dome and vaults building construction

1. BHAGWAN MAHAVIR COLLEGE OF
ARCHITECRURE
SUBJECT : BUILDING MATERIAL AND
CONSTRUCTION
DOME AND VAULTS
FACULTIES : KUNAL SIR
NITU MAM
Sem : 3

2. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Definition : A dome is a element of architecture that
resembles the hollow upper half of the sphere.
 Dome is rounded vault made of either curved
segments or a shell of revolution , meaning an arch
rotated around its central axis.
 A masonary dome produces an thrust downward
and outward so domes can be divided into 2 kinds:
simple and compound , depending on the use.
 A dome can be supported by columns or piers that
transition to the dome through squinches or
pendentives.

3. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Early and indigenous domes
 the early domes were likely to be made from saplings, reeds
timbers and covered with thatch tuff or skins.
 Materials may have transmitted to ramed earth , mud bricks or
more durable adobes as result of local conditions.
 Roman and byzantine domes
 They are customarily hemispherical in shape on general and
monumental dome in particular.
 The dome of pantheon is the most important dome of roman
period Largest roman concrete dome.
 Morden period domes
 Morden period domes were made from many durable materials
and in many new styles and forms.
 New production techniques allowed iron, wood and many
different materials to use in dome construction..
 Unique glass domes springing straight from ground level were
used for green house.

4. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Elements of dome
 Coffer
 Cupola
 Lantern
 Oculus
 Pendentive
 Rotunda
 Squinch
 Tholobate
 Whispering gallery

5. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
A Coffer
A coffer in architecture is a series of sunken panels.
PENTEON

6. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Cupola
 A cupola is a small, most often dome like structure
on top of building. It usually crowns a larger dome.

7. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Lantern
 A lantern is a day lighting cupola architectural
element

8. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Rotunda
 The rotunda is any building with a circular ground
plan and covered by a dome

9. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Squinch
 A squinch in architecture is a construction filling in
the upper angles of a square room so as to form a
base to receive a dome

10. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Tholobate
 A tholodate or drum is the upright part of building on
which dome is raised

11. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Pendentive
 A pendentive is constructive device which allows the
placement of the circular dome over the square
room or elliptical over the rectangular room.

12. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Whispering gallery
 A whispering gallery is a circular, hemispherical,
enclosure, often beneath a dome in which whispers
can be heard clearly in other parts other gallery
GOL GUMBAJ

13. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 TYPES OF DOME
• Geodesic dome
• Beehive dome
• onion dome
• oval dome
• hemispherical dome
• Cross arch dome
• Bullbose dome

14. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
A. Geodesic dome is a sphere or say partial spherical structure
based on a network of great circles on the surface of a
sphere.
B. The triangular elements formed by network makes it rigid
and also helps in distributing stress of the structure.
C. Its main part is the joints that completes the whole sphere.
D. Geo means earth and desic means divided
Geodesic Dome
Spaceship Earth At Epcot
Walt Disney World
A Geodesic Sphere

15. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 The Panelized Technique Allows The Builder To Attach The
Plywood Skin To The Triangles While Safely Working On The
Ground Or In A Comfortable Shop Out Of The Weather. This
Method Does Not Require Expensive Steel Hubs….
 Holes Are Drilled Through The Members At Precise Locations
And Steel Bolts Then Connect The Triangles To Form The Dome.
These Members Are Often 2x4's Or 2x6's, Which Allow For
More Insulation To Fit Within The Triangle
PANELIZED DOMES

16. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Generally For Such Domes They Start With A Steel Framework
Dome, Wrapped With Chicken Wire And Wire Screen For
Reinforcement. The Chicken Wire And Screen Is Tied To The
Framework With Wire Ties.
 A Coat Of Material Is Then Sprayed Or Molded Onto The Frame.
Tests Should Be Performed With Small Squares To Achieve The
Correct Consistency Of Concrete Or Plastic.
 Generally, Several Coats Are Necessary On The Inside And
Outside. The Last Step Is To Saturate Concrete Or Polyester
Domes With A Thin Layer Of Epoxy Compound To Shed Water
CONCRETE AND FOAM PLASTIC DOMES
Concrete
Dome
Plastic Dome

17. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
HEMISPHERICAL DOME
The hemispherical dome is half of a sphere

18. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
EXAMPLES
cathedral at valencia,spain
gol gumbaz,karnataka

19. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
MATERIALS AND
MASONARY DETAILS
bricks

20. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
BAMBOO
temporary bamboo dome for india pavilion
at 2010 shanghai expo .

21. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
PREFABRICATED SHEETS
permanent structures from prefabricated
sheets for fast construction on site

22. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 It is a dome having the form of a segment of a sphere,
with the center well below the springing line; a shallow
dome.
 A dome that is very shallow; its radius of curvature of
the dome is very large compared with its rise.
 They exist entirely in compression so that it can be
built much thinnoer than other dome shapes without
becoming unstable.
 The trade-off between the proportionately increased
horizontal thrust at their abutments and their
decreased weight and quantity of materials may make
them more economical.
 They are more vulnerable to damage from movement
in their supports.
SAUCER DOME

23. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS

24. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Also called
gadrooned,fluted,organ-
piped,pumpkin,melon,
ribbed,parachute, scalloped,or
lobed domes.
 these are a type of dome
divided at the base into curved
segments, which follow the
curve of the elevation.
 The "ribs" of a dome are the
radial lines of masonry that
extend from the crown down
to the springing.
UMBRELLA DOME
st.peter's basilica,rome

25. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 A parabolic dome is a unique
structure in which bending
stress due to the uniformly
distributed load of its dead
load is zero.
 Hence it was widely used in
buildings in ancient
times,before the advent of
composite structure.
 However if a point load is
applied on the apex of a
parabolic dome,the bending
stress becomes infinite.
 Hence it is found in most
ancient structures,the apex of
the dome is stiffened or the
shape modified to avoid the
PARABOLIC DOME

26. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
SAIL DOME
This type can be throught of as pendentives
That,Rather than Merely Touching each other to farm a
circular base for a drum or compound Dome,Smoothy
continue Their Curvature to farm the dome itself.The
Dome gives the impression of a square sail pinned
down at each corner and billowing upward.

27. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
DEFINITION:
A vault is a ceiling of brick , concrete , Stone , timber ,
etc built in principle of arch.
VAULT
lisbon cathedral

28. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
• In ancient Egypt brick vaulting was used ,chiefly for drains . The
Chaldeans and Assyrians used vaults for the same purpose but
seem also to have made architectural use of high domes and
barrel vaults.
• The Greeks made no use of vaults.
• Then Rome adopted this technique by using concrete as a
construction material so that no outer or external thrust or
buttresses need to be given. Thus vaults could be easily erected
over vast spaces ,producing impressive and complex thermo ,
amphitheatres , and basilicas .
• The tunnel vault spans between two walls ,like a continuous arch.
The cross , or groined , vault is formed by the intersection at right
angles of two barrel vaults , producing a surface that has arched
openings for its four sides and concentration of load at the four
corner points of the square or rectangle .
• the semicircular arch was universally employed in Romanesque
vaulting throughout Europe , and the roman cross vault was the
type used for covering square or rectangular compartments.

29. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 TYPES 0F VAULTS
• Barrel vault
• Pitched brick barrel vault
• Groin vault
• Rib vault
• Fan vault

30. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
• Formed by an extension of
arch as an unbroken
series passed together one
behind another.
 Characteristics
• It is known as wagon or
tunnel vault.
• Circular in shape and semi
cylindrical in appearance.
• Series of arches placed
side by side is known as
barrel roof.
• It is the simplest form of
vault.
• It is best for roofing
purpose.
BARREL VAULT

31. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 Short span barrel
vaults
 Short span barrel vaults are
those in which span is
shorter than its width . It is
used for the width of the
arch ribs between which the
barrel vault span.
 Long span barrel
vault
 Long span barrel vaults are
those in which span is larger
then its width.

32. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 JOINERY AND DETAILS

33. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 STRENGTH
• The thrust generated against
wall which is its failure.
• Solution :
1. Walls should be thick(approx.
4m) and strong.
 2. Two or more vaults
should be kept parallel to
each other.
3. Intersection of two vaults
sholud be done at right angle
which is known as groin vault.
• Butressing should be done.
• Uses:
church,cloisters,cellars,crypts,
hallways,caponier,etc.

34. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 EXAMPLES
Roman barrel vault Mausoleum, Recoleta cemetery
Argentina

35. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 MATERIALS
• Bricks , stone , timber ,
wood are use generally.
• In stone barrel vault due to
the problem of
fenestration , they provide a
small window which
restricts the more light and
hence for this cloister is
used.
the cloisters, new york city

36. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 PITCHED BRICK BARREL VAULT
• Bricks are installed vertically ( not radially ) and are
leaning at an angle.
• Its construction doesn’t reaquire centering

37. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 GROIN VAULT
 Definition
 A Groin vault (also known as a double barrel vault) is produced by the
intersection at right angles of two barrel vault.
 Characteristics
 The word “groin” refers to the edge between the intersecting vaults.
 Sometime the arches of groin vaults are pointed instead of round.
 In comparison with a barrel vault, a groin vault provides good economies of
material and labour.
 The groin vault required great skills in cutting stone to from a neat arris.
 Difficult to construct neatly because of the geometry of cross groins.
 The construction of groin vault can be understood most simply by
visualizing two barrel vault section at right angles merging to form a
squarish unit.

38. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS

39. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
Santa maria maggiore
at guardiagrele

40. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 CROSS ARCH
A cross vault or groined vault
(also sometimes known as a
double barrel vault or groin vault)
is produced by the intersection at
right angles of two barrel vaults.
The word "groin" refers to the
edge between the intersecting
vaults.
so the vault need only be abutted
at its four corners.

41. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 STRUCTURE
 The construction method
was particularly common
on the basement level,
such as at Myres Castle in
Scotland, or at the ground
floor level for the
storerooms as at Muchalls
Castle in Scotland.
 accomplish the multiple
goals of minimum
materials use, wide span
of construction, ability to
achieve lateral
illumination, and
avoidance of lateral
stresses.

42. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 FAN VAULT
A fan vault is a form of vault in which the ribs are all of the
same curve and spaced equidistantly, in a manner

43. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS

44. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 RIB VAULT
 Definition
 The intersection of two or three barrel vaults produces a rib vault or ribbed
vault .
 Characteristics
 when they are edged with an armature of piped masonry often carved
in decorative patterns compare groin vault an older from of vault
construction.
 While the mechanics of the weight of a groin vault and its
transmission outwards to the supporting pillars remained as it had
been the new use of rib vaults demonstrates the skill of the masons
and the grandeu of the new ideas circulating at the introduction of
gothic architecture in the end of the eleventh century.
 This technique was new in the leta eleventh century for example in
the roof of the lchoir side aisles at Durham cathedral.
 Ancestors of the gothic rib vault in the Romanesque vault can be
found at caen and durham both sites of early gothic constructions and
elsewhere.
 Some ribbed vaults even have six section in each bay.

45. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS

46. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 TYPES OF RIB VAULT
 Rib vaults is reinforced by masonry ribs.
 There are two types of rib vault.
- Quadripartite rib vault
-Sexpartite rib vault

47. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
 TYPES OF RIB VAULTS
The vault has two masonry ribs dividing
into four sections is called Quadripartite
vault

48. DEFINATION
HISTORY OF
DOME
ELEMENTS
OF DOME
TYPES OF
DOMES
VAULTS
HISTORY OF
VAULTS
TYPES OF
VAULTS
Lierne vault of the nave of chester cathedral