Afghanistan pt 1,2,3

1. CHAPTER 13
THE COLD WAR
AFGHANISTAN: 1947-1963

2. SARDAR SHAH MAHMUD KHAN
• SARDAR SHAH MAHMUD KHAN WAS UNCLE
TO INEFFECTUAL ZAHIR & UNCLE TO
MOHAMMAD DAOUD KHAN WHO WOULD
BE PRIME MINISTER FROM 1953.
• DISSENT WITHIN AFGHANISTAN AND NEW
NATION - WEST PAKISTAN (1947) – ON
EASTERN BORDER WHICH WOULD CHANGE
AFGH FOREIGN POLICY FOREVER

3. SARDAR SHAH CONT.
• MAJOR INTERNAL PROBLEMS:
1. GOVT MINISTERS RULED FIEFDOMS BASED ON GRAFT
2. CORRUPTION EVERYWHERE
3. PRISONS FULL OF POLITICALS
4. 40 OF 120 PARLIAMENT WERE EDUCATED & INTERESTED
IN REFORM
5. “ AN UNLETTERED GENERAL POPULATION , SUBJECT TO
THE TRADITIONAL INFLUENCES OF MALIK & MULLAH,
RESPONSIVE ONLY TO THE LOCAL CONCERNS OF THEIR
PARTICULAR QAWM, AND UTTERLY IMPERVIOUS TO THE
SECULAR ISSUES THAT LAY BEYOND THESE DEMANDS”

4. SARDAR SHAH CONT.
• AFGHAN ECONOMY IN POOR SHAPE – 54% OF
GDP AT SUBSISTENCE LEVEL
• CENTRAL GOVT IN KABUL RESENTED IN
REGIONS. RIOTS IN KANDAHAR WHEN ROAD
IMPROVEMENTS BEGUN
• AFGH ONLY ENTREPRENEUR ABDUL MAJID
ZABULI TO U.S. TO BUY ARMAMENTS REJECTED
BY WASHINGTON
• PRIME MINISTER JOB HANDED TO ANOTHER
ROYAL FAMILY MEMBER MOHAMMAD DAOUD
KHAN ON 17 JULY 1953

9. MOHAMMAD DAOUD KHAN (1953 –
1963)
• SEPTEMBER 1953 A FOUR YEAR TRADE AGREEMENT WITH U.S.S.R.
& SOVIET BLOC GAVE AFGH A CORNUCOPIA:
(IN U.S. $)
3.5 M. FOR GRAIN SILOS, FLOUR MILL, BAKERY
1.2 M.FOR OIL PIPELINE & STORAGE AMU-DAR
2.1 M ASPHALT & ROAD MAKING FOR KABUL
5.0 M CEMENT PLANTS
A 100 BED HOSPITAL IN KABUL
15 BUSES FOR KABUL’S NEWLY PAVED STREETS
• 1956 U.S. GOVERNMENT RESPONDED WITH LARGESSE:
WHEAT TO PUT IN SOVIET SILOS
EDUCATION FACILITIES & PROGRAMS AFGH CHILDREN
STUDY GRANTS FOR AFGHANS TO U.S. TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS

10. DAOUD KHAN CONT.
• 1955 U.S.S.R. AGREEMENT:
BUILD KANDAHAR-HERAT HIGHWAY
+ALL WEATHER ROAD KABUL-SOVIET BORDER
+VIA SALANG PASS TUNNEL (INVASION ROUTE)
+CZECHSLOVAKIA: $3M. IN MILITARY AID
+U.S.S.R. $53 M.: TANKSAIRCRAFT,MUNITIONS, & 4 MILITARY AIRFIELDS.
+ 1958-1978 U.S.S.R. SPENT $1240 MILITARY AID
+1958-1978 U.S.S.R. TRAINED 3725 AFGH MILITARY & 6000 TECHNICIANS IN
SOVIET UNION
+EXCHANGE PROGRAMS FOR OFFICIALS, MANAGERS,SPORT & CULTURAL
+U.S.S.R. COMPREHENSIVELY INFILTRATED AFGHAN ELITE:
“AFGHAN STUDENTS IN USSR FOR KGB RECRUITMENT…THESE STUDENTS
WERE SWIFTLY PROMOTED TO IMPORTANT POLICY – MAKING AND
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION POSITIONS”

11. DAOUD KHAN CONT.
• FIVE YEAR DEVELOPMENT PLAN (1956 -1961):
RELIED ON SOFT U.S.S.R. LOANS, WAS INFLATIONARY,
AND KEPT DOWN SAVINGS.
• AS SOVIET SATELLITE DAOUD SHAPED UP TO U.S.
ORIENTED PAKISTAN: “PASHTUNISTAN QUESTION”. 1947
N.W. FRONTIER PEOPLE - JOIN EITHER PAKISTAN OR
INDIA! AFGHANISTAN CLAIMED PASHTUNS IN
NWFRONTIER AS AFGHANS
• 1961 PAKISTAN BLOCKADED AFGHANISTAN. U.S.S.R.
URGED RECONCILIATION & U.S. WANTED DAOUD GONE
• PAKISTAN PROMOTING PASHTUNS . AYUB KHAN
PRESIDENT IN 1958 – 1969. TAREEN TRIBE LEADER IN
ABBOTTABAD.

12. DAOUD KHAN CONT.
• BROUGHT SOCIAL REFORMS:
1.1959 ABOLISHED COMPULSORY VEIL
2.1962 500 WOMEN IN EXECUTIVE GOVT.
3.BIG INCREASES IN SCHOOL ENROLMENTS
4.TRIBAL CHIEFS AND IMAMS PUSHED INTO
BACKGROUND & SOME IMPRISONED
• 1963 MAJOR ECONOMIC CRISIS AFTER
CONFRONTATION WITH PAKISTAN
• KING FORCED DAOUD KHAN TO RESIGN

16. THE GREAT GAME IS RE-STARTED
• COMPARED WITH USSR THE U.S. & WEST
RESPONSE IN THE NEW “GREAT GAME” WAS
MODEST:
+ 1956-1979 U.S. $529 M. U.S. KABUL
UNIVERSITY TO TRAIN ENGINEERS &
TECHNICIANS LINKED TO U.S. UNIVERSITIES
+ FRENCH TRAINED DOCTORS & LAWYERS
+ GERMANS TRAINED LAW ENFORCEMENT

17. “GREAT GAME” CONT.
THE LARGESSE FROM ALL PLAYERS OF THE
“GAME” DID LITTLE FOR THE AVERAGE
AFGHAN:
• YEAR GROSS DOMESTIC PROD.
PER HEAD ($ CONST.U.S.)
1953 26.1
1958 30.3
1963 35.7

18. “GREAT GAME” CONT.
• INDIA HAD AN AVERAGE GDP PER HEAD, 1952-
1958 $61.1
• CLEARLY THE LARGESE FROM THE “GAME”
COMPLETELY BYPASSED AVERAGE AFGHAN TO
BENEFIT A SMALL ELITE
• WHEN ELITE GRADUATED THEY STAYED
OVERSEAS
• THE AVERAGE AFGHAN LIVED AT THE
SUBSISTENCE LEVEL – WITH ONLY HIS TRIBE TO
CALL FOR HELP AND HIS IMAM FOR SOLACE.

19. Building the the Salang Pass Tunnel

20. Afghan Government Spending and Revenue During the
Soviet Intervention

28. BEGINNINGS OF DEMOCRATIC
GOVERNMENT
• AIM OF U.S. DIPLOMACY IN 1960s WAS “NATION BUILDING” TO
WITHSTAND COMMUNISM:
“ IN MOST PARTS OF THE WORLD THE STATE HAS PRECEDED THE NATION;
IT WAS AND OFTEN REMAINS THE PRINCIPAL ELEMENT IN FORMING IT.
POLITICAL PARTIES, WHERE THEY EXIST, REFLECT FIXED, USUALLY
COMMUNAL, IDENTITIES; MINORITIES AND MAJORITIES TEND TO BE
PERMANENT. IN SUCH SOCIETIES, THE POLITICAL PROCESS IS ABOUT
DOMINATION, NOT ALTERATION IN OFFICE, WHICH TAKES PLACE, IF AT
ALL, BY COUPS RATHER THAN CONSTITUTIONAL PROCEDURES. THE
CONCEPT OF A LOYAL OPPOSITION – THE ESSENCE OF MODERN
DEMOCRACY – RARELY PREVAILS. MUCH MORE FREQUENTLY,
OPPOSITION IS VIEWED AS A THREAT TO NATIONAL COHESION,
EQUATED TO TREASON, AND RUTHLESSLY SUPPRESSED”
(HENRY KISSINGER)
• 1963 SAW THE FIRST FLOWERING OF DEMOCRACY IN AFGHANISTAN

29. CHAPTER 14
THE FIRST FLOWERING OF
DEMOCRACY
1963 - 1978

30. “ THE FATHER OF MODERN SOCIOLOGY, MAX
WEBER, POINTED OUT THAT GOVERNMENTS
DRAW THEIR LEGITIMACY FROM THREE BASIC
SOURCES: TRADITIONAL, RELIGIOUS AND LEGAL.
THE FIRST TWO ARE SELF-EXPLANATORY; BY
‘LEGAL’ WEBER MEANT WESTERN-STYLE
DEMOCRACIES BASED ON POPULAR
REPRESENTATION AND THE RULE OF LAW. AND
IN THIS SENSE, POLITICAL FAILURE IN
AFGHANISTAN WAS BAKED INTO THE CAKE IN
THE 2001 BONN PROCESS”

31. THE CONSTITUTION OF
AFGHANISTAN 1964
• WRITTEN WITH 11 TITLES SUB-DIVIDED INTO 128 ARTICLES:
1. THE STATE
2. THE KING
3. THE BASIC RIGHTS & DUTIES OF THE PEOPLE
4. THE SHURA (PARLIAMENT)
5. THE LOYA JIRGA (GREAT COUNCIL)
6. THE GOVERNMENT
7. THE JUDICIARY
8. THE ADMINISTRATION
9. STATE OF EMERGENCY
10.AMENDMENT
11.TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS

36. ARTICLE 69
• “EXCEPTING THE CONDITIONS FOR WHICH
SPECIFIC PROVISIONS HAVE BEEN MADE IN THIS
CONSTITUTION, A LAW IS A RESOLUTION
PASSED ON BOTH HOUSES AND SIGNED BY THE
KING. IN THE AREA WHERE NO SUCH LAW
EXISTS, THE PROVISIONS OF THE HANAFI
JURISPRUDENCE OF THE SHARIAAT OF ISLAM
SHALL BE CONSIDERED AS LAW”
( THE LEGAL CONUNDRUM IN NEW ISLAMIC
DEMOCRACIES)

38. A few centuries old mosque. Hanafi rite, one of
four schools of jurisprudence in Sunni Islam

40. DIFFICULTIES OF CONSTITUTION
1. 90% OF VOTERS ILLITERATE & ONLY 16 % WENT TO
POLLS. AT VILAGE LEVEL CONSTITUTION SEEN AS
CREATION OF KABUL INTELECTUALS. THEY ONLY
UNDERSTOOD THE VILLAGE ELDER.
2. PRIME MINISTER & CABINET NOT SHURA MEMBERS
WHO COULD BLOCK LEGISLATION.
3. STREET DEMONSTRATION BY A REFORM GROUP IN
OCTOBER 1965 LED TO SHOOTING OF 3
DEMONSTRATORS.
REFORMER DR. MOHAMMAD HASHIM MAIWANDAL
ELECTED AS PRIME MINISTER. HEAD OF PROGRESSIVE
DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF AFGHANISTAN: ISLAM AS THE
BACKBONE, DEMOCRACY, NATIONALISM & SOCIALISM.

41. MOHAMMAD HASHIM MAIWANDAL
• HIS PARTY DREW LEFT WING ELEMENTS TO IT
• COURTED MOSCOW – MARXIST MINISTER OF JUSTICE
• KING ZAHIR SHAH SAW MAIWANDAL AS THREAT TO
HIS AUTHORITY. SENT SECRET POLICE TO INTIMIDATE
PARTY
• MAIWANDAL RESIGNED OCTOBER 1967 DUE TO ILL
HEALTH
• IN OCTOBER 1973 HE WAS KICKED TO DEATH IN
CUSTODY FOR NOT SIGNING A CONFESSION
• MODERATE P.M. ABDULLAH YAQTA SUCCESSOR –
LASTED 1 MONTH IN OFFICE

43. MOHAMMAD NUR AHMAD ETEMADI
NOV. 1967 – JUNE 1971
• DESTINED TO BE EXECUTED BY AFGHAN
COMMUNISTS AFTER TAKEOVER IN 1979
• MOHAMMAD DAOUD KHAN DISILLUSIONED WITH
DEMOCRACY. ETEMADI CULTIVATED HIM (MIN FOR
TRIBAL AFFAIRS)
• KHAN’S FACTION USED CABINET INFORMATION TO
SABOTAGE INITIATIVES
• KING’S FACTION ALSO STYMIED REFORMS. MOST
MINISTERS LOOKED FOR ROYAL INSTRUCTIONS
• ETEMADI RESIGNED JUNE 1971 REPLACED BY ABDUL
ZAHIR TO DEC. 1972. DAOUD KHAN COUP ENDED
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVT.

44. Abdul Zahir

46. EVALUATION OF DEMOCRACY 1964 -
1972
1962 1972
POPULATION(M) 23.0 27.0
FEMALE LIFE EXPECT 31.5 YRS 35.9 YRS
MALE LIFE EXPECT 33.7 YRS 36.2 YRS
DOM. GOVT EXP.(M$) 749 1947
FOR.AID PORTION(M$) 404 1343
• WITH A CONSTITUTION AND TRAPPINGS OF DEMOCRACY AFGHAN
HUGE SOVIET & US SPENDING. CORRUPTION LIMITED TO OFFICIALS
DEALING WITH SOV. & US. FEW AFGH ENGINEERS & TECHNICIANS ( SEE
CATO INSTITUTE REPORT)
• ESTABLISHED WASTA – TRIBAL CONECTIONS FOR PERSONAL GAIN
• “HOWEVER, JUST BEFORE THE COMMUNIST COUPD’ETAT OF 1978, THE
ECONOMY AND SOCIAL INDICATORS RELATIVE TO AFGHANISTAN WERE
THE WORST IN THE WORLD” (“AFGHANISTAN:A MODERN HISTORY”)

47. Salang Pass

48. US largest project

49. Cash goes to Talaban for protection

50. Canadian Aid project failed to bring
irrigation

51. One of 156 Russian aid project buildings.

53. RIVAL COUP PLOTTERS
• THE MISERABLE FAILURE OF THE DEMOCRATIC PROCESS,
& COLD WAR RIVALRY POLARISED INTO TWO GROUPS:
1. THE ISLAMISTS WHO CONTROLLED STUDENT POLITICS IN
THE COUNTRY. STRONG SUPPORT IN PARLIAMENT &
MILITARY. IN 1968 FORMED JAMIAT-I-ISLAMI (SOCIETY OF
ISLAM)
2. MARXIST – LEANING GROUPS: MOHAMMAD DAOUD
KHAN ACCEPTED BY MOSCOW AS A POLITICAL LEADER&
BACKED BY SOVIET TRAINED OFFICER CORPS; DR
MAIWANDAL, HOPING FOR A COMEEBACK; PARCHAMI
FACTION OF ORTHODOX MARXIST PDPA WANTED
COMMUNIST TAKEOVER

55. the exiled Peshawar-based leader of
Jamiat-i-Islami,

59. PRESIDENT DAOUD KHAN OF
REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN. 1973-
1978• 17 JULY 1973 DAOUD LAUNCHED COUP WHILE KING ZAHIR SHAH OVERSEAS FOR
MEDICAL TREATMENT, ENDING MONARCHY.
• 50 MAN CENTRAL COMMITTEE TO HELP PRESIDENT RULE. 6 AVOWED MARXISTS
AND OTHER PDPA MEMBERS STACKED MINISTIRES, BUREAUCRACY AND OFFICER
CORPS
• DAOUD TO BREZHNEV IN 1974 RECEIVED A COOL RECEPTION, BUT GOT $428
MILLION IN AID
• DAOUD TURNED AGAINST PDPASACKING MANY FROM GOVT POSITIONS
• BUT STILL A LARGE NUMBER OF SOVIET TRAINED GRADUATES, TECHNICIANS,
CONSTRUCTION WORKERS, & 174 PROJECTS DEPENDENT ON SOVIET GOODWILL
• DAOUD LAUNCHED REIGN OF TERROR ON JAMIAT-I-ISLAMIWHO WERE ACTIVE
DISSIDENTS. THEY WERE RECRUITED BY ISI, PAKISTAN, FOR FUTURE ANTI-
COMMUNIST OPERATIONS
• ON 27 APRIL 1978 SOVIET TRAINED MILITARY & PDPA LAUNCHED THE “SAUR
REVOLUTION” WHICH BROUGHT THE SOVIETISATION OF AFGHANISTAN
• DAOUD AND MOST OF HIS FAMILY WERE KILLED

60. CHAPTER 15
THE SOVIETISATION OF AFGHANISTAN
1978 - 1989

61. “ FROM AMERICA’S FAILURE (IN VIETNAM), MOSCOW
DREW THE CONCLUSION WHICH THE ADVOCATES OF
THE DOMINO THEORY HAD SO FEARED – THAT THE
HISTORICAL CORRELATION OF FORCES HAD SHIFTED
IN ITS FAVOUR. AS A RESULT, IT TRIED TO EXPAND
INTO YEMEN, ANGOLA, ETHIOPIA AND ULTIMATELY
AFGHANISTAN. BUT IN THE PROCESS, IT FOUND THAT
THE GEOPOLITICAL REALITIES APPLIED JUST AS MUCH
TO COMMUNIST SOCIETIES AS THEY DID TO THE
CAPITALIST ONES. IN FACT, BEING RESILIENT, SOVIET
OVEREXTENSION PRODUCED, NOT CATHARSIS, AS IT
DID IN AMERICA, BUT DISINTEGRATION”
(HENRY KISSINGER)

62. THE COLD WAR CONTEXT
• AFGHANISTAN BECAME A BRUTAL FIGHT TO THE
FINISH. ON ONE SIDE WAS ARGUABLY THE MOST
SOPHISTICATED MILITARY MACHINE IN WORLD
HISTORY. ON THE OTHER SIDE WAS A GUERILLA
ARMY AT LEAST AS GOOD AS ANY IN THE WORLD,
FUNDED BY THE BOTTOMLESS PIT OF U.S. AND SAUDI
MONEY
• THE COLD WAR HAD COST THE WEST 5.1 MILLION
KILLED OR INJURED & $1.5 TRILLION
• THE COLD WAR HAD COST THE SOVIET EMPIRE 3.6
MILLION KILLED OR INJURED & $1.5 TRILLION, WHICH
BROKE THE SOVIET’S ECONOMIC BACK

63. THE SAUR REVOLUTION
• 27 APRIL 1978 COUP LAUNCHED BY 4TH
ARMOURED
CORPS ON PRESIDENTIAL PALACE DURING CABINET
MEETING, FOLLOWED BY AIR STRIKE WITH ROCKETS
• 2000 MAN PRESIDENTIAL GUARD FOUGHT BACK, BUT
WAS ANNIHILATED BY 28 APRIL
• DAOUD & HIS FAMILY WERE ALL SHOT DEAD
• SOVIETS DENIED INVIOLVEMENT, BUT TRIUMPH OF
KGB PLANNING (ANDROPOV). TIMING SUPERB.
• U.S. WAS ON BACK FOOT: POST VIETNAM REVIEW &
RECONSTRUCTION & C.I.A. IN DISARRAY DUE TO RE-
ORGANISATION & CUT-BACKS
• PAKISTAN AT ONE OF ITS MANY LOW POINTS

68. The prime minister of Afghanistan,
Mohammed Daoud Khan, visits a
Los Angeles supermarket on this
day in 1958. Daoud, who later
became his nation’s president, was
assassinated in 1978 during the
communist Saur Revolution.

70. a fictionalized conversation between Brzezinski and Nur Muhammad Taraki

73. --

74. COMMUNIST DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
OF AFGHANISTAN
• ESTABLISHED 30 APRIL 1978
• DEEP DIVISIONS BETWEEN COMMUNIST PARTY FACTIONS:
KHALQ & PARCHAMI
• NUR MUHAMMAD TARAKI: CHAIRMAN OF THE
PRESIDIUM OF THE REVOLUTIONARY COUNCIL & DEFENCE
MINISTER (KHALQ: “THE MASSES’. ORTHODOX LENINIST
STATE)
• BABRAK KARMAL: DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL
OF MINISTERS (PARCHAMI: “BANNER”. “A BROAD
DEMOCRATIC FRONT”)
• HAFIZULLAH AMIN: DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF THE COUNCIL
OF MINISTERS & FOREIGN AFFAIRS MIN (KHALQ)

75. COMMUNIST PARTY LEADERSHIP
RIVALRY:NUR MUHAMMAD TARAKI
• TARAKI PROPAGANDA: “THE GREAT LEADER”, “THE STAR
OF THE EAST”, “THE GREAT THINKER”
• JULY 1978 KHALQ FACTION PURGED PARCHAMI OFFICERS
IN GOVT. UP TO MINISTERS. EXECUTED OR IMPRISONED
• DEC.1978 TREATY OF FRIE8 OCT KILLED NDSHIP WITH
SOVIETS BUT NO PRACTICAL HELP
• JAN. 1979 LAND “REFORM” PROGRAM. 665,000 HA.
CONFISCATED & REDISTRIBUTED TO LANDLESS PEASANTS.
AGRICULTURE COLLAPSED. PROGRAM ABORTED.
• SOVIETS WANTED PDPA & KHALQ TO BE AT PEACE
• 15 SEP AMIN’S FORCES ARRESTED TARAKI. 8 OCT KILLED
BY HANGING OR SUFFOCATION WITH PILLOW

76. COMMUNIST PARTY LEADERSHIP
RIVALRY: HAFIZULLAH AMIN
• LASTED 104 DAYS
• RELEASED LIST OF 17,000 EXECUTED BY TARAKI
• AMIN ARRESTED 18,000.CONTROL IN KABUL ONLY.
• 100,000 ARMY DOWN TO 50,000 DUE TO DESERTIONS
• FAILED COUP BY PARCHAMI FACTION LED TO PURGE
• KGB COUP DEC. 1979 PUT KARMAL IN AS GENERAL
SECRETARY OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE
PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC PARTY, CHAIRMAN OF THE
PRESIDIUM OF THE REVOLUTIONARY COUNCIL,
CHAIRMAN OF COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
• KARMAL EXECUTED AMIN

77. COMMUNIST PARTY LEADERSHIP
RIVALRY: BABRAK KARMAL
• SOVIETS INVADED AFGHANISTAN ON
CHRISTMAS EVE 1979
• FORMER KGB OPERATIVE BABRAK KARMAL
PUT IN POWER.
• POWER BASE WAS KHaD (STATE
INTELLIGENCE AGENCY)
• RULED TILL 1986 UNTIL EASED OUT BY
SOVIETS

80. SOVIET INVASION :I
INVASION ORDER OF BATTLE
103RD
GUARDS AIRBORNE DIV
108TH
GUARDS MOTOR RIFLE DIV
5TH
GUARDS MOTOR RIFLE DIV
860TH
SEPARATE MOTOR RIFLE REGT
56TH
SEPARATE AIRBORNE ASSAULT BDE
36 TH MIXED AIR CORPS
201ST
& 58TH
MOTOR RIFLE DIV
SEVERAL SMALLER UNITS
1800 TANKS
2000 ARMOURED FIGHTING VEHICLES
SEVERAL SQUADRONS OF JET FIGHTERS
SEVERAL SQUADRONS OF HELICOPTER GUNSHIPS
100,000 TROOPS (40% BADLY TRAINED & ABUSED CONSCRIPTS STIFFENED BY
CUBANS &BULGARIANS)

83. Soviet war in Afghanistan

90. Afghanistan insurgency 1985

91. SOVIET INVASION II
• FOR A GLIMPSE AT THE STATE OF THE ART
WEAPONRY USED, SEE THE IMAGES.
• THE SOVIETS HELD THE MAJOR CITIES &
AIRBASES BUT NOTHING ELSE
• JUNE 1980 5000 UNSUITABLE SOLDIERS HAD
TO BE SHIPPED BACK TO THE SOVIET UNION
• EAST GERMAN SPECIAL FORCES BROUGHT IN

99. THE BUTCHER’S & BANKERS’ BILL:
SOVIET UNION
COMBAT TROOPS KILLED 13,833
KGB PERSONNEL KILLED 572
OTHER KILLED 48
PERSONNEL WOUNDED 53,753
PERSONNEL SICK 415,932
HELICOPTERS DESTROYED 333
OTHER AIRCRAFT DESTROYED 118
TANKS DESTROYED 147
ARMOURED FIGHTING VEHICLES DESTROYED 1314
TRUCKS & TANKERS DESTROYED 11369
COST:U.S.$1.5 TRILLION (EST)

100. THE BUTCHER’S & BANKERS’ BILL:
AFGHANISTAN
• PERSONS KILLED (FIGHTERS &CIVILIANS) 1MILLION – 2
MILLION
• PERSONS DISABLED 1.2 MILLION
• PERSONS INJURED 3.0 MILLION
• KANDAHAR CASUALTIES (BOMBING, BULLDOZING)
200,000
• LAND MINES PLANTED 10 MILLION – 15 MILLION
• CHILD MORTALITY 31%
• CHILD MALNUTRITION 67%
• REFUGEES IN PAKISTAN 3 MILLION
• REFUGEES IN IRAN 2 MILLION
• GLOBAL COST (SO FAR) U.S. $ 5.0 TRILLION

101. AFGHAN RESISTANCE
• EVENTUALLY MUJAHIDEEN (HOLY WARRIORS)
WOULD FIELD AN ARMY OF DISPARATE,
FEUDING GUERILLAS OF 200,000
• “ THERE WERE SEVEN OR EIGHT OF US IN THE
BEGINNING” RECALLS A TRIBAL ELDER AND
MUJEHAD FROM URUZGAN PROVINCE. “ WE
HAD A SHOTGUN, A MUSKET AND SOME
SWORDS AND OUR KNIVES. WE RODE OUT ON
OUR HORSES AND MADE CAMP IN THE
MOUNTAINS”

102. 7 ISLAMIC GROUPS FIGHTING
SOVIETS EACH WITH OWN AGENDA &
ORGANISATION
• ISLAMIC ALLIANCE (HEZB-I-ISLAMI) (ISLAMIC PARTY) (HIG)
LED BY GULBUDDIN HEKMATYAR
• ISLAMIC ALLIANCE (HEZB-I-ISLAMI) YUNUS KHALIS (YK)
FACTION
• ISLAMIC ALLIANCE. RASUL SAYYAF FACTION
• ISLAMIC UNITY (HARAKAT INQUILAB-I-ISLAMI)
• ISLAMIC UNITY. NATIONAL ISLAMIC FRONT FOR THE
LIBERATION OF AFGHANISTAN
• ISLAMIC UNITY. AFGHAN NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT
• AHMED SHAH MASSOUD

103. LECTURE 16
THE GREAT DISINTEGRATION
1989 – “9/11”

104. “ DURING BENAZIR BHUTTO’S SECOND TERM IN OFFICE
(1993 – 1996) HER MINISTER OF THE INTERIOR,
GENERAL NASEERULLAH BABAR, TOGETHER WITH
THE ISI, DEVISED A PLAN TO SET UP THE TALIBAN AS A
POLITICO-MILITARY FORCE THAT COULD TAKE OVER
AFGHANISTAN, A MOVE ONLY HALFHEARTEDLY
APPROVED BY THE U.S. EMBASSY. THE TRUTH WAS,
ONCE THE SOVIET UNION HAD WITHDRAWN ITS
TROOPS, WASHINGTON HAD LOST INTEREST IN THE
COUNTRY.”
(TARIQ ALI. “THE DUEL”. 2008)

105. THE BUZKASHI OF AFGHAN POLITICS
1989 – “9/11”
THE PLAYERS IN AFGHAN POLITICES
• THE RULING PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF AFGHANISTAN LED BY PRES. MOHAMMAD
NAJIBULAH
• THE U.S. CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
• THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN
• THE DIRECTORATE FOR INTER-SERVICES INTELLIGENCE (ISI), PAKISTAN
• THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
• THE GENERAL INTELLIGENCE PRESIDENCY OF THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
• ISLAMIC ALLIANCE (JAMIAT – I – ISLAMI) LED BY PROF. BARHANNUDIN RABBANI
• ISLAMIC ALLIANCE (HEZB –I – ISLAMI) (HIG) (ISLAMIC PARTY) LED BY GULBUDDIN RABBANI
• ISLAMIC ALLIANCE (HEZB – I – ISLAMI). YUNIS KHALIS (YK) FACTION
• ISLAMIC ALLIANCE. RASUL SAYYAF FACTION
• “MUJAHIDEEN” LED BY AHMED SHAH MASSOUD
• NORTHERN ALLIANCE
• TALIBAN
• AL QAEDA. LED BY OSAMA BIN LADEN
THESE GROUPS FORMED ALLIANCES, BECAME CLIENTS OF AND FOUGHT EACH OTHER FEROCIOUSLY

116. denied it killed Afghan peace envoy
Burhanuddin Rabbani in an interview

120. March 1993 - Islamabad:
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and
Burhanuddin Rabbani

135. Abdul Karim Khalili with Deputy PM of Russia Igor Sechin, May 14, 2009, Moscow.

140. Taliban beating woman in public

143. PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF
AFGHANISTAN
• WHEN THE LAST SOVIET SOLDIER LEFT IN FEB. 1989, THE ISI BACKED
OPPOSITION CALLING ITSELF THE INTERIM GOVT. CONFRONTED THE
NAJIBULLAH GOVT. MET BY 400,000 AFGHAN ARMY BACKED BY SOVIET
GROUND ATTACK AIRCRAFT FLOWN BY SOVIET PILOTS AS MERCENARIES
• BY 1991 AFGAHN ARMY DOWN TO100,000, CONTROLLING 10% OF
COUNTRY
• 1992 NORTHERN MILITIA LEADERS (LED BY UZBEK GEN. ABD AL-RASHID
DOSTUM) ON NAJIBULLAH’S PAYROLL REBELLED, CAPTURED MAZAR-I-
SHARIF & CLAIMED VICTORY IN NTHN AFGHANISTAN
• DOSTUM JOINED MASSOUD TO TAKE KABUL ON 25 APRIL 1992 &
CAPTURED MANY AIRCRAFT, HELICOPTERS, TANKS, ARTILLERY
• NAJIBULLAH’S PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC PARTY CEASED TO BE A PLAYER.
• NAJIBULLAH SOUGHT REFUGE IN U.N. COMPOUND UNTIL 1996, WHEN
TALIBAN TOOK OVER. U.N. HANDED HIM OVER – CASTRATED, DRAGGED
BEHIND A TRUCK AND HUNG ON A MOBILE CRANE.

144. ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN
• 24 APRIL 1992 PAKISTAN GOVT CREATED THE
ISLAMIC REPUBLIC AFGHANISTAN
• 28 JUNE 1992 PROF. BARHANUDDIN
RABBANI APPOINTED PRESIDENT.MODERATE
MUSLIM, 67 YRS, LEADER OF AFGHAN
NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT, MEMBER OF
MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD, AND CLIENT OF
PAKISTAN’S ISI

145. ISLAMIC ALLIANCE JAMIAT –I –ISLAMI
(RABBANI)
VS.
AHMED SHAH MASSOUD
VS.
ISLAMIC PARTY (GULBUDDIN HEKMATYAR)

146. A COMPLICATED CONFLICT SCENARIO
1. RABBANI ADMINISTRATORS CLASHED WITH MASSOUD’S PANJSHIRI
FIGHTERS
2. PANJSHIRI FIGHTERS CLASHED WITH BADAKSHANIS OF RABBANI’S
BIRTHPLACE
3. ISMAIL KHAN (MEMBER OF RABBANI’S PARTY) DECLARED HIMSELF
EMIR OF WEST AFGHANISTAN AS HIS FIEFDOM, HERAT HIS CAPITAL
4. WARLORDS TURNED THE COUNTRYSIDE INTO OPEN BANDIT COUNTRY,
HARASSING & EXTORTING MERCAHNTS & TRAVELLERS
5. “BY 1992 THERE WERE MORE PERSONAL WEAPONS IN AFGHANISTAN
THAN IN INDIA AND PAKISTAN COMBINED…ABOUT 500,000 PEOPLE IN
KABUL ON COUPONS FOR FOOD IN 1992. IN THE COUNTRYSIDE
MILLIONS MORE LIVED WITH MALNOURISHMENT, FAR FROM ANY
RELIABLE FOOD SOURCE”
(STEVE COLL. 2004)

147. CONFLICT CONT.
• APRIL 1992 ISLAMIC PARTY (HEKMATYAR) DRIVEN OUT OF KABUL BY
DOSTUM/MASSOUD. EMPTIES KABUL CENTRAL PRISON.
• THOUSANDS OF PAKISTAN SUPPLIED ROCKETS FIRED INTO KABUL
• ISLAMIC ALLIANCE (RABBANI) & ISLAMIC ALLIANCE (HEKMATYAR) FIGHT FOR
KABUL USING ARTILLERY
• DEC. 1992. THOUSANDS KABULIS DEAD &500,000 FLEE THE CITY
• HEZB-I-ISLAMI (YUNIS KHALIS FACTION) GO FREELANCE IN KABUL
(MURDER,RAPE, LOOTING)
• ISLAMIC ALLIANCE (RASUL SAYYAF FACTION) ALSO GO FREELANCE IN KABUL
(SPECIALISING IN BUTCHERY, RAPE & HOUSEBURNING IN SHI’ITE SUBURBS OF
KABUL
• FEB 1993. NEW ISLAMIC ALLIANCE FACTION JOINS HEKMATYAR – HIZB-E-
WAHDAT ISLAMI AFGHANISTAN (ISLAMIC UNITY PARTY OF AFGHANISTAN).
HAZARA GROUP, BACKED BY IRAN. IN AFSHAR DISTRICT KABUL (SUNNIS), WITH
HEKMATYAR, MASSACRED SUNNI RESIDENTS. SAYYAF FACTION MASSACRED
SHI’ITES.
• MAY 1993 PAKISTAN STRATEGY SUCCEEDED. HEKMATYAR PRIME MINISTER.
MASSOUD RESIGNED AS DEFENCE MINISTER.

148. CONFLICT CONT.
• JANUARY 1994 DOSTUM DESERTS MASSOUD & JOINS HEKMATYAR
• DOSTUM FORCES CAPTURE KABUL. HIS FORCES GO ON A RAMPAGE OF
LOOTING, RAPE & MURDER. 25,000 MORE KABULIS DEAD, 7 ITS
2MIILION POPULATION DOWN TO 500,000
• JUNE 1994. MASSOUD RECAPTURES KABUL
• PAKISTAN LOSES FAITH IN HEKMATYAR & TURNS TO A NEW MILITARY
GROUP CALLED TALIBAN: “STUDENTS OF ISLAM” “SEEKERS OF
KNOWLEDGE” (THEY EVEN WRITE POETRY!)
• “BY 1994…SHOPKEEPERS IN THE RAMSHACKLE MARKETS CLUSTERED
AROUND AHMED SHAH DURRANI’S STILL MAGNIFICENT TOMB IN
CENTRAL KANDAHAR – NOW A FUME CHOKED CITY OF PERHAPS 750,000
– BATTLED RUTHLESS EXTORTION AND ROBBERY GANGS. REPORTS OF
UNCHECKED RAPE AND ABDUCTION, INCLUDING CHILD RAPE, FUELLED A
LOCAL ATMOSPHERE OF FEAR AND SMOLDERING ANGER”
(STEVE COLL. 2004)

149. ENTER THE TALIBAN
• SAME AS WANDERING PRIESTS IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE:
DISPENSING THE WORD, SOCIAL WELFARE SERVICES, LIVING OUT
OF MADRASSAS, SUPERVISED BY MULLAHS (“GIVERS OF
KNOWLEDGE”), EXISTING OUTSIDE THE REMIT OF ANY
GOVERNMENT.
• AFGHAN TALIBAN EXISTED SINCE 1700s IN KANDAHAR REGION.
• STRONG IDEOLOGOGICAL MILITANCY BEGAN IN SOVIET TIMES.
• POTENTIAL RECOGNISED BY RULERS IN SAUDI ARABIA &
PAKISTAN. NEED TO BE PROPERLY TRAINED, ARMED &
INDOCTRINATED
• MADRASSAS SET UP BY PAKISTAN TO COLLECT THOUSANDS OF
REFUGEES, FEED, CLOTHE & PROVIDE MILITARY TRAINING

150. TALIBAN CONT.
AFGHAN TALIBAN PROJECT SPONSORS WERE:
1. INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC ORGANISATION FOR
EDUCATION (BRANCH OF MUSLIM WORLD LEAGUE OF
SAUDI ARABIA). MAJOR WORLD PROPAGATOR OF
WAHHABI ISLAM.
2. GENERAL INTELLIGENCE PRESIDENCY OF SAUDI ARABIA.
PROVIDED FUNDS & LOGISTICAL SUPPORT
3. PAKISTAN ISI WHICH MANAGED THE MADRASSA
TRAINING. BIGGEST AT HAQQANNIA: TENS OF
THOUSANDS OF RECRUITS. INDOCTRINATED WITHIN
STRICT DEOBANDI DOCTRINES
4. THE OUTCOME FOR AFGHANISTAN, WHEN THESE MEN
SEIZED POWER, WAS TERRIFYING

151. TALIBAN CONT.
REGIONAL (KANDAHAR PROVINCE) SPONSORS
OF TALIBAN:
1.HASHMAT GHANI AHMADZAI, LEADING
BUSINESSMAN & HEAD OF AHMADZAI CLAN
2.KARZAI FAMILY WHO LED PASHTUN
POPALZAI TRIBE
3.OTHER PASHTUN TRIBES WHO WANTED
PASHTUN POWER IN KABUL

152. PAKISTAN’S GEO-POLITICAL
AMBITION
• EASTERN BORDER WITH INDIA CLOSED
• LINK TO IRAN IN THE WEST BY GOOD & SAFE HIGHWAY
OPERATING THROUGH AFGHANISTAN
• LINK TO CENTRAL ASIAN REPUBLICS VIA GOOD & SAFE
HIGHWAY TO THE NORTH
• SOVIET & U.S. MONEY HAD BUILT GOOD HIGHWAYS
THROUGH AFGHANISTAN
• PROBLEM WAS SAFE HIGHWAYS
• AFTER PAKISTAN CONVOY HIGHJACKED BY WARLORDS IN
KANDAHAR, TALIBAN FIGHTERS STEPPED IN & RESCUED
CONVOY
• 80,000 – 100,000 PAKISTAN MILITARY & ISI WOULD FIGHT
ALONGSIDE TALIBAN

153. TALIBANISATION OF AFGHANISTAN
• JANUARY 1995. T. TAKE GHAZNI, URUZGAN & ZABUL
• CONTROLLED 12 0F 34 PROVINCES OUTSIDE KABUL
• MASSOUD OFFERRED TO FORM A COALITION GOVT. IN KABUL. T.
REFUSED & ATTACKED KABUL WITH ARTILLERY
• MASSOUD ATTACKED T., INFLICTING HEAVY CASUALTIES
• ISI SENT IN REINFORCEMENTS, INCL. MILITARY COMMANDERS
• 26 SEPTEMBER 1996 T. (FULLY RESOURCED BY SAUDI ARABIA &
PAKISTAN) MASSED FOR MAJOR BATTLE OF KABUL. MASSOUD
INSTEAD RETREATED TO HINDU KUSH
• 27 SEPTEMBER 1996 T. TAKE KABUL, SET UP ISLAMIC EMIRATE OF
AFGHANISTAN. 1 MILLION AFGHANS FLEE THE COUNTRY
• AFGHANS NOW LOOKED INTO FACE OF HELL:
(SEE NOTES)

154. AL QAEDA
• FOUNDER WAS OSAMA BIN LADEN, 17TH
SON OF
MOHAMMED BIN LADEN IMPOVERISHED
YEMENI MIGRANT WHO BUILT A BUSINESS
EMPIRE IN SAUDI ARABIA.
• FATHERED 50 CHILDREN FROM MANY WIVES.
KILLED IN PLANE CRASH 1967.
• OSAMA 10 YRS OLD. MOTHER NOT A FIRST
WIFE. BUT GOT REASONABLE EDUCATION IN
JEDDAH UNIV. STRONG LINKS TO MUSLIM
BROTHERHOOD & PROMOTERS OF MODERN,
ARMED JIHAD.

155. AL QAEDA CONT.
• 1981. BIN LADEN GRADUATES WITH DEGREE
ECONOMICS/PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION.ON AN
ANNUAL INCOME OF $1 MILLION.
• 1980s. CONTACT WITH HEKMATYAR & LARGE
DONATIONS. MOVED THROUGH SAUDI INTELLIGENCE
AS CIVILIAN FINANCIER OF AFGHAN CONFLICT
• BIN LADEN RECRUITED BY SAUDIs & ISI AS AMIABLE
NON-WARRIOR WITH BOTTOMLESS PIT OF MONEY
• ALSO SUPPLIED CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT TO
ANTI-SOVIET FORCES

156. AL QAEDA CONT.
• 1986 BL FUNDED & BUILT “LION’S DEN” TRAINING CAMP AT JAJI ( GUERILLA
WARFARE)
• 17 APRIL 1987. 200 SOVIET SPECIAL FORCES, “HIND” GUNSHIPS & BOMBERS
RAIDED JAJI.
• DEFENDERS HELD THEM OFF BECAUSE OF EXPERIENCED MUJAHIDEEN LEADERS
• BIN LADEN LAUDED AS MILITARY GENIUS. WENT ON RECRUITING DRIVE,
LECTURES & INTERVIEWS MADE HIM A HERO IN ARAB WORLD
• HEKMATYAR PREACHING JIHAD BEYOND AFGHANISTAN
• BIN LADEN JOINS AND AL QAEDA (“THE BASE”) IS BORN
• 1990. BL BEGINS TO LOBBY SAUDIS ON IRAQ. BECAME A DELUSIONAL
PERSONALITY – COMMANDING BIG ARMIES TO LIBERATE KUWAIT
• 1991. BL ASKED TO LEAVE SAUDI ARABIA. WESTERNISED BIN LADEN FAMILY
GREATLY EMBARRASSED.
• COMES UNDER CIA NOTICE
• BL EXILED TO SUDAN; FINANCES WHOLE RANGE OF TERRORISTS IN NORTH
AFRICA

157. AL QAEDA CONT.
• BIN LADEN LIKE A TRIBAL WARLORD PLANNING OPERATIONS
NORTH AFRICA/AFGHANISTAN
• 1992. JOINS ATTEMPT AT PEACE HEKMATYAR/MASSOUD
• 1993. BIN LADEN FAMILY FAILS TO BRING HIM BACK INTO FOLD.
CITIZENSHIP REVOKED
• 1995. CIA SEES BIN LADEN AS “FORD FOUNDATION” OF
TERRORISM. ANY VIABLE OPERATION RECEIVES MONEY
• SUDAN PRESSURED BY U.S. TO EVICT HIM FROM SUDAN. SAUDIS
WOULD HAND HIM OVER TO U.S.
• SECRET FLIGHT TO JALLALLABAD. TRIBAL CHIEFS IN SMUGGLING
TRADE.
• BL SETS UP “TARNAK FARM” TRAINING FACILITY 12 MILES FROM
KANDAHAR AIRPORT, AND PLANS “9/11”

158. CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (CIA)
“AS BIN LADEN AND HIS AIDES ENDORSED THE
SEPTEMBER 11 ATTACKS FROM THE AFGHAN
SANCTUARY, THEY WERE PURSUED SECRETLY
BY SALARIED OFFICERS FROM THE CIA. AT
THE SAME TIME BIN LADEN AND HIS CLOSEST
ALLIES RECEIVED PROTECTION, VIA THE
TALIBAN, FROM SALARIED OFFICERS IN
PAKISTAN’S INTER-SERVICES INTELLIGENCE
DIRECTORATE…”

159. CIA CONT.
“…IN THESE STRUGGLES OVER HOW BEST TO CONFRONT BIN
LADEN – AS IN PREVIOUS TURNING POINTS IN THE CIA’s
INVOLVEMENT WITH AFGHANISTAN – THE AGENCY
STRUGGLED TO CONTROL ITS MUTUALLY MISTRUSTFUL
AND AT TIMES TOXIC ALLIANCES WITH THE INTELLIGENCE
SERVICES OF SAUDI ARABIA AND PAKISTAN. THE SELF-
PERPETUATING SECRET ROUTINES OF THESE OFFICIAL
LIAISONS, AND THEIR UNEXAMINED ASSUMPTIONS,
HELPED CREATE THE AFGHANISTAN THAT BECAME
OSAMA BIN LADEN’S SANCTUARY. THEY ALSO STOKED
THE RISE OF RADICAL ISLAM IN AFGHANISTAN THAT
EXUDED VIOLENT GLOBAL AMBITIONS”
(STEVE COLL)

160. CIA CONT.
• 1997. CIA SHORT OF FUNDS, RECRUITMENT STALLED
AND TOP MANAGEMENT FLUID & UNSTABLE
• GEORGE TENET APPOINTED AS DIRECTOR JULY 1997.
FOCUS ON 5 CHALLENGES:
1. TRANSFORMATION OF RUSSIA & CHINA
2. ROGUE STATES OF NTH KOREA & IRAN
3. GLOBAL TERRORISM, NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION,
DRUGS, CRIME
4. FAILING STATES
5. REGIONAL CRISES

161. CIA CONT.
IN THE SUMMER OF 2001, PRECEDING “9/11”,
THE CIA’s COUNTER TERRORIST CENTRE WAS
OVERWHELMED BY THE MOVEMENT OF
LARGE NUMBERS OF TERRORIST SUSPECTS
AROUND THE GLOBE. KEY MEMBERS OF AL
QAEDA HAD SIMPLY VANISHED, AND THERE
WAS CONCERN REGARDING INFILTRATION
INTO THE U.S….BIN LADEN TAUNTED THEM
OPENLY (STEVE COLL)