervous Tissue
Figure 3.21

Two basic types of cell (Neural tissue)
 1. neuron or nerve cell ( transmit cells)
 2. neuroglia or supporting cells
Function:
 Supporting framework for neural tissue
 Act as phagocytes
 Help in the repair injuries
 Regulate the composition of the intestinal fluid
 Protect the cell membranes of the neurons

Nervous Tissue
 Composed of neurons and nerve support cells
 Function is to send impulses to other areas of the
body
 Irritability
 Conductivity

Types of nerves:
1. Sensory nerve- conveys impulses towards the
central nervous system.
Optic, olfactory and auditory
2. Motor nerve- conveys impulses away from the
central nervous system
Occulomotor, trochlear and trigeminal nerves
3. Mixed nerve- conveys impulses towards and away
from the central nervous system
Spinal nerves

 I. Draw the different tissues of epithelial,
connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Give
the location of each tissue then explain its
function.
 II. Differentiate the different tissues by using a
concept map.

A. QUIZ: Identify the following tissues as to location and function.
Type of tissues Functions
1. Bone
2. Skin
3. Tunica
4. Nerves
5. Blood
6. Throat
7. Striated muscle
8. Skeletal
9. Brain
10. Urinary tract
11. Spleen
12. Ovary
13. Glands
14. Air sac of lungs
15. Heart

Assignment:
1. Trace the process of tissue repair during wound
healing.
2. Explain the events takes place during the
regeneration of tissue.

Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)
 Regeneration
 Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same
kind of cells
 Fibrosis
 Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue
(scar tissue)
 Determination of method
 Type of tissue damaged
 Severity of the injury

Events in Tissue Repair
 Capillaries become very permeable
 Introduce clotting proteins
 A clot walls off the injured area
 Formation of granulation tissue
 Growth of new capillaries
 Rebuild collagen fibers
 Regeneration of surface epithelium
 Scab detaches

Regeneration of Tissues
 Tissues that regenerate easily
 Epithelial tissue (skin and mucous
membranes)
 Fibrous connective tissues and bone
 Tissues that regenerate poorly
 Skeletal muscle
 Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue
 Cardiac muscle
 Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal
cord

Developmental Aspects of Tissue
 Epithelial tissue arises from all three primary
germ layers
 Muscle and connective tissue arise from the
mesoderm
 Nervous tissue arises from the ectoderm
 With old age, there is a decrease in mass and
viability in most tissues
 Granulation tissue- is a delicate pink tissue
composed largely of new capillaries that grow
into the damaged area from undamaged blood
vessels nearby.

Quiz
Next meeting

Tissues

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