2. THE COLD WAR
1945 - 1991
THE BEGINNINGS OF THE COLD WAR
“THIS WAR IS NOT AS IN THE PAST; WHOEVER OCCUPIES
TERRITORY ALSO IMPOSES ON IT HIS OWN SOCIAL
SYSTEM. EVERYONE IMPOSES HIS OWN SYSTEM AS FAR AS
HIS ARMY CAN REACH. IT CANNOT BE OTHERWISE.”(JOSEF
STALIN)
2.CONCESSIONS TO STALIN AT YALTA CONFERENCE(1945)
COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT POLAND AS “SECURITY
MEASURE” & KURILES FROM JAPAN
3. CONCESSIONS TO STALIN AT POTSDAM (JULY 1945): 17TH
PARALLEL VIETNAM; EXPEL GERMANS; LOSS OF 25%
GERMANY & TOOK 3500 FACTORIES &1.2 MILLION PIECES
OF MACHINERY
3. STALIN CLOSES THE IRON CURTAIN
• AT 2.00 AM ON 9 MAY 1945 THE 4TH GUARDS ARMY OF SOVIET UNION ENTERED
PRAGUE, COMPLETING THE IRON CURTAIN AROUND EASTERN EUROPE.
• STALIN HAD OUTWITTED THE ALLIES – BY ALTERING THE NAZI SURRENDER TIME
TO 7.0 PM MOSCOW TIME, 7 MAY 1945 - WHILE PATTON’S 3RD ARMY STOOD A
FEW HOURS JOURNEY OUTSIDE PRAGUE, READY TO START WORLD WAR III.
• STALIN’S SOVIET EMPIRE (SEE WORLD MAP ON DISPLAY)
+ WEST: SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS
+ NORTH WEST: ESTONIA, LATVIA, LITHUANIA
+ CENTRAL WEST: MOLDAVIA, UKRAINE
+ SOUTH WEST:CHECHNYA,ABKHAZ, NAGORNO-KARABH
+ SOUTH: ALL OF THE OLD RUSSIAN EMPIRE CONQUERED BY THE BOLSHEVIKS
+ EAST:TO PACIFIC OCEAN, VLADIVOSTOCK, KAMCHATKA PEN. & ISLANDS IN SEA
OF JAPAN
+ EASTERN EUROPE: GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC, POLAND,
CZECHSLOVAKIA, HUNGARY, YUGOSLAVIA, ALBANIA,ROMANIA, BULGARIA
+ GREECE: FOMENTED CIVIL WAR TO ESTABLISH COMMUNISM
+ FRANCE & ITALY: STRONG COMMUNIST INFLUENCE (ESPECIALLY ITALY)
5. POST-WAR EUROPEAN REFUGEE
CRISIS 1945 - 1953
• 5.5 MILLION SOVIET NATIONALS WHO WERE NAZI
P.O.W.s REPATRIATED, WHERE 1 IN 5 EXECUTED OR SENT
TO GULAGS ON STALIN’S ORDERS
• 1.2 MILLION FRENCHMEN FORCED LABOUR IN GERMANY
• 1.6 MILLION POLES IN CONCENTRATION/LABOUR CAMPS
350,000 CZECHS, 300,000 DUTCH & 300,000 BELGIANS IN
CAMPS.
• 13 MILLION GERMANS EXPELLED FROM SOVIET OCCUPIED
GERMANY, CZECH SUDETENLAND, ROMANIA, YUGOSLVIA,
POLAND
• UNKNOWN NUMBER DEATH CAMP SURVIVORS (4 0UT OF
10 DIED AFTER LIBERATION)
7. STALIN’S ASIAN MOVES
• AFTER THE 1949 CREATION OF PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF
CHINA, MAO & STALIN WERE SOULMATES & MASSIVE AID
TO CHINA ORDERED BY STALIN
• STALIN ORDERS 150,000 SOVIET TROOPS TO 38TH
PARALLEL IN KOREA AS AGREED WITH U.S., & THEY FACED
77,000 U.S. OCCUPATION FORCES
• STALIN HAD STUDIED U.S. PACIFIC CAMPAIGN & WANTED
TO TEST U.S. IN AN ASIAN CONTINENTAL WAR, WHILE
BEST U.S. GENERALS IN EUROPE.
• 4 A.M. 25 JUNE 1950,, 50,000 NORTH KOREAN PEOPLES’
ARMY INVADED SOUTH KOREA (USSR WOULD SENT RED
AIR FORCE TO CHINA/KOREA BORDER & CHINA WOULD
EVENTUALLY ENTER KOREAN WAR)
8. GEORGE KENNAN’S “LONG
TELEGRAM” TO WASHINGTON
BASED ON STALIN’S “BOLSHOI THEATRE” SPEECH & POST-WAR SOVIET
OUTLOOK THERE ARE 6 POSSIBLE U.S. POLICY DEDUCTIONS:
1. USSR STILL ANTAGONISTIC TO A “CAPITALIST ENCIRCLEMENT” WHERE
PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE IMPOSSIBLE.
2. USSR BELIEVES INTERNAL CONFLICTS INHERENT IN CAPITALIST SOCIETY.
3. USSR BELIEVES THESE INTERNAL CONFLICTS GENERATE WARS.
4. CONFLICTS BETWEEN CAPITALIST STATES …HOLD OUT GREAT
POSSIBILITIES FOR ADVANCEMENT OF SOCIALIST CAUSE, PARTICULARLY
IF USSR REMAINS MILITARILY POWERFUL, IDEOLOGICALLY
MONOLITHIC, AND FAITHFUL TO ITS PRESENT BRILLIANT LEADERSHIP.
5. THERE ARE “ENLIGHTENED” GOVERNMENTS IN THE CAPITALIST WORLD
IN UNITY WITH COMMUNIST PARTIES.
6. BEWARE OF LEFT-WING LEADERS WHO USE THE DEVICES OF SOCIALISM
TO FURTHER THE INTERESTS OF “REACTIONARY CAPITALISM”.
9. H. F. MATTHEWS POLICY
MEMORANDUM TO STATE DEPT. 1946
1. U.S. COULD NOT MATCH USSR IN LAND WARFARE,
BUT HAD SUPREMACY IN SEA & AIR ASSETS IF USED
IN A DEFENSIVE POSTURE.
2. RISK OF USSR AGGRESSION: FINLAND,
SCANDINAVIA, EAST/CENTRAL/S.E.
EUROPE,IRAN,IRAQ,TURKEY, AFGHANISTAN,
SINKIANG & MANCHURIA.
3. U.S. SHOULD OPERATE THROUGH U.N.
4. U.K. SHOULD BE BUILT UP MILITARILY &
ECONOMICALLY BECAUSE OF STRATEGIC REACH,
HISTORICALLY, IN MANY SENSITIVE AREAS. (READ
FROM CHURCHILL’S “SINEWS OF PEACE” LECTURE).
10. THE MARSHALL PLAN. 1948
EUROPEAN RECOVERY PLAN (ERP)
“ THE GREAT MARQUEE OF EUROPEAN
CIVILISATION IN WHOSE LIGHT WE ALL GREW
UP, AND READ, AND WROTE, OR LOVED, OR
TRAVELLED HAS FALLEN DOWN; THE SIDE ROPES
ARE FRAYED; THE CENTRE POLE IS BROKEN, THE
CHAIRS AND TABLES ARE IN PIECES, THE TENT IS
EMPTY; THE ROSES ARE WITHERED ON THEIR
STANDS.”
(AN ENGLISH EDITOR’S COLUMN IN “HORIZONS”.
THE WINTER OF 1946)
11. THE MARSHALL PLAN: CONT.
• ON 3 APRIL 1948 PRESIDENT TRUMAN SIGNED INTO LAW:
“ AN ACT TO PROMOTE WORLD PEACE AND THE GENERAL
WELFARE, NATIONAL INTEREST, AND FOREIGN POLICY OF
THE UNITED STATES THROUGH ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL,
AND OTHER MEASURES NECESSARY TO THE
MAINTENANCE OF THE STRENGTH AND STABILITY OF THE
UNITED STATES.” KNOWN AS THE MARSHALL PLAN, IT
PROVIDED SUBSTANTIAL ECONOMIC AID &
ADMINISTRATIVE EXPERTISE TO REVIVE THE 18
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES WHO SIGNED ON TO THE PLAN.
• STALIN’S WORST STRATEGIC BLUNDER WAS NOT TO SIGN
ON FOR THE USSR & IRON CURTAIN COUNTRIES. IT WAS
THEIR ECONOMIC & POLITICAL DEATH SENTENCE CARRIED
OUT AT THE END OF THE CENTURY.
12.
13. TASK NO. 1: FIRST TACTICAL ATOM
BOMB (30 KILOTON) TESTED 1949
15. U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY ACT
26 JULY 1947
1. ESTABLISHED NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
2. MERGED WAR & NAVY DEPARTMENTS INTO
NATIONAL MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT
3. ESTABLISHED U.S. AIR FORCE AS SEPARATE
FROM ARMY
4. CREATED DIRECTOR, CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
AGENCY. IT HAD: “ …NO POLICE,SUBPOENA, OR
LAW ENFORCEMENT POWERS.” (EXPECTED TO
HAVE, “A HEALTHY EXCHANGE OF VIEWS &
ABILITIES” WITH OTHER GOVT. AGENCIES)
16. 1947: SOVIET KOMITET INFORMATSII
(COMMITTEE OF INFORMATION: K.I.)
• ESTABLISHED UNDER FOREIGN MINISTER
MOLOTOV’S CONTROL
• COMBINED MINISTRY OF STATE SECURITY
(MGB) & SOVIET MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
(GRU)
• TASKED TO FIGHT THE COLD WAR AGAINST
THE U.S. – THE MAIN ADVERSARY.
(COMMENT ON AUSTRALIA’S SIGNIFICANCE AS
SEEN BY K.I.)
17. UNITED STATES OBJECTIVES &
PROGRAMS FOR NATIONAL SECURITY
“TOP SECRET” PAPER (NSC-68) ON 7 APRIL
1950: COMMUNISM HAD TRIUMPHED IN
MANY PLACES IN EUROPE & ASIA; USSR HAD
ATOMIC BOMB; USSR NOW ANOTHER
DOMINANT POWER: “…ANIMATED BY A NEW
FANATIC FAITH …(AND WAS DRIVEN TO)…
“IMPOSE ITS ABSOLUTE AUTHORITY OVER
THE REST OF THE WORLD…(CONFLICT
BETWEEN U.S. AND U.S.S.R) …”WAS NOW
ENDEMIC.”
18. COUNTERMEASURES PROPOSED BY
NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY
U.S. SHOULD BUILD A DETERRENCE TO U.S.S.R.
AMBITIONS BY:
1. MASSIVE BUILD – UP OF CONVENTIONAL &
NUCLEAR ARMS.
2. BUILD-UP A FOCUS ON PROTECTING U.S. & FROM
SOVIET LAND & AIR ATTACKS ON ALLIES.
3. STRENGTHEN COMMUNICATIONS.
4. ACCELERATE TECHNICAL SUPERIORITY BY “…AN
ACCELERATED EXPLOITATION OF ITS SCIENTIFIC
POTENTIAL”
(STALIN’S MANY TESTS OF U.S.: KOREA IN 1950 & MANY
MORE IN EUROPE)
19. NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
ORGANISATION (NATO)
• TREATY OF BRUSSELS. 27 MARCH 1948;
BELGIUM,NETHERLANDS,LUXE,FRANCE & BRITAIN.FEARS THAT
USSR WOULD OCCUPY MORE COUNTRIES WHICH COULD NOT
STAND AGAINST RED ARMY (6 MILLION)
• NATO. 4 APRIL 1949. BELGIUM,NETH.,LUXE,FRANCE,BRITAIN,U.S.,
CANADA,POT.,ITALY,NORWAY,DENMARK, ICELAND
• U.S. OBJECTION TO ART.5,& TRUMAN’S WAY AROUND IT AS A
COMPROMISE.
• FRANCE LEAVES NATO IN 1959. SAW ITSELF AS AN INDEPENDENT
WORLD POWER (NUCLEAR, STRONG ECONOMY & WEAPONS
INDUSTRY)
• USSR THREATENED NORWAY WITH MILITARY ACTION 1948
• WARSAW PACT ATTACK PLANS EG; DENMARK 1959
21. WARSAW PACT (TREATY OF
FRIENDSHIP, CO-OPERATION,
MUTUAL ASSISTANCE)
• MAY 1955. USSR, BULGARIA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, EAST
GERMANY, HUNGARY, POLAND, RUMANIA &
ALBANIA, ESTABLISHED TO COUNTER NATO POWER
• STALIN DIRECTIVE 1951: EACH IRON CURTAIN
COUNTRY MUST CONTRIBUTE TO A 3 MILLION MAN
ARMY TO ADD TO USSR 6 MILLION, READY TO
CONFRONT THE WEST.
• USSR COERCED MEMBER COUNTRIES.
• ULTIMATELY USED AGAINST OWN MEMBERS: 1956
HUNGARIAN REVOLUTION KILLED/WOUNDED 8700;
“PRAGUE SPRING” 4000 KILLED/WOUNDED
24. STALIN’S HEIRS (FOLLOWING HIS
DEATH IN 1953)
1. GEORGII MALENKOV. SUCCESSOR. TOTALLY LOYAL TO
THE VOZHD. ADMINISTRATOR & ASSOCIATE OF
LAVRENTII BERIA.
2. LAVRENTII BERIA. CLAIMS HE “FINISHED OFF”
STALIN. PAEDOPHILE & MURDERER. HEAD OF KGB.
DEEMED TOO DANGEROUS. TORTURED & SHOT.
3. NICOLAI BULGANIN.MILITARY. MINISTER OF
DEFENCE. SAVED KHRUSHCHEV FROM EXECUTION IN
1943.
4. NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV. UKRAINIAN . ILLUSTRIOUS
CAREER AS COMMISSAR IN GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR.
PRODIGIOUS DRINKER. INFLUENTIAL MENTORS.
25. STALIN’ LEGACY: HIS RULEBOOK FOR
THE WORLD’S DESPOTS
1. BREAK THE PEOPLE WITH A REIGN OF TERROR.
2. SHUT DOWN THE BORDERS & THE COUNTRY’S
INMATES WILL COME TO HEEL – THERE IS NOWHERE
FOR THEM TO HIDE FROM SECRET POLICE & THEIR
INFORMERS.
3. KEEP YOUR PEOPLE POOR & MOSTLY STUPID, BUT
WHAT WEALTH THEY CREATE, EXPROPRIATE FOR
YOURSELF.
4. APPOINT PSYCHOTICS TO RUN YOUR SECRET POLICE.
5. CREATE PRISONS, LABOUR CAMPS, & CLINICS FOR
PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE.
26. BEFORE & AFTER. PROMINENT
DISSIDENT JOURNALIST “CHEMICALLY
LOBOTOMISED”
27. KHRUSHCHEV’S ECONOMIC
FANTASIES FOR SOVIET UNION
“ IN KHRUSHCHEV’S FANTASY, THE SOVIET UNION,
BESIDES BEING SCIENTIFICALLY & MILITARILY
AHEAD OF THE UNITED STATES, WOULD SOON
EXCEED IT IN INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT AS WELL. ON
JUNE 4, 1958, HE TOLD THE SEVENTH CONGRESS
OF THE BULGARIAN COMMUNIST PARTY: ‘ WE
ARE FIRMLY CONVINCED THAT THE TIME IS
APPROACHING WHEN SOCIALIST COUNTRIES
WILL OUTSTRIP THE MOST DEVELOPED
CAPITALIST COUNTRIES NOT ONLY IN TEMPO
BUT ALSO IN VOLUME OF INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTION.” (HENRY KISSINGER)
28. ECONOMIC REALITIES OF SOVIET
ECONOMY
• STUDIES SHOWED THAT ON A PER CAPITA BASIS, USSR
LAGGED U.S. ON AVERAGE BY 20 YEARS IN STEEL
PRODUCTION, ELECTRIC POWER & NATURAL GAS. IN
FOOD & CLOTHING IT LAGGED BY 80 YEARS.
• HEAVY INDUSTRY & ARMAMENTS RELIANCE HAD SKEWED
USSR ECONOMY IRRETRIEVABLY.
• IN A VISIT TO US KHRUSHCHEV SAW AN IBM “DESK-TOP
COMPUTER’ & DISMISSED IT AS JUST ANOTHER US
GADGET. THE “BASIC” PROGRAM IT USED WAS JOINTLY
WRITTEN BY A HUNGARIAN REFUGEE, JOHN KEMENY.
• USSR’s MAIN STRUCTURAL WEAKNESS WAS AGRICULTURE
PRODUCED BY COLLAPSING STATE FARMS
29. KHRUSHCHEV’s BERLIN WALL:
“OPERATION ROSE”
“ A LATER C.I.A. ACCOUNT TOLD A STORY OF THE
SOVIET LEADER, NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV, ASKING A
MILITARY DESIGNER HOW MANY NUCLEAR
MISSILES IT WOULD TAKE TO DESTROY BRITAIN
AND FRANCE. BEFORE THE DESIGNER COULD
REPLY, THE ACCOUNT CONTINUED, DMITRI
USTINOV, CHAIRMAN OF THE MILITARY –
INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION (OF THE U.S.S.R.)
REPLIED, ‘FIVE, A FEW MORE FOR FRANCE –
SEVEN OR NINE, DEPENDING ON YOUR CHOICE
OF TARGETS.”
30. DIAGRAM OF THE BERLIN WALL:
US MOBILISES, KHRUSHCHEV BACKS
OFF, BUT WALL STAYS
31. KHRUSHCHEV’S NEXT MOVE: CUBAN
MISSILE CRISIS. JULY 1962
• “OPERATION ANADYR”: A FLEET OF 85 SOVIET SHIPS
MAKING 150 TRIPS – EACH THOUSANDS OF MILES
FROM SIBERIAN PORT TO CUBA CARRYING 40,000
TROOPS, 82 AIRCRAFT, 360 ARMOURED VEHICLES &
42 MISSILES, TO JOIN 250,000 CUBAN TROOPS, 250
TANKS, 60 AIRCRAFT & 700 ANTI-AIRCRAFT GUNS.
• “THIS WAS A GAMBLER’S THROW BASED LESS ON
INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT THAN ON KHRUSHCHEV’S
OWN ASSESSMENT AND AN UNDERESTIMATE OF
AMERICAN RESOLVE IN GENERAL, AND OF THE
YOUTHFUL JOHN F KENNEDY IN PARTICULAR.”
34. BREZHNEV’s RE-STALINISATION:
CORRUPTION & ECONOMIC RUIN
BREZHNEV MADE IT WORSE:
1. SOVIET EMPIRE FRAYING AT THE EDGES
2. A DYSFUNCTIONAL COMMAND ECONOMY
3. SOVIET YOUTH EMBRACING WESTERN IDEAS
4. QUALITY OF LIFE PRIMITIVE
5. SOVIET EMPIRE’s WEALTH BEING TAKEN BY
NOMENKLATURA - A CORRUPT ELITE
6. ELITE PROTECTED THEMSELVES WITH KGB – THEIR
“PRAETORIAN GUARD”
7. KGB INSINUATED THEMSELVES INTO RULING ELITE
8. BREZHNEV’s TASK WAS TO KEEP EMPIRE GLUED
TOGETHER BUT EVENTUALLY COLLAPSED
38. “ MIKHAEL GORBACHEV, THE SEVENTH IN A DIRECT LINE
FROM LENIN, HAD BEEN RAISED IN A SOVIET UNION THAT
ENJOYED UNPRECEDENTED POWER AND PRESTIGE. YET HE
WAS DESTINED TO PRESIDE OVER THE DEMISE OF THE
EMPIRE BUILT WITH SO MUCH BLOOD AND TREASURE.
WHEN GORBACHEV ASSUMED OFFICE IN 1985, HE WAS
THE LEADER OF A NUCLEAR SUPER POWER WHICH WAS IN
A STATE OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DECAY. WHEN HE WAS
TOPPLED IN 1991, THE SOVIET ARMY HAD THROWN ITS
SUPPORT BEHIND HIS RIVAL, BORIS YELTSIN, THE
COMMUNIST PARTY HAD BEEN DECLARED ILLEGAL, AND
THE EMPIRE WHICH HAD BEEN SO BLOODILY ASSEMBLED
BY EVERY RULER SINCE PETER THE GREAT HAD
DISINTEGRATED.” HENRY KISSINGER
40. THE COLD WAR’s END OF DAYS
• 1986. DESPITE GORBACHEV’s REFORMS AFTER 27TH CONGRESS:
GLASNOST (TRANSPARENT GOVERNMENT); PERESTROIKA
(RESTRUCTURING SOCIETY); DEMOKRATIZATSIYA
(DEMOCRATISATION OF POLITICS); USKORENIYE (ACCELERATION
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT)
• 1989. GORBACHEV LOST CONTROL OF SOVIET ECONOMY: DEFICIT
OF 109 ROUBLES; ONLY 105 OF GOLD RESERVES LEFT; FOOD
RATIONING AT WARTIME LEVELS; FACTORIES ETC. NOT PAYING
EMPLOYEES.
• 1990s GREAT RUSSIAN RECESSION
• 1991: “GANG OF 8” COUP AGAINST GORBACHEV FOILED BY
YELTSIN
• 1991: RUSSIA, UKRAINE & BELARUS ABOLISHED SOVIET UNION &
FORMED COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES
42. COLD WAR IN CZECHSLOVAKIA
• MAY 1946 STALIN ORDERED A “SOFT-LINE”
SHOWCASE GOVT. (INCL. NON-COMMUNISTS).
• MAY 1948 STALIN ORDERED A COUP AGAINST GOVT.
BECAUSE OF INDEPENDENCE & INSTALLED MOSCOW
CONTROL
• STALIN RANT BEFORE PURGE OF CZECH COMS. PARTY:
“…EVERY JEW’S A NATIONALIST AND AN AGENT OF
AMERICAN INTELLIGENCE…WHO BELIEVES THE USA
SAVED THEIR PEOPLE (ALSO RANTED “…THE KILLERS
IN WHITE COATS”) WHY? GOLDA MEIER HAD
REJECTED SOVIET OVERTURES.
43. COLD WAR IN GERMANY: BERLIN
AIRLIFT (APRIL 1948-APRIL 1949)
• SEE LECTURE 2 MAP ABOVE
• INFORMAL AGREEMENT ON MAINTENANCE
OF LAND/AIR CORRIDORS ACCESS TO BERLIN
FOR ALLIES
• 12 MARCH 1948 STALIN ORDERED ACCESS
RESTRICTION & BERLINERS AS HOSTAGES FOR
FUTURE SOVIET POLICIES
44. BERLIN BLOCKADE BEGINS.
1 APRIL – 10 APRIL
• 1 APRIL.NO RAIL FREIGHT. EVERY WAGON SEARCHED
MINUTELY.
• 2 APRIL U.S. GEN. CLAY: ALL SUPPLIES TO MILITARY TO
BE AIRLIFTED (20 FLIGHTS/DAY)
• 5 APRIL. “YAK” FIGHTER COLLIDES WITH BRITISH
AIRLINER KILLING ALL
• 9 APRIL. SOVIETS REMOVE NAVIGATION BEACONS ON
BERLIN AIR CORRIDORS
• 10 APRIL. RAIL FREIGHT BLOCKADE LIFTED BUT
RANDOM BLOCKADES RAIL & ROAD.
• 10 APRIL. AIRLIFTING MAINTAINED AT 16 DAYS FOOD
SUPPLY.
46. BERLIN BLOCKADE
20 APRIL – 20 JUNE
• 20 APRIL. BARGE TRAFFIC INTO BERLIN
RESTRICTED.
• TO COUNTER WEST GERMAN D’MARK
INSTRUCTS BERLIN TO USE EAST GERMAN MARK
• 18 JUNE. ALLIES PLACE IN BERLIN 250 MILL. NEW
WEST DEUTSCHMARKS FOR ALL SECTOR USE.
• 19 JUNE. HALT TO ALL TRAIN, AUTOBAHN
TRAFFIC & RESTRICT BARGES
• 20 JUNE. U.S. MILITARY SUPPLY TRAIN STOPPED
& SENT BACK TO WEST GERMANY.
49. BERLIN BLOCKADE
22 JUNE – 25 JUNE
• 22 JUNE. SOVIETS INTRODUCE THEIR CURRENCY
– THE “OSTMARK”
• 24 JUNE. ALL LAND & WATER CONNECTIONS
EAST & WEST BERLIN SEVERED
• 25 JUNE. FOOD SUPPLIES STOPPED, ELECTRICITY
FROM EAST CUT OFF(36 DAYS FOOD & 45 DAYS
COAL LEFT)
• 25 JUNE. 1 MILLION RED ARMY BEGIN
MANOEUVRES OUTSIDE BERLIN
• 25 JUNE. ALLIES HAVE ONLY 15,000 COMBAT
TROOPS IN BERLIN
50. BERLIN BLOCKADE
25 JUNE – END AUGUST
• U.S. GEN. CLAY NEGOTIATES FOR THREE 20-MILE
WIDE AIR CORRIDORS INTO BERLIN, USING ONLY
CARGO PLANES (NO MILITARY THREAT). (SEE
MAP ABOVE)
• 25 JUNE. “OPERATION VITTLES”. BY WEEK 2,
1000 FLIGHTS PER WEEK FOOD/MEDICINE.
• 13 AUGUST. 2 CARGO PLANES COLLIDE
TEMPLEHOF FOG/RAIN.AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
CENTRAL COMMAND.
• END AUGUST. AIRLIFTING 1500
FLIGHTS/DAY/4500 TONS OF CARGO.
53. BERLIN BLOCKADE:ENDGAME
• 773 INCIDENTS OF SOVIET HARRASSMENT OF
PLANES:ARTILLERY;ROCKETS;BOMBING;EXPLOSIONS;
SEARCHLIGHT DAZZLE;FIGHTER PLANE BUZZING.
• SOVIETS OFFERRED FREE FOOD IF WEST BERLINERS TORE UP
RATION CARDS & SUSTAINED PROPAGANDA ABOUT WEST
LEAVING BERLIN.
• EX-LUFTWAFFE GROUND CREWS KEPT PLANES FLYING.
• FOGS PREVENTED LANDINGS NOV./DEC. BERLIN DOWN TO 1
WEEK SUPPLY COAL.
• APRIL 1949 AIRLIFT: RECORD 234,476 TONS
• SOVIETS GAVE UP 15 APRIL 1949.
• 71 AIRCREW KILLED. COST OF AIRLIFT $500 MILLION
• SOVIET INTENTIONS IN GERMANY BECOMING CLEARER.
55. GOSPLAN
SOVIET UNION & NEWLY ACQUIRED SATELLITE COUNTRIES TO BE ONE VAST
“COMMAND ECONOMY” CONTROLLED CENTRALLY BY STATE PLANNING
COMMISSION: “GOSPLAN”: FIVE YEAR PLANS (STALIN’S ):
1. SET PRODUCTION TARGETS
2. EVERY PRODUCTION UNIT HAD A PLANNING MINISTRY WHICH SET FOR
THE UNIT: MIX OF INPUTS (LABOUR, MATERIALS ETC.);TARGET DATES
FOR PRODUCTION RUNS;OUTPUT TARGETS & PRICES
INSTEAD OF LEONTIEFF MATHEMATICS THEY USED MARX’S SIMPLE
ARITHMETIC, PERCENTAGES & ARITHMETIC MEANS.
IN THE LOWER RUNGS OF ORGANISATION EVERY AREA WAS IMPENETRABLE
“SILOs”. KEPT INFO TO THEMSELVES; NEVER QUESTIONED MOSCOW;
NO EXCHANGE OF IDEAS;SHOP FLOOR FAILURES WENT UNREPORTED;
BARTER SYSTEMS JUST TO GET RIGHT MATERIALS ; MACHINE PARTS
JUST TO KEEP PRODUCTION UNITS WORKING.
57. GOSPLAN CONT.
THE “SHITOV” FACTOR = 1.96
• VERY BRIGHT N. VOSNESENSKY (AGE 44) STALIN
APPOINTEE (STALIN’S SUCCESSOR?) TO RUN GOSPLAN.
• 1948. STALIN CONFRONTING MARSHALL PLAN. ORDERS
STATS DOCTORED TO TAKE OUT SEASONAL DIP IN
INDUSTRIAL PRODN.
• VOSNESENSKY “COOKED” THE NUMBERS BUT HAD TO
DESTROY 526 FILES WHICH SHOWED THIS.
• BERIA TOLD IRATE STALIN RECUPERATING FROM STROKE.
• V. WAS IN MOLTOV’S FACTION AGAINST BERIA
• V. ARRESTED IN 214 LENINGRAD PURGE DEC. 1949 WITH
FAMILY – ALL ON “CONVEYOR BELT” LUBYANKA & ALL
DISAPPEARED.
58. COMMUNISM’s GROSS DOMESTIC
PRODUCT SHIBBOLETH
• U.S.S.R’s 5 YEAR PLANS HEAVILY SKEWED TO
HEAVY INDUSTRY WHICH GAVE IT A MASSIVE
TOTAL GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT BUT PER
CAPITA LAGGED WESTERN ECONOMIES (BY
BETWEEN 25 & 69 YEARS)
• LITTLE CONSUMER GOODS SO BLACK
MARKET BY CRIMINALS. BECAME
“OLIGARCHS” DURING BREZHNEV ERA
59. COMECON (COUNCIL FOR MUTUAL
ASSISTANCE)
• STALIN’S BIZARRE & DYSFUNCTIONAL
ECONOMIC SYSTEM INCLUDED THE SATELLITES
FROM JANUARY 1949: BULGARIA, HUNGARY,
POLAND & ROMANIA, WRECKING THEIR
ECONOMIES.
• USSR SOLD TRASH RAW MATERIALS &
MACHINERY AT WELL ABOVE WORLD PRICE TO
COMECON & EXPECTED IMPORTS FROM
COMECON TO BE SOLD CHEAPLY.
• “BELARUS” TRACTORS SOLD IN AUSTRALIA (PASS
AROUND NOTES)
60. MARSHALL PLAN: REBUILDING
WESTERN EUROPE. 3 APRIL 1948
• 17 COUNTRIES IN WAR SHATTERED EUROPE (270
MILLION PEOPLE) SIGNED UP FOR THE PLAN
(OFFICIALLY: ECONOMIC RECOVERY PROGRAM.
ERP) TO INCREASE DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
• TOTAL PROGRAM COST $3 BILLION (SOME
ESTIMATES FOR TODAY’S DOLLARS $130
BILLION)
• INITIAL $13 MILLION SPLIT: U.K. 26%; FRANCE
18%; W. GERMANY 11%; ITALY 9 %; HOLAND 9%
BELGIUM 6%; OTHERS 21%.
61. MARSHALL PLAN CONT.: TECHNICAL
ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
• MASSIVE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER WHEN 24,000 ENGINEERS &
MANAGERS FROM THE 17 COUNTRIES SENT TO U.S. TO LEARN
LATEST METHODS OF PRODUCTION & MANAGEMENT.
• THE IMPETUS TO EUROPE WAS STAGGERING;
+ALLOWED PRE-WAR ADMINISTRATION STRUCTURE TO RE-BUILD.
+ INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION UP BY 35% IN 4 YEARS.
+ AGRICULTURE PASSED FROM STARVATION TO PLENTY
+ POST WAR POVERTY ELIMINATED
+ WESTERN EUROPE ON A GROWTH CURVE WHICH CONTINUES.
+ NEUTRALISED COMMUNISM WHICH FED ON DISCONTENT
+ COUNTRIES HAD TO CO-OPERATE; SET FOUNDATIONS FOR E.U.
(COMPARE WITH EFFECTIVENESS OF MONEY SPENT IN
AFGHANISTAN)
64. NATO
• TREATY OF BRUSSELS. 27 MARCH 1948 BETWEEN
BELGIUM,NETHERLANDS, LUXEMBOURG, FRANCE &
BRITAIN.STRONG FEAR THAT U.S.S.R. WOULD TRY TO
OCCUPY MORE COUNTRIES. BUT BERLIN BLOCKADE
SHOWED THESE COUNTRIES COULD NOT WITHSTAND
RED ARMY ONSLAUGHT.
• NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANISATION (NATO). 4
APRIL 1949. BELGIUM, NETHERLANDS, LUXEMBOURG,
FRANCE, BRITAIN, U.S.,CANADA, PORTUGAL, ITALY,
NORWAY, DENMARK & ICELAND
65.
66. U.S. & NATO
• U.S. CONGRESS DID NOT WANT A TREATY (ARTICLE 5)
AUTOMATICALLY REQUIRING U.S. TO DEFEND EUROPE.
NATO ALLIES DID NOT WANT TO WATER DOWN ART. 5.
• TRUMAN COMPROMISE: EACH MEMBER NATO ONLY:
“…TAKE SUCH ACTION AS IT DEEMS NECESSARY, INCL. THE
USE OF ARMED FORCE, TO RESTORE & MAINTAIN THE
SECURITY OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC AREA.”
• TRUMAN’S POSITION: PRECEDENT OF THE RIO TREATY OF
THE AMERICAS: “…AN ATTACK ON ONE IS AN ATTACK ON
ALL.” ALSO U.N. CHARTER STATED: “…ALLIES JOINTLY &
SEVERALLY TAKING MEASURES TO RESTORE PEACE &
SECURITY.” THESE TRUMAN POSITIONS WOULD SEVERELY
TEST OTHER U.S. PRESIDENTS DURING THE COLD WAR.
68. OPPOSITION TO NATO BY FRANCE &
ITALY 1948
• STALIN ORDERED STRONG COM. PARTIES IN
FRANCE & ITALY TO OPPOSE.
• A NUCLEAR FRANCE UNDER DE GAULLE WAS
OFFERED “4 POLICEMEN” STATUS ON GLOBAL
SECURITY – REPLACING USSR. FRANCE LEFT AS
FULL MEMBER NATO.
• USSR THREATENED NORWAY WITH MILITARY
ACTION 1948
• PUTIN FOUND “SECRET FILE” CLAIMING USSR
WANTED TO JOIN NATO.
69. TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP, CO-
OPERATION& MUTUAL ASSISTANCE
• SIGNED IN MAY 1955: USSR, BULGARIA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA,
E.GERMANY, HUNGARY,POLAND, RUMANIA & ALBANIA.
• KNOWN AS THE “WARSAW PACT” (MILITARY COMPONENT OF
COMECON) TO COUNTER NATO POWER.
• GREW OUT OF 1951 STALIN DIRECTIVE THAT EACH MEMBER
WOULD HAVE TO CONTRIBUTE TOWARDS A COMBINED ARMY OF
3 MILLION (EXCL. USSR’s 6 MILLION) & BE COMBAT READY.
• KREMLIN ENVISAGED A SINGLE COMMUNIST MILITARY-POLITICAL
BLOC READY TO CONFRONT THE WEST. FORMALISED IN 1955.
• THE WHOLE EXERCISE WAS KNOWN TO BE COERCION BY USSR ON
OTHER PARTICIPANTS.
71. WARSAW PACT IN WAR AGAINST ITS
OWN MEMBERS
• 4 NOVEMBER 1956 RED ARMY & DIVISIONS
FROM RUMANIA & UKRAINE KILLING
/WOUNDING 8700 & REDUCING EAST
HUNGARY TO RUBBLE.
• 21 AUGUST 1968, 200,000 TROOPS & 200
TANKS FROM USSR, BULGARIA, POLAND &
HUNGARY INVADED CZECHSLOVAKIA.
76. KOREAN WAR
• THE KOREAN WAR IS THE ONLY CONTINENTAL
WAR FOUGHT BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES &
ITS ALLIES IN ASIA, SO FAR, AGAINST AN ASIAN
CONTINENTAL ARMY COMPRISING COMMUNIST
CHINA, NORTH KOREA AND THE SOVIET UNION.
• THE AIM OF STALIN & MAO ZEDONG WAS TO
TEST THE U.S. POLITICAL RESOLVE, GENERALSHIP
& FIGHTING QUALITIES IN AN ASIAN
CONTINENTAL SETTING.
• THEY NEARLY SUCCEDED.
77. U.S. STRATEGIC ERRORS IN KOREA
RELATING TO CHINA
• AFTER THE CAPTURE OF PYONGYANG IN OCTOBER
1950, AND DESTRUCTION OF THE NKPA THERE WAS
EUPHORIA IN GEN. MACARTHUR’S H.Q.
• MACARTHUR STOOD DOWN RESERVE TROOPS &
AMMUNITION SUPPLIES FROM U.S. TO HAWAII.
• HE ISSUED ORDERS TO PURSUE ENEMY ALL THE WAY
TO THE YALU RIVER
• THIS ADVANCE TOOK PLACE IN FRIGHTFUL TERRAIN,
IN AN INTELLIGENCE VACUUM: NO TRAINED STAFF TO
DO AIR PHOTO INTERPRETATION – WHICH WOULD
HAVE REVEALED CHINESE BUILD-UP ALONG YALU
RIVER
79. AMBUSH OF U.S. & R.O.K. FORCES AT
CH’ONCH’ON RIVER. OCT.1950
• 24 OCTOBER 1950. CHINESE XIII ARMY GROUP
(350,000) & 80,000 NKPA WAITED ON AMBUSH
LINES, CH’ONCH’ON RIVER AS U.S. 8TH ARMY
(150,000) MOVED UP FROM PYONGYANG, INTO
A FUNNEL OF COASTLINE & MOUNTAINS(MAPS)
• 26 OCTOBER 1950. 1ST & 6TH ROK DIVISIONS
DESTROYED ON REACHING YALU R. + REGIMENT
OF 1 CAV. DIV. U.S. ARMY. BIG LOSS OF
EQUIPMENT.
81. AMBUSH OF 1st MARINE DIVISION ON
CHOSIN (A.K.A. CHANGJIN)
RESERVOIR. 27 NOV. 1950
• 120,000 CHINESE COMMUNIST FORCES (CCF)
AMBUSHED 1st MARINES ON FROZEN
RESERVOIR, FREEZING WEATHER,NIGHT, NORTH
EAST KOREA, 120 MILES MANCHURIAN BORDER
• 17 DAY BATTLE & FIGHTING RETREAT OF
EXHAUSTED MARINES TO HUNGNAM &
WONSAN PORTS WHERE RETREATING X CORPS
JOINED THEM
• U.S. LOSSES WERE 7000 FROSTBITE + 11,400
KILLED/WOUNDED
84. RETREAT TO 38th PARALLEL
• IN THE WEST CHINESE OUTRAN SUPPLIES, ALLOWING
8th ARMY RETREAT 250 MILES TO 38th PARALLEL
(KNOWN AS “THE BIG BUGOUT’). 13,000 CASUALTIES
AND LOSS HUGE AMOUNT WAR MATERIEL.
• IN EAST 10th CORPS EVACUATED TO PUSAN FOR
RECONSTRUCTION.
• 1 MILLION NORTH KOREAN CIVILIANS FLEE SOUTH
• 5 NOVEMBER. MACARTHUR ORDERS BOMBING OF
YALU RIVER CROSSING POINTS USING OBSOLETE B26
BOMBERS. RUSSIAN MiG 15 JET FIGHTERS (IN CHINA)
DOWNED 1466, KILLING & WOUNDING 1800
AIRCREW.
85. ALARM AT U.S. & ALLIED COMMAND
LEVELS
• UNITED NATIONS ALLIES BECOMING ALARMED AT
DISARRAY IN MACARTHUR LED U.S. COMMAND
• UNFETTERED POLITICALLY, MACARTHUR PUBLICALLY
ADVOCATED INVASION OF CHINA USING NUCLEAR
WEAPONS.
• IN OPEN DISPUTE WITH PRESIDENT TRUMAN,
MACARTHUR EVENTUALLY SACKED 23 MARCH 1951.
• GEN MATTHEW RIDGWAY TAKES OVER
• FOR ITS “SPRING OFFENSIVE” 31 DECEMBER 1950,
C.C.F. HAD 1 MILLION MEN IN KOREA & 220,000
N.K.P.A. IN RESERVE
86. GEN. RIDGWAY’S “KESSELRING
DEFENCE” OF SOUTH KOREA
• (EXPLAIN “KESSELRING DEFENCE”). SIX-PHASE
DEFENCE OF SOUTH KOREA:
1. THE 38th PARALLEL
2. HOLDING ONLY LINE: SUWON-CHUMUNJIN
3. PYONGT’AEK – SAND’ON LINE
4. KUM RIVER LINE
5. HOLDING ONLY LINE:SOBAEK
6. NAKTONG RIVER LINE ON OLD PUSAN
PERIMETER.
87. “SPRING OFFENSIVE” OF C.C.F.
• “HUMAN WAVE” BROKE THROUGH R.O.K. 1st DIVISION IN
SHALLOW, FROZEN GROUND AT IMJIN RIVER & USING
FLEEING CIVILIANS AS HUMAN SHIELDS.
• RIDGWAY ABANDONS SEOUL & MOVES 100 MILES SOUTH
TO PHASE 2 LINE.
• R.O.K. VOLUNTEERS TO BRING NUMBERS UP TO 500,000.
• SOVIETS EXPECTED TO ENTER WAR. U.S. ESTABLISHED:
“THE EMERGENCY USE OF ATOMIC BOMBS IN CLOSE
SUPPORT PLAN,” IF U.N. FORCES FACED DISASTER.
• BUT C.C.F. HAD 85,000 DEAD, AT LEAST 80,000 WOUNDED
& OUTRUN SUPPLIES ON BAD ROADS.
89. GEN. RIDGWAY’S “CRUSHER TACTICS”
TO BEAT “HUMAN WAVE”
1. EXPLOIT OUR FIREPOWER & MANOEUVREABILITY:
CLOSELY CO-ORDINATE:
INFANTRY,ARTILLERY,ARMOUR, CLOSE AIR SUPPORT,
NAVAL BOMBARDMENT.
2. KILL ENEMY RATHER THAN SECURE TERRITORY.
3. DO NOT BE “ADVENTUROUS” – DO RECONNAISANCE
IN FORCE BEFORE ATTACK.
4. MAINTAIN “LATERAL CO-ORDINATION” WITH UNITS
EITHER SIDE.
5. AS HUMAN WAVE STARTS RETIRE TO PLANNED
DEFENCE LINE, CARRYING OUT DELAYING ACTIONS
6. WHEN HUMAN WAVE IS SPENT, COUNTERATTACK.
90. C.C.F. 11 FEBRUARY 1951 OFFENSIVE
WITH 3 ARMIES USING HUMAN WAVE
• HUMAN WAVES SURROUNDED & BROKE UP R.O.K. 8th DIVISION
(70% KILLED/MISSING)
• THEN WHOLE U.N. FRONTLINE BROKE. DUTCH HELD LINE. HEAVY
CASUALTIES.
• EASTERN FRONT, FRENCH HELD WITH CLOSE AIR & ARTILLERY.
• “CRUSHER TACTICS” WORKED: CCF 4900 DEAD, 10,000 WOUNDED.
• CCF NOW HAD 1.2 MILLION MEN 50 MILES SOUTH OF SEOUL. CCF
CHANGED TACTICS:
1. DEPLOY LIGHT FORWARD/HEAVY REARWARD
2. CONTROL STRONGPOINTS &ROADS
3. CONCEAL, DISPERSE & DEPLOY IN DEPTH
4. EMPHSIZE KILLING OF TANKS FIRST, THEN INFANTRY
91. RE-TAKING OF SEOUL & REACHING
38th PARALLEL
• CCF & NKPA FACD OBSTACLES:
1. FORTIFICATIONS USELESS AGAINST CRUSHER BARRAGES
2. FOOD/AMMUNITION ON BACKS OF COOLIES ALWAYS SHORT
SUPPLY
3. MORALE LOW
4. GREAT MANY DEATHS / WOUNDED DYING WHERE THEY FELL
• R.O.K. 1ST DIVISION ENTERED SEOUL
• END OF MARCH: U.N. FORCES REACH 38th PARALLEL
• U.N. FORCES PLANNED TO CONDUCT AGGRESSIVE DEFNCE 20
MILES NORTH OF PARALLEL.
• CCF REGROUPED FOR OFFENSIVES IN APRIL & MAY.
92. CCF APRIL & MAY 1951 OFFENSIVES
• CCF FIELDED 3 ARMY GROUPS, 14 ARMIES, 42 DIVISIONS:
OVER 1 MILLION MEN &WOMEN
• NKPA FIELDED 200,000 MEN &WOMEN
• WYOMING LINE CREATED, 75 MILES NORTH OF SEOUL TO
ABSORB ENEMY OFFENSIVE – 22 APRIL 1951 – 305,000
TROOPS.
• SPEARHEAD 60,000 CCF ATTACKED COMMONWEALTH
BRIGADE (46 OF 622 GLOUCESTER REGT. LEFT 3 DAYS
LATER. BUT HELD).
• 3 R.A.R. HELD AT KAPYONG : PRESIDENTIAL CITATION
• AT END CCF & NKPA LOST 130,000 (43%)
• 1 MAY THEY CAME AGAIN. LOST 148,000 (20%)
94. U.N. COUNTEROFFENSIVE FROM JUNE
1951
• WAR WAS NOW UNPOPULAR WITH ALLIES: GOOD
ARMISTICE CONDITIONS; ESTABLISH STRONG R.O.K.
PRESENCE AT 38th PARALLEL; EARLY STAGED
WITHDRAWAL; BUILD SOUTH KOREAN MILITARY POWER.
• MAO’S “SEA OF MEN” DOCTRINE HAD DESTROYED THE
PEOPLES LIBERATION ARMY & NKPA: JUNE 1951 PASSED 1
MILLION CASUALTIES & EVEN LIGHTLY WOUNDED DIED IN
FREEZING WEATHER - NO BATTLEFIELD MEDICAL HELP.
• 13 JUNE U.N. FORCES REACHED DESERTED PYONGYANG.
• 30 JUNE ARMISTICE CONFERENCE BEGAN.
• MAO ORDERED PRACTICE OF “ACTIVE DEFENCE”.
95. POST ARMISTICE WARFARE FROM
JULY 1951
• COMMONWEALTH 28 BRIGADE OCCUPYING HILLS NEAR
IMJIN RIVER ATTACKED 3 OCTOBER BY CCF “HUMAN
WAVE”, BEHIND NEW SOVIET HEAVY ARTILLERY. MET BY 3
RAR. HEAVY CCF LOSSES.
• “MANCHURIAN FEVER” (RATS EATING CORPSES) KILLED
MEN ON BOTH SIDES.
• CCF ACTIVE DEFENCE: TUNNELS, TRENCHES, BUNKERS,
FORTIFICATIONS.
• SEE- SAW BATTLES.
• STALIN DIED & SOVIETS PULLED OUT
• ARMISTICE 27 JULY 1953.
• 24 JULY: MASSIVE CCF “HUMAN WAVE”
KILLED/WOUNDED 7000
98. CLANDESTINE WAR “ORDER OF
BATTLE” IN 1945
U.S.S.R. & ALLIES & “CLIENT STATES”
• A TRADITION OF RUNNING FOREIGN & LOCAL
INTELLIGENCE SERVICES HUNDREDS OF YEARS &
HONED IN THE “GREAT GAME” IN 1900s.
• RE-DEFINED BY FELIKS DZERZHINSKY. 1918.
U.S.A & ALLIES
• “GENTLEMEN DO NOT READ EACH OTHER’S
MAIL.” HENRY STIMSON. 1929.
• EUROPEAN ELITES PENETRATED BY U.S.S.R.
• OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES (OSS) 1942-1945
99. NKVD (PEOPLE’S COMMISSARIAT FOR
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS). 1934.
• SUCCESSOR TO CHEKA & OGPU (1922) PENETRATION OF
EUROPE’S ELITE.
• NKVD IN 1934. LED BY NIKOLAI YEZHOV. SUPERVISED
“GREAT TERROR” 1936-1938. ARRESTED 8 MILLION.
KILLED 1 MILLION.
• YEZHOV WAS TORTURED & EXECUTED 1940. LAVRENTII
BERIA TOOK OVER. DEVELOPED INOSTRANNY OTDEL
(CATCH & KILL OVERSEAS DISSIDENTS).
• LONG LIST OF EXECUTIONS 1936- 1945 (READ OUT)
• IN WORLD WAR II, FIELDED 53 DIVISIONS OF FIGHTING
TROOPS & LARGEST SECRET POLICE FORCE IN POST WAR
WORLD.
100. SOVIETS’ “MAGNIFICENT 5” & OTHER
SPIES
• “CAMBRIDGE 5” (“MAGNIFICENT 5”): KIM
PHILBY, DONALD MACLEAN, GUY BURGESS,
ANTHONY BLUNT, JOHN CAIRNCROSS
+
WILFRED MANN & OTHERS?
• POST DEPRESSION EUROPE - COMMUNISTS,
NAZIs & FASCISTS RECRUITED DISILLUSIONED
YOUNG PEOPLE (ALL CLASSES) RADICALISED
MANY & USED THEM TO CARRY OUT ORDERS.
• THEIR MOST SUCCESSFUL RECRUITS WERE KIM
PHILBY & WILFRED MANN
101. KIM PHILBY
• AFTER CAMBRIDGE, COURIER & SMUGGLER OF WANTED
COMMUNISTS IN EUROPE
• 1934. SPANISH CIVIL WAR. RECRUITED BY MI6 & SOVIETS –
MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
• WORLD WAR II MI6 INTELLIGENCE, PROMOTIONS. OBE IN 1946.
• 1947 - 1949. SIS STATION COMMANDER TURKEY. INFORMED
MOSCOW ON ALL AGENTS ENTERING USSR + FAMILIES
• 1949 – 1951. LIAISON CIA WASHINGTON. MORE AGENTS GIVEN
UP + OPERATIONS CIA.
• CIA ASKED FOR HIS RECALL. BRITISH COULD NOT PROVE GUILT (IN
LAW) HILARITY IN MOSCOW?
• 1951 – 1963. SIS APPOINTS PHILBY TO BEIRUT.
• KGB’S ACKNOWLEDGED BEST AGENT DEFECTED IN 1963
• DIED IN 1988. ONLY FOREIGNER BURIED IN KREMLIN WALL
102. WILFRED MANN
• THOUGHT TO BE 6TH MAN IN THE CAMBRIDGE 5
• WENT ON TO BECOME WORLD EXPERT ON
RADIOACTIVITY & WORKED FOR U.S.NATIONAL
BUREAU OF STANDARDS. 1951 – 1980.
• WORKED FOR TUBE ALLOYS ON BRITISH
NUCLEAR PROGRAM IN WWII
• TRANSFERRED TO CHALK RIVER, HEAVY WATER
PROJECT IN CANADA.
• NO PUBLIC INFORMATION ON WHAT HE GAVE
THE SOVIETS
103. ALAN NUNN MAY
• “YOUNG COMMUNIST’ IN TEENS, BUT LEFT 1940.
• JOINED CAMBRIDGE U. RESEARCH ON HEAVY WATER
REACTORS.
• 1943. SECONDED TO MANHATTAN’S CHALK RIVER
PROJECT.
• 1943-1945. PASSED SECRETS TO SOVIETS INCL.
SAMPLES URANIUM 233 & 235. TO USSR. (COURIERS
DIED RADIATION POISONING)
• MAY WAS PAID 2 BOTTLES RUSSIAN WHISKY & $700
CANADIAN.
• ARRESTED MARCH 1946
104. WHITTAKER CHAMBERS
• CONTROLLED U.S. MOST NOTORIOUS SPY NETWORK.
• 1932. SALARIED FULL-TIME NKVD EMPLOYEE,STARTED “WARE GROUP”:
INFILTRATED U.S. DEPARTMENTS OF –
AGRICULTURE,JUSTICE,INTERIOR,LABOR,RAILROAD & NATIONAL
RESEARCH.USEFULNESS?
• BUT ALGER HISS WAS PURE GOLD.U.S. ELITE FAMILY. AIDE TO ASST. SECRETARY
STATE.
• 1945 U.S. DELEGATION YALTA.
• FBI INTEREST BUT NO CASE TO ANSWER.
• 1947: FAMILY FRIEND J.F. DULLES GOT HIM MOVED TO “CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT
FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE”
• 1948: CHAMBERS AT H0USE OF UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES, “SHOPPED” HISS:
MICROFILMS & HISS’ NOTES IN PUMPKINS –”PUMPKIN PAPERS” (HISS GOT 5
YEARS FOR “PERJURY”)
• SECRETARY OF STATE DEAN ACHESON STATED HISS WAS BASICALLY A PERSON OF
GOOD CHARACTER.
• WHAT SHOULD WE MAKE OF ALL THIS?
105. CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
GLAVNY PROTIVINIK
• ESTABLISHED 1947: SUBJECT TO RULE OF LAW IN
U.S. EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSING BUDGETS &
KEY INFO. ON MANAGEMENT
• 1949: STEEP LEARNING CURVE.ONLY 1000 STAFF
TAKING INFO FROM TELEGRAMS & OTHER
PAPERWORK: STATE, DEFENCE & OTHER DEPTS.
REPORTS OUT OF DATE.
• PRESIDENT RARELY ATTENDED MEETINGS OF CIA
PARENT: NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL (NSC)
106. NSC DIRECTIVE 10/2. JUNE 1948: CIA
CHARTER ESPIONAGE/ COUNTER-ESP.
1. OFFICE OF SPECIAL PROJECTS REPORTING TO
DIRECTOR: PLAN & CONDUCT COVERT OPS.
2. CO-ORDINATE OPS. WITH JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF.
3. OPS. CONDUCTED CONSISTENT WITH U.S. POLICIES
& OVERT ACTIONS.
4. WHERE OPS. IN MILITARY THEATRES, ORDERS COME
FROM JOINT CHIEFS
5. WHERE OPS IMPLEMENTED INFORM ALL MILITARY &
DIPLOMATIC WHO NEED TO KNOW.
(CAUSED GREAT HILARITY IN NKVD HEADQUARTERS
WHERE THEY HAD OPERATED OUTSIDE THE LAW
SINCE THEIR FORMATION)
107. STEEP LEARNING CURVE 1.
COVERT OPS. POLAND/UKRAINE
• 1947. SOVIET MINISTRY STATE SECURITY (MGB)
WIPED OUT LAST POLISH HOME ARMY (PHA)
• SOVIETS CREATED SHAM PHA. SENT SHAM
REPRESENTATIVE LONDON TO ASSURE LONDON
POLES PHA WAS STILL ACTIVE.
• CIA PARACHUTED ARMS, RADIOs, GOLD COINS.
• PHA SENT SHAM REPORTS BASED ON NEWSPAPER
ARTICLES & ASKED FOR A U.S. GENERAL AS LIAISON +
MORE U.S. AGENTS.
• NO GENERAL BUT MANY AGENTS – CAPTURED
TORTURED & EXECUTED.
• 1952; USSR REVEALED THE WHOLE SHAM
108. STEEP LEARNING CURVE 2.
UKRAINIAN NATIONALIST PARTISANS
• 1949. JOINT U.S./BRITISH .
• THE PARTISANS (UKR. NATIONALISTS & UKR.
NATIONAL LABOUR ALLIANCE) ALREADY
CRUSHED, AFTER PENETRATION BY MGB.
• 1947-49. HUNDREDS OF FIGHTERS +BRITISH SIS
ADVISERS SENT TO UKRAINE, BALTIC, &
ALBANIA. KIM PHILBY IN TURKEY OFFICE GAVE
MGB THEIR NAMES, THEIR CONTACTS &
FAMILIES OF OPERATIVES & CONTACTS.
• ALL WERE CAPTURED, TORTURED & EXECUTED
109. STEEP LEARNING CURVE 3.
1948 ELECTIONS ITALIAN REPUBLIC
• ITALY HAD VERY STRONG COMMUNIST PARTY
UNDER GOOD LEADER & STALIN’s
PATRONAGE
• MOSCOW & CIA POURED MILLIONS OF
DOLLARS INTO THEIR CLIENTS (COMMUNIST
PARTY’s & CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATS’)
CAMPAIGNS.
• CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATS WON BY 49.5% OF
VOTES.
110. STEEP LEARNING CURVE 4.
KOREA 1949
• FEW CIA OFFICERS ANALYSING LOW LEVEL
INTELLIGENCE & DOMINATED BY MACARTHUR’s
HEADQUARTERs STAFF.
• SENT A “REVIEW OF WORLD SITUATION” 28
FEBRUARY 1949 REPORT PREDICTING NORTH
KOREA WOULD INVADE & WOULD THEN CALL
ON SOVIET ASSISTANCE.
• MACARTHUR’s STAFF DISSENTED BECAUSE THEY
HAD ALREADY DRAWN UP PLANS TO
WITHDRAW FROM KOREAN PENINSULA.
• CIA REPORT WAS “CANNED”.
111. STEEP LEARNING CURVE 5.
REGIME CHANGE IN OIL RICH IRAN
• 1953. SOVIETS IN DISARRAY AFTER STALIN DIED. CIA’s FIRST CIVILIAN DIRECTOR,
ALLEN DULLES.
• ANGLO-PERSIAN OIL COMPANY (APOC) SUPPLIED BRITAIN. SHARED PROFITS
WITH IRAN
• STALIN VERY INTERESTED. ESTABLISHED COMMUNIST (TUDEH PARTY) 100,000
MEMBERS & CLAIMED 200,000 SQ. KMs NORTH IRAN FOR OIL EXPLORATION ETC.
• 1951. NEW P.M. MOHAMMED MOSSADEGH, ANTI-TUDEH NATIONALIST, ANTI-
AYATOLLAH HARD MEN. SUPPORTED SHAH.
• MOSSADEGH NATIONALISED APOC & RE-NAMED IT NATIONAL IRANIAN OIL
COMPANY.
• ROYAL NAVY BLOCKADED IRAN’s OIL
• SOVIETs SUPPORTED NATIONALISTS BUT INFILTRATED MILITARY FOR A COUP
AGAINST SHAH.
• JOINT BRITISH/CIA. PAID AYATOLLAH’s LED BY A YOUNG KHOMEINI TO HARRASS
TUDEH
• IRAN IN TURMOIL
112. STEEP LEARNING CURVE 5. CONTD.
OPERATION AJAX. 15 AUGUST 1953
• CIA/BRITISH SECRET INTELLIGENCE SERVICE OP. OVERTHROW
MOSSADEGH MAKE SHAH SUPREME RULER.
• A FACTION OF IMPERIAL GUARDS ON CIA PAYROLL DELIVERED
MOSSADEGH ROYAL DECREE DISMISSING HIM.
• MOSSADEGH ARRESTED THEM INSTEAD.
• A TIMID SHAH FLED TO ITALY.
• CIA SPONSORED A BOGUS TUDEH PARTY “REVOLUTION”.
• PRO-SHAH OFFICERS ROUTED THE “REVOLUTIONARIES” & TOOK
OVER GOVT. OFFICES.
• MOSSADEGH ARRESTED & GIVEN 3 YEARS HOUSE ARREST.
• MAJOR GENL. NORMAN SCHWARZKOPF SENIOR ESCORTED A
TIMID SHAH BACK TO IRAN FOR 25 YEAR RULE PROPPED UP BY
SAVAK, ONE OF HISTORY’S MOST BRUTAL SECRET POLICE
• IRANIAN OIL FLOWED. BOUNTIFULLY.
113. MORE STEEP LEARNING CURVES
• 1954. REGIME CHANGE IN GUATEMALA A
BRUTAL SUCCESS.
• REGIME CHANGES IN SYRIA, INDONESIA,
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. ?
• BAY OF PIGs DISASTER
114. 1953
• OLD STALINIST NKVD SPLIT IN 2 PARTS:
1. MVD (MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS).
CRIME-FIGHTING MILITIA UNITS & JAILS
2. USSR COMMITTEE OF STATE SECURITY (KGB).
BECAME THE “MAIN ADVERSARY” FOR CIA
• THE OLD BUTCHERS & PSYCHOPATHS OF NKVD
RETIRED PEACEFULLY ON GOOD PENSIONS.
• HEAD BUTCHER, LAVRENTII BERIA, WAS
ARRESTED, TORTURED & SHOT IN THE FACE,
CRYING FOR MERCY - BY HIS COLLEAGUES
116. STALIN’S RULEBOOK FOR ALL THE
WORLD’S DESPOTS
1. BREAK THE COUNTRY WITH A REIGN OF
TERROR.
2. SHUT DOWN THE BORDERS & THE COUNTRY’S
INMATES WILL COME TO HEEL – THERE IS
NOWHERE TO HIDE.
3. KEEP YOUR PEOPLE POOR & MOSTLY STUPID,
BUT WHAT WEALTH THEY CREATE,
EXPROPRIATE FOR YOURSELF.
4. APPOINT PSYCHOTICS TO RUN YOUR SECRET
POLICE
117. STALIN’S PSYCHOTIC POLICEMAN:
LAVRENTII BERIA’S RULEBOOK
1. INTRODUCED THE “LONG INTERROGATION”,
KNOWN AS THE “CONVEYOR BELT”
2. TORTURE PROCESS DESIGNED TO COMPLETELY
BREAK VICTIM’S PERSONALITY, SO CONFESSES
TO ANYTHING.
3. SCIENCE OF P.T.S.D. TELLS US THAT AFTER THE
“CONVEYOR BELT” PERSON IS A MERE HUSK OF
FORMER SELF.
4. AFTER “CONVEYOR BELT”SOME VICTIMS
OFFERED THE “GOLDEN BRIDGE”: RELEASE, TO
SERVE AS MINOR COMMUNIST FUNCTIONARY.
118. BERIA’S RULEBOOK CONT.
5. MOST VICTIMS WERE MENTALLY BROKEN IN 4 – 5 MONTHS, BUT
SOME INTERROGATIONS WENT FOR 2 YEARS.
6. BERIA SPECIALTIES TO REDUCE VICTIM TO ONE MASS OF PAIN:
LACK OF PRIVACY,BEATINGS, HEAT, COLD, SLEEP
DEPRIVATION,ICE COLD WATER, THE FULL MENU OF WATER
TORTURES, GLARING LIGHTS, FOOD WHICH LACKED VITAMINS,
INDUCING SCURVY, A VARIETY OF CHEMICALS.
7. SOMETIMES VICTIM’S FAMILY TAKEN HOSTAGE, TORTURED,
RAPED IN FRONT OF VICTIM
8. SPECIALTY OF HOUSE AT LUBYANKA: “FRENCH WRESTLING”
9. IDENTITY OF THE CHIEF TORTURER IS WELL KNOWN TO THE
PUBLIC TO ENHANCE PUBLIC FEAR
120. STALIN’S HEIRS
1. GEORGII MALENKOV
• STALIN’S APPOINTED SUCCESSOR
• TOTALLY LOYAL (& NO MORAL SCRUPLES)
SINCE 1920s
• NICKNAME OF MALANYA (MELANIE)
• CLOSE ASSOCIATE OF BERIA WHO NEEDED A
GOOD ADMINISTRATOR IN HIS BID TO TAKE
OVER FROM STALIN.
121. STALIN’S HEIRS CONT.
2. LAVRENTII BERIA
• CLAIMS THAT HE FINISHED OFF STALIN’S
DEATH. (with poison?)
• PEDOPHILE & MURDERER
• DECEMBER 1953. DEEMED TOO
DANGEROUS TO LIVE: WAS DENOUNCED,
DISMISSED, ARRESTED AT GUNPOINT,
IMPRISONED, TORTURED & SHOT, ALONG
WITH 6 AIDES.
122. STALIN’S HEIRS CONT.
3. NIKOLAI BULGANIN
• MILITARY BACKGROUND. MADE MINISTER
OF ARMED FORCES IN 1946 & MINISTER OF
DEFENCE IN MARCH 1953.
• A LONG-STANDING FRIEND OF KHRUSHCHEV
HE WORKED WITH HIM TO DEPOSE
MALENKOV.
123. STALIN’S HEIRS CONT.
4. NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV
• THE LEAST SENIOR,WITH NO OFFICIAL TITLE.
• STALIN TREATED HIM AS THE “COURT
JESTER” IN LONG DRINKING SESSIONS.
• SURVIVED PURGES BECAUSE HIS PATRON
WAS LAZAR KAGANOVICH (“IRON LAZAR”
THE BUILDER OF RAILWAYS). ALSO FRIEND
OF STALIN’S WIFE.
• BOSS OF MOSCOW CITY & METRO BUILDER
125. KHRUSCHEV: STALIN’S “HATCHET
MAN”
• 1937 “GREAT TERROR”. UKRAINIAN BORN KHRUSCHEV ARRESTED
106,119 COUNTRYMEN. ALL EITHER EXECUTED/SENT TO GULAGS.
• COMMISSAR TO DEFENCE OF CRIMEA. RED ARMY LOST 250,000
MEN/ 400 TANKS. K.HAD NERVOUS BREAKDOWN,BUT NOT
EXECUTED.
• CHIEF COMMISSAR TO STALINGRAD FRONT. TURNING POINT OF
WAR. DESTROYED GERMAN 6TH ARMY.
• CHIEF COMMISSAR BATTLE OF KURSK.
• 1943. BOSS OF UKRAINE. REBUILT INDUSTRY BUT 800,000
UKRAINIANS STARVED TO DEATH.
• 1950. PROJECT MANAGER OF 6 STORY FLATS TO HOUSE 60
MILLION. SHODDY CONCRETE BOXES. CALLED KHRUSHCHEBY ( A
PUN ON WORD “SLUM”)
127. KHRUSCHEV DEPOSES MALENKOV
AFTER STALIN DIES
• GEORGII MALENKOV & BERIA WERE A COMBINATION
OF ADMINISTRATOR & “ACTION MAN” SUPERVISING
NUCLEAR PROGRAM – HYDROGEN BOMB BY 1953.
• ALSO FOR STALIN, 1950, MALENKOV SUPERVISED
NOTORIOUS “LENINGRAD PURGES” OF LENINGRAD’S
INTELLECTUAL ELITE (6 EXECUTED, 200 TO GULAGS,
2000 EXILED AFTER ASSETS SEIZED).
• KHRUSHCHEV UNCOVERED REAL STORY.
• MALENKOV RESIGNED. IN 1957 APPOINTED
MANAGER OF A HYDRO- ELECTRIC PLANT IN
KAZAKHSTAN.
128. KHRUSHCHEV AS BOSS OF U.S.S.R.
• 1956. 20TH PARTY CONGRESS. HISTORIC “SECRET
SPEECH” DENOUNCED STALIN AS FIRST STEP IN DE-
STALINISATION.
• SERIOUS CRACKS IN THE EDIFICE:
+SOVIET UNION SPIRALLING TOWARDS 3RD
WORLD IN LIVING STANDARDS.
+ AGRICULTURE COLLAPSING – FOOD SHORTAGES
EVIDENT IN STATE RUN SHOPS
+REAL MILITARY BUDGET 70% OF NATIONAL
INCOME.
• 1956: ANTI-RUSSIAN RIOTS IN POLAND MAKES
MOSCOW GIVE CONCESSIONS TO POLES.
129. HUNGARIAN UPRISING
• APRIL 1956 IURII ANDROPOV (ABASSADOR TO
HUNGARY)WARNED OF HUNGARY UPHEAVAL
• ANDRPOV ORGANISED VERY EFFECTIVE HUNGARIAN SECRET
POLICE – VOPOS
• 1952. EISENHOWER WAS PRESIDENT & SUPPORTED “LIBERATION
DOCTRINE”: “…PEACEFUL SEPARATION FROM MOSCOW FOR ALL
IRON CURTAIN COUNTRIES.”
• VOICE OF AMERICA ETC. ADVOCATED “LIBERATION” IN LITERAL
SENSE BUT RADIO FREE EUROPE (R.F.E.) TO HUNGARY WENT TOO
FAR:
1. IMPLIED FOREIGN AID IF ESTABLISHED A “CENTRAL
COMMAND”.
2. HUNGARIAN EMIGRES IN R.F.E ALTERED SCRIPTS: “FIGHT
VIGOROUSLY” & INSTRUCTION ON PARTISAN WAR FIGHTING
130. OUTBREAK OF HOSTILITIES: 23
OCTOBER, 1956
• BUDAPEST STUDENTS MARCH ON BUDAPEST
PARLIAMENT WITH 16 POINT MANIFESTO:
REFORMS, FREE SPEECH, END PETTY
RESTRICTIONS, INSTAL POPULAR IMRE NAGY AS
P.M., WITHDRAW RED ARMY, INDICT STALINIST
HUNGARIANS FOR WAR CRIMES. THEY ALSO
TORE DOWN STALIN’S STATUE
• 24 OCTOBER. IMRE NAGY WAS INSTALLED AS
P.M. & STILL SEEN AS MOSCOW’S MAN
• KHRUSHCHEV THEN ORDERED “HARD MEN” TO
BUDAPEST TO DEAL WITH SITUATION.
132. UPRISING CONT.
• 30 OCTOBER. HUNGARIAN COMMUNIST PARTY CALL UPRISING A “COUNTER-
REVOLUTION”
• COMMUNIST H.Q. ATTACKED 24 VOPOS KILLED
31 OCTOBER
• STUDENT DEMOS BEGIN IN ROMANIA & UKRAINE.
• KHRUSHCHEV WANTS TO MAKE AN EXAMPLE: 2 RED ARMY DIVISIONS TO
HUNGARIAN BORDER
1 NOVEMBER
• NAGY MAKES FATAL MISTAKE OF WANTING TO WITHDRAW FROM WARSAW
PACT
4 NOVEMBER
RED ARMY TANKS IN BUDAPEST & EAST HUNGARY PUT DOWN UPRISING
5 NOVEMBER
• JANOS KADAR (MOSCOW STOOGE) INSTALLED AS P.M.; DEATH PENALTY INCL.
“PROVOCATION TO STRIKE”
• GENERAL IVAN SEROV (“IVAN THE TERRIBLE”/ “BUTCHER OF THE UKRAINE”)
GOES TO WORK ON THE HUNGARIAN PEOPLE
134. HUNGARY’S BLOOD PRICE
• KILLED IN FIGHTING 2700
• EXECUTED AFTER “TRIALS”341
• WOUNDED IN FIGHTING 6000
• 5 YEARS IMPRISONMENT 22,000
• SENT TO GULAGS 13,000
• SACKED FROM JOBS/WATCHED “THOUSANDS”
• FLED THE COUNTRY 200,000
• LEADERS EXECUTED: IMRE NAGY, PAL MALETER,
& MIKLOS GIMES
135. THE SUEZ CRISIS
• COLONEL GAMEL ABDEL NASSER & ARMY OFFICERS HAD DEPOSED EGYPTIAN
KING FAROUK WHO REWROTE THE BOOK ON MIDDLE EAST CORRUPTION &
PUPPET OF FRANCE & BRITAIN. BECAME MILITARY CLIENT OF U.S.S.R.
• TRUMAN & EISENHOWER HAD SUPPORTED NASSER AS A TRUE ANTI-
COLONIALIST.
• NASSER NATIONALISED SUEZ CANAL COMPANY. 26 JULY 1956
• BRITAIN,FRANCE FORMED SUEZ CANAL ASSOCIATION & CONSULTED U.S. TO TAKE
ISSUES TO U.N.
• VOLATILE EDEN OF BRITAIN & FRENCH LEADERSHIP PREPARED WAR PLANS,
BRINGING IN ISRAEL 22 OCTOBER 1956
• U.N. SECURITY COUNCIL FAILED TO RESOLVE BECAUSE OF SOVIET VETO.
• 29 OCTOBER ISRAEL CROSSED INTO SINAI, TO OCCUPY IT RIGHT UP TO CANAL.
• 29 OCTOBER BRITAIN & FRANCE LAUNCHED “OPERATION MUSKETEER”:79,000
TROOPS, 21,000 VEHICLES, 500 AIRCRAFT, 130 SHIPS. BIGGER THAN ANZIO
OPERATION WORLD WAR II.
136. “OPERATION MUSKETEER”
• 31 OCTOBER. ANGLO-FRENCH WARPLANES ATTACKED EGYPTIAN
AIRFIELDS WITH DEVASTATING SUCCESS. NASSER BLOCKED CANAL
WITH SUNKEN SHIPS.
• 3 NOVEMBER. ISRAELI TROOPS CROSSED CANAL ONTO EASTERN
SIDE & ACCEPTED U.N. CEASE FIRE.
• 4 NOVEMBER. ISRAELI TROOPS CAPTURED SHARM AL SHEIKH,
CONTROLLED SINAI & ACQUIRED HUGE ARMAMENTS HAUL FROM
EGYPT (ALL NEW SOVIET ARMAMENTS)
• 5 NOVEMBER. ANGLO-FRENCH PARATROOPS SECURED EGYPTIAN
AIRFIELDS.
• 6 NOVEMBER.LAUNCHED ATTACK ON PORT SAID, BUT CEASEFIRE
IN RESPONSE TO IRATE U.S. – PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION NEXT DAY.
• 7 DECEMBER. U.N. PEACEKEEPERS TAKE OVER
138. OUTCOME FROM SUEZ CRISIS
• LETTER FROM EISENHOWER TO P.M. EDEN 31 JULY
1956 SHOWS WHY HE WAS SO ANGRY
• (READ EXCERPTS)
• IT WAS NOW CLEAR TO THE WORLD THAT BRITAIN &
FRANCE COULD NO LONGER ACT UNILATERALLY. U.S.
AND U.S.S.R. ONLY 2 GREAT POWERS
• KHRUSHCHEV OFFERED NEW CLIENT NASSER A
MISSILE STRIKE ON BRITAIN & FRANCE TO
COMPENSATE NASSER’S LOSSES.
• U.S. &U.S.S.R. WENT INTO FUNDING COMPETITION
TO BUILD ASWAN DAM. KHRUSHCHEV WON.
139. KHRUSHCHEV’S ECONOMIC
FANTASIES FOR SOVIET UNION
“IN KHRUSHCHEV’S FANTASY, THE SOVIET UNION,
BESIDES BEING SCIENTIFICALLY & MILITARILY
AHEAD OF THE UNITED STATES , WOULD SOON
EXCEED IT IN INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT AS WELL. ON
JUNE 4, 1958, HE TOLD THE SEVENTH CONGRESS
OF THE BULGARIAN COMMUNIST PARTY: ‘ WE
ARE FIRMLY CONVINCED THAT THE TIME IS
APPROACHING WHEN SOCIALIST COUNTRIES
WILL OUTSTRIP THE MOST DEVELOPED
CAPITALIST COUNTRIES NOT ONLY IN TEMPO
BUT ALSO IN VOLUME OF INDUSTRIAL
PRODUCTION.” (HENRY KISSINGER)
140. ECONOMIC REALITIES OF SOVIET
ECONOMY
• STUDIES SHOWED THAT ON A PER CAPITA OUTPUT BASIS
U.S.S.R. LAGGED U.S. ON AVERAGE BY 20 YEARS IN STEEL
PRODUCTION, ELECTRIC POWER, & NATURAL GAS. IN
FOODSTUFFS IT LAGGED BY 80 YEARS IN FOOD &
CLOTHING.
• HEAVY INDUSTRY & ARMAMENTS RELIANCE HAD SKEWED
U.S.S.R. ECONOMY IRRETRIEVABLY.
• IN A VISIT TO U.S. HE SAW AN I.B.M. “DESK TOP
COMPUTER” & DISMISSED IT AS JUST A GADGET. THE
PROGRAM “BASIC”, IT USED, WAS JOINTLY WRITTEN BY A
HUNGARIAN REFUGEE, JOHN KEMENY.
• MAIN STRUCTURAL ECONOMIC WEAKNESS WAS
AGRICULTURE PRODUCED BY COLLAPSING STATE FARMS.
142. KHRUSHCHEV: MISSIONARY FOR
COMMUNISM IN AFRICA
• KHRUSHCHEV BELIEVED THAT EGYPT,SYRIA & IRAQ
HAD TURNED AGAINST U.S. - COULD BE EXPLOITED
BY U.S.S.R. 14 JULY 1958 SUPPORTED ARMY COUP IN
IRAQ, WITH WEAPONS. BRITAIN KOW-TOWED TO
PROTECT OIL SUPPLIES
• SOVIET IDEOLOGUES STATED THAT THESE COUNTRIES
HAD REACHED “REVOLUTIONARY DEMOCRACY”.
WITH THIS WENT MOVES TO DESTABILISE CHRISTIAN
LEBANON & MURDER JORDANIAN ROYAL FAMILY
• SOVIETS TRIED TO TURN PATRICE LUMUMBA
PRESIDENT OF CONGO FOR 3 MONTHS, INTO A
COMMUNIST HERO OF THE SOVIET UNION.
144. KHRUSHCHEV: MISSIONARY FOR
COMMUNISM IN ASIA
• KHRUSHCHEV HAD ALWAYS BEEN AMBIVALENT TOWARDS
MAO ZEDONG. STALIN HAD BEEN MAO’S MENTOR FROM
THE BEGINNING.
• VIEWED K’S DENUNCIATION OF STALIN AS TREACHERY &
PUBLICALLY DENOUNCED HIM IN A COMMUNIST FORUM
• KHRUSHCHEV FINALLY WITHDREW ALL PROJECTS FROM
CHINA. SET CHINA BACK 20 YEARS IN DEVELOPMENT &
SPLIT COMMUNIST WORLD IN 2.
• THEREAFTER MAO DECLARED “COMMUNISM WITH
CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS”
• MOSCOW SUPPLIED NORTH VIETNAM WITH
SOPHISTICATED ANTI-AIRCRAFT WEAPONRY TO PROTECT
HANOI & HAIPHONG.
146. KHRUSHCHEV: MISSIONARY FOR A
WORLD SOVIET “CALIPHATE”
• KHRUSHCHEV WAS A BELIEVER THAT SOVIET
COMMUNISM WAS A SUPERIOR WAY OF LIFE & HE COULD
ESTABLISH DOMINATION OVER THE U.S. BY AN ARSENAL
OF INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES (ICBMs).
• THIS DELUSION TOGETHER WITH AN INEPT MILITARY
(READ OUT PROBLEMS) WAS A MAJOR ECONOMIC
BURDEN ON U.S.S.R.
• FINAL FATAL ERROR BY MOSCOW LEADERSHIP:
“THERE WAS A SENSE AMONG SOME IN MOSCOW THAT THIS
SCION OF A WEALTHY AMERICAN FAMILY (PRESIDENT J.F.
KENNEDY) WHO LACKED SERIOUS LEGISLATIVE AND
EXECUTIVE EXPERIENCE WAS A LIGHTWEIGHT.”
148. THE BERLIN CRISIS
“ A LATER CIA ACCOUNT TOLD A STORY OF THE
SOVIET LEADER, NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV, ASKING A
MILITARY DESIGNER HOW MANY NUCLEAR
MISSILES IT WOULD TAKE TO DESTROY BRITAIN
AND FRANCE. BEFORE THE DESIGNER COULD
REPLY, THE ACCOUNT CONTINUED, DMITRI
USTINOV, CHAIRMAN OF THE MILIITARY-
INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION REPLIED, ‘FIVE, A
FEW MORE FOR FRANCE – SEVEN OR NINE,
DEPENDING ON YOUR CHOICE OF TARGETS.”
149. OPERATION ATOM. 1959
PHASE 1
DEMONSTRATION NUCLEAR ANNIHILATION OF
WHOLE OF DENMARK
PHASE 2
• LAUNCH R-5M ICBMs (1200 kms) AT NATO
TARGETS
• FOLLOW UP WITH 25TH TANK DIVISION (WITH
NUCLEAR & CHEMICAL FILTERS)
• FOLLOW UP WITH 15,000 RED ARMY TROOPS.
151. OPERATION ROSE. GERMAN
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC. AUG. 1961
• JULY 1961. KENNEDY APPOINTS GEN. LUCIUS CLAY
PERSONAL ENVOY TO EAST GERMANY (GDR),
INCREASE DEFENCE BUDGET & 1500 TROOPS READY
FOR BERLIN.
• DAWN. 13 AUG 1961. EAST GERMAN POLICEMAN
PAINTS A WHITE LINE DOWN BERLIN’S
FRIEDRICHSTRASSE, FOLLOWED BY BARBED WIRE &
TEAR UP ROAD.REPEATED 27 MILES ON WEST BERLIN
BORDER & 69 MILES WEST GERMAN BORDER.
FOLLOWED BY BADLY MIXED CONCRETE BLOCKS
• ONLY LEFT OPEN: “CHECKPOINT CHARLIE”, 3 RAIL
LINESD & 3 HIGHWAYS.
154. KHRUSHCHEV ABANDONS BERLIN
CONFRONTATION
• THE GDR WAS AN ECONOMIC BASKET CASE BY 1962.
17 MILLION GERMANS WERE NOW PRISONERS IN A
GIANT GULAG SUPERVISED BY 91,000 SECRET
POLICEMEN SUPERVISED BY KGB EMPLOYING 173,000
INFORMERS TO SPY ON THE OTHER INMATES. ONLY
THE SECRET POLICEMEN LIVED WELL IN THE GDR –
INCL. LT.COL. VLADIMIR PUTIN.
• KENNEDY BY-PASSED NATO IN THE BERLIN CRISIS:
PLANNING A 60 DAY MOBILISATION IN THE U.S. &
ORDERING A CONTINGENT NUCLEAR STRIKE OPTION.
155. KHRUSHCHEV’S NEXT MOVE:
“OPERATION ANADYR” JULY 1962
A FLEET OF 85 SHIPS MAKING 150 TRIPS – EACH
THOUSANDS OF MILES FROM A REMOTE SIBERIAN
PORT TO REMOTE CUBAN PORTS CARRYING 40,000
TROOPS, 82 AIRCRAFT, 360 ARMOURED VEHICLES &
42 MISSILES, TO JOIN CUBAN FORCES OF 250,000
TROOPS, 240 TANKS, 60 AIRCRAFT 7 700 ANTI-
AIRCRAFT GUNS.
“THIS WAS A GAMBLER’S THROW BASED LESS ON
INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT THAN ON KHRUSHCHEV’S
OWN ASSESSMENT AND AN UNDERESTIMATEOF
AMERICAN RESOLVE IN GENERAL, AND OF THE
YOUTHFUL JOHN F KENNEDY IN PARTICULAR.”
160. BREZHNEV. (1)
• BORN 1906
• 1923, AGE 17 JOINED KOMSOMOL.
• METALLURGICAL ENGINEER. UKRAINE.
• 1929. FULL MEMBER COMMUNIST PARTY.
• 1939. JOINED RED ARMY
• 1946. MAJOR GENERAL AT AGE 40
• 1964. GENERAL SECRETARY OF CENTRAL
COMMITTEE COMMUNIST PARTY & RULED
SOVIET UNION UNTIL HIS DEATH 1982.
161. BREZHNEV (2)
WARTIME CAREER
• 1941. COMMISSAR. SUPERVISED MOVEMENT OF
INDUSTRIAL PLANT IN DNIPROPETROVSK TO
URALS. WHEN CITY FELL HE WENT TO
SOUTHERN FRONT AS BRIGADE COMMISSAR.
• HIS MENTOR, SINCE 1931, WAS FELLOW
UKRAINIAN, KHRUSHCHEV & GENERATION
REPLACING PURGED RED ARMY.
• 1943. WHEN RED ARMY TURNED TIDE, MADE
HEAD OF 18TH ARMY POLITICAL DEPARTMENT
(PART OF UKRAINIAN FRONT – KHRUSHCHEV
MOST SENIOR COMMISSAR)
162. BREZHNEV (3)
• 1947. FIRST SECRETARY FOR RECONSTRUCTED
DNIPROPETROVSK.
• 1950. APPOINTED TO SUPREME SOVIET
(LAWMAKING BODY OF SOVIET UNION)
• 1950. FIRST SECRETARY MOLDAVIA.
• 1952. MEMBERSHIP CENTRAL COMMITTEE
COMMUNIST PARTY & NOMINEE FOR
PRESIDIUM (AT 46 BEING READIED TO RULE
AFTER STALIN’S DEATH – AS PROTÉGÉ OF
KHRUSHCHEV’s TEAM)
163. BREZHNEV (4)
• FEB. 1956. AS FIRST SECRETARY KAZAKH SOVIET
SOCIALIST REPUBLIC HAD SUPERVISION OF
DISASTROUS VIRGIN LANDS CAMPAIGN PLANNED BY
KHRUSHCHEV: WHO MOVED BREZHNEV OUT BEFORE
ITS COLLAPSE TO:POTENTIAL POLITBURO
MEMBERSHIP.
• MINISTER IN CHARGE OF: DEFENCE, HEAVY
INDUSTRY,TECHNOLOGY, & CAPITAL WORKS, WHICH
HE PURGED OF STALINISTS FOR HIS MENTOR – K.
• 1960. K. PROMOTED HIM TO CHAIRMAN OF THE
PRESIDIUM OF SUPREME SOVIET – AGE 54 YEARS!
THIS WAS THE “HEAD OF STATE” POSITION.
164. BREZHNEV (5)
• 1963. KHRUSHCHEV’s COLLEAGUES PLOT TO
DETHRONE HIM. BREZHNEV INVOLVED
• 1964. KHRUSHCHEV APPOINTS BREZHNEV SECOND
SECRETARY OF THE THE COMMUNIST PARTY – NO. 2
IN USSR AS “BRIBE”.
• 1963-1964. KHRUSHCHEV’s PURGING BEGINS.
BREZHNEV JOINS PLOTTERS & BRINGS IN OWN
CRONY, NIKOLAI PODGORNY. (READ OUT PURGE
PROCESS)
• 14 OCTOBER 1964. K. REQUESTS HIS OWN DISMISSAL.
BREZHNEV APPOINTED FIRST SECRETARY. ALEXEI
KOSYGIN APPOINTED HEAD OF GOVERNMENT.
166. RE-STALINISATION . THE SOVIET
EMPIRE STRIKES BACK.
BREZHNEV INHERITED
1. SOVIET EMPIRE FRAYING AT THE EDGES.
2. A DYSFUNCTIONAL COMMAND ECONOMY
3. SOVIET YOUTH EMBRACING WESTERN IDEAS
4. QUALITY OF LIFE PRIMITIVE
5. EMPIRE’S WEALTH BEING SEQUESTERED BY NOMENKLATURA – A
CORRUPT ELITE.
6. ELITE PROTECTED THEMSELVES WITH KGB – THEIR OWN “PRAETORIAN
GUARD”
7. AS IN ROMAN EMPIRE, SOME “PRAETORIANS” INSINUATED
THEMSELVES INTO RULING ELITE.
8. ELITE MAINTAINED AN IMPRESSION OF SOLIDARITY WHEN
CONFRONTING THE WEST.
9. NEW RULERS’ MAIN TASK WAS TO KEEP THE SOVIET EMPIRE GLUED
TOGETHER.
168. THE BREZHNEV DOCTRINE NOV. 1968.
AS A WARNING TO UNRULY POLES
( SPEECH GIVEN BY BREZHNEV AFTER BRUTAL SUPPRESSION OF “PRAGUE
SPRING” WRITTEN BY S. KOVALEV IN PRAVDA)
• “IMPERIALISTS” STILL FEAR DEFEAT BY “CHIEF FORCES OF SOCIALISM”
DESPITE “RECENT STRUGGLES BY SOME SOCIALIST COUNTRIES’
DEVELOPMENT”
• “THERE ARE COMMON NATURAL LAWS OF SOCIALIST CONSTRUCTION,
DEVIATION FROM WHICH COULD LEAD TO DEVIATION FROM SOCIALISM
AS SUCH.” … “THE CONCERN OF ALL SOCIALIST COUNTRIES”
• “…BUT THE RESTORATION OF CAPITALISM CAN BE CONSIDERED RULED
OUT ONLY IF THE COMMUNIST PARTY, AS THE LEADING FORCE IN
SOCIETY, PURSUES A MARXIST-LENINIST POLICY IN THE DEVELOPMENT
OF ALL SPHERES OF LIFE…ONLY IF THE PRINCIPLE OF SOCIALIST
INTERNATIONALISM IS HELD SACRED.”
• “ LET THOSE WHO ARE WONT TO FORGET THE LESSONS OF HISTORY
AND WHO WOULD LIKE TO ENGAGE AGAIN IN RECARVING THE MAP OF
EUROPE KNOW THAT THE BORDERS OF POLAND, THE GDR AND
CZECHOSLOVAKIA… STABLE & INVIOLABLE”
169. “ (COUNTRIES) PROTECTED BY THE
ARMED MIGHT OF SOCIALIST
COMMONWEALTH”• “COMMONWEALTH” CONCEPT EXTENDED TO INCLUDE MILITARY
INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN, 1979.
• IMPLIED:SOVIET MILITARY AVAILABLE TO ANYONE WISHING TO
SET UP “PEOPLES DEMOCRACIES”
• CUBA: 25% OF G.D.P. ASSISTANCE FROM SOVIETS (85% IN
MILITARY AID) CUBAN ARMY OF 70,000 USED IN ANGOLA,
ETHIOPIA, CONGO, MOZAMBIQUE. MODERN ARMS & ADVISERS
• NICARAGUA. SANDANISTAS AIM: 250,000 ARMY.
• RED NAVY ACTIVE IN SOUTH ATLANTIC & PANAMA.
• PERU: OWED $1.5 BILLION IN ARMS TO SOVIETS
• MAINTAINED ACTIVE INSURGENCIES IN 17 NEWLY INDEPENDENT
AFRICAN COUNTRIES FROM 1960 ESP. ZIMBABWE & SOUTH
AFRICA.
171. THE PRAGUE SPRING (1)
• ALEXANDER DUBCEK (46 YEARS OLD, KNOWN BY KGB AS “OUR SASHA”,OLD
FRIEND OF BREZHNEV) ACTUALLY BEGAN TO REFORM CZECHSLOVAKIA, FREE
MEDIA, SPEECH & TRAVEL. BREZHNEV FELT BETRAYED.
• IURII ANDROPOV (CHAIRMAN KGB SINCE 1967) GOT PRAVDA (MEANS “TRUTH”
& COULD TEACH “NEWS OF THE WORLD” A LOT) THAT IT WAS A C.I.A. PLOT TO
“IDEOLOGICALLY SABOTAGE”, CZECHOSLOVAKIA & THEN MOVE TO EAST
GERMANY.
• KGB SACKED CZECHOSLOVAK SECRET POLICE, TOOK OVER THEIR JOB, PUT
INFORMERS & BUGS INTO DUBCEK ADMINISTRATION
• KGB EMPLOYED THE VERY OLD SECRET POLICE TRICK OF FINDING PLANTED
“ARMS CACHES” IN PRAGUE & ELSEWHERE
• KGB ALSO USED VERY OLD TRICK OF GIVING STORY TO PRAVDA
• ONE – UPMANSHIP FROM NEUES DEUTSCHLAND PHOTOSHOPPED PICTURES OF
U.S. TANKS & TROOPS INVADING CZECHOSLOVAKIA.
• ALL OF THIS WAS ORCHESTRATED BY A NEW POWER GROUP CALLED “MOSCOW
CENTRAL”: BREZHNEV, KOSYGIN, PODGORNY, SUSLOV & SHELEST
172. THE PRAGUE SPRING (2)
• 21 AUGUST 1968. 200,000 TROOPS & 200 TANKS FROM SOVIET
UNION, BULGARIA, POLAND, & HUNGARY INVADED
CZECHOSLOVAKIA.
• KGB ROUNDRED UP IN HUNDREDS: JEWS, MUSLIMS, CHRISTIANS,
ETHNIC MINORITIES, INTELLECTUALS, STUDENTS, NATIONALISTS.
NO “CONVEYOR BELT” THIS TIME. INSTEAD SENT TO “LUNTS’
LEISURE CENTRES”
• 774 CZECHS KILLED/WOUNDED; 1.7 MILLION CZECH PARTY
MEMBERS PURGED DOWN TO 500,000, & INTERROGATED BY KGB
& SOME TO “LUNTS’ LEISURE CENTRES”; 300,000 CZECHS FLED THE
COUNTRY
• APRIL 1969 DUBCEK SACKED & GIVEN JOB OF FORESTRY OFFICIAL.
HIS STAFF SACKED & MOSCOW STOOGE RAN THE COUNTRY
174. ONE OF 80 SERBSKY LOCATIONS;
BARRACKS FOR INMATES
175. 1969: A WATERSHED YEAR IN COLD
WAR: U.S.A.
• NIXON IN POWER INHERITS VIETNAM WAR,
WHICH U.S. HAD LOST.
• U.S. CREATED 1 MILLION MAN ARMY OF
REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM WITH VAST WEAPONRY
BUT CORRUPT & INCOMPETENT COMMAND.
• TURNED WAR INTO “AWESOME & BLOODY
FIASCO” (KISSINGER)
• CHINESE & NORTH VIETNAM ADVISERS
PREPARING KHMER ROUGE FOR VICTORY IN
CAMBODIA & LAOS & SLAUGHTER OF 2 MILLION
PEOPLE
176. 1969: A WATERSHED YEAR IN COLD
WAR: CHINA (1)
• 1964: MAO ZEDONG HAD REASSERTED CLAIM ON
52,000 SQUARE KILOMETRE REGION OF PAMIR
MOUNTAINS OF SOVIET TERRITORY IN TAJIKISTAN +
OTHER LAND UP TO KAMCHATKA PENINSULA +
REQUEST FOR MONETARY COMPENSATION + CHINESE
SIDE OF THE USSURI RIVER.
• 1966. CHINA’S CULTURAL REVOLUTION SPOOKED
USSR. LARGE NUMBERS KGB OFFICERS OF
MONGOLIAN BACKGROUND SENT OUT TO ASSESS
REVOLUTION & HARRASSMENT OF EMBASSY STAFF.
• CHINA DECLARED “MAJOR ADVERSARY” (ONE NOTCH
BELOW U.S. “MAIN ADVERSARY”).
177. 1969: A WATERSHED YEAR IN COLD
WAR: CHINA (2)
• 2 MARCH 1969. A PEOPLES LIBERATION ARMY UNIT AMBUSHED A
SOVIET BORDER GUARD UNIT ON ZHENBAO ISLAND, USSURI
RIVER, KILLING 59 & WOUNDING 94.
• MOSCOW SENT 40 DIVISIONS, AND MAO RESPONDED WITH
900,000 TROOPS
• 15 MARCH 1969. RED ARMY STORMED ZHENBAO WITH TOP
SECRET T62 TANKS FOR BATTLE TESTING, UNDER COVER OF
ARTILLERY (INCL. “GRAD” ROCKETS – 40 IN SALVO). 248 KILLED –
CHINESE SAY “RESERVISTS” OTHER INFO. SAYS VILLAGERS USED
AS HUMAN SHIELDS. RED GUARDS ALSO JOINED FIGHTING.
• 11 SEPTEMBER 1969. EMERGENCY MEETING CHOU EN LAI &
KOSYGIN – CEASEFIRE.
• NOT FINALISED UNTIL 2008 – SINO-RUSSIAN BORDER LINE
AGREEMENT
180. 1969: A WATERSHED YEAR IN COLD
WAR: CHINA (3)
• WARS HAD IMPOVERISHED CHINA.
TREASURY SO SHORT OF FOREIGN CURRENCY
OFFICIALS COULD NOT AFFORD AIR FARES.
• A NIMBLE GOUGH WHITLAM GOT TO VISIT
MAO BEFORE RICHARD NIXON, BUT ON 3
DECEMBER 1969 AMERICAN AMBASSADOR
TO POLAND TRIED TO CHAT UP CHINESE
CHARGE D’AFFAIRES WHO RAN AWAY, BUT 11
DECEMBER AMERICAN INVITED TO TALKS.
181. SHANGHAI COMMUNIQUE.
FEBRUARY 1972
• THIS WAS TO BECOME THE ROAD MAP FOR SINO –
AMERICAN RELATIONS IN ASIA FOR NEXT 10 YEARS,
AND COULD HAVE BEEN THE FOUNDATION FOR 21ST
CENTURY CO-OPERATION:
1. CHINA WOULD DO NOTHING TO MAKE THE
SITUATION WORSE IN INDO-CHINA & KOREA
2. NEITHER CHINA NOR THE U.S. WOULD CO-OPERATE
WITH THE SOVIET UNION.
3. CHINA & THE U.S. WOULD OPPOSE ANY ATTEMPT BY
ANY COUNTRY TO DOMINATE IN ASIA.
• MAO DIED ON 2 SEPTEMBER 1976 & HERALDED
EMERGENCE OF CHINA & DEMISE OF SOVIET UNION.
183. KGB & RE-STALINISATION OF SOVIET
EMPIRE
• LIKE PRAETORIAN GUARD THEY WERE “EMPEROR”
BREZHNEV’S INSTRUMENT OF POWER.
• CHAIRMAN, 1967-1982 IURII ANDROPOV
• BY MID-1970s HAD IMPRISONED 10,000 IN SERBSKY
PSYCHIATRIC UNITS – GUINEA PIGS FOR COCKTAILS OF
EXPERIMENTAL DRUGS. IF DISSENT OF ANY KIND PERSON
WAS MEDICALLY ASSESSED AS HAVING “ABNORMAL
PSYCHE” (USUALLY “SLUGGISH SCHIZOPHRENIA”) AFTER
YEARS OF DETENTION CHEMICALLY LOBOTOMISED, WITH
THORAZINE & EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENTS – SOVIET
PSYCHIATRIC LITERATURE AT TIME WAS PROLIFIC.
• KGB UNLIMITED FUNDS TO INFILTRATE ALL MAJOR SOVIET
INSTITUTIONS.
184. KGB’s FROLIC AMONG LOW/MEDIUM
LEVELS OF DEFENCE
ADMINISTRATIONS: UK & EUROPE
• WELL TRAINED KGB & GRU OPERATORS SWAMPED COUNTER-
INTELLIGENCE UNITS IN UK & EUROPE
ROGUES GALLERY OF THOSE IDENTIFIED
• TRIPLE AGENT DR. JEAN-PAUL SOUPERT
• FRANK BOSSARD: GUIDED WEAPONS
• DOUGLAS BRITTEN: SIGNALS UNITS IN UK
• DAVID BINGHAM: PORTSMOUTH NAVAL BASE
• NICHOLAS PRAGER: RAF RADAR JAMMING
• WILL OWENS M.P.: DEFENCE ESTIMATES COMMITTEE
• JOHN STONEHOUSE M.P.: CABINET SECRETS
• TOM DRIBERG M.P.: PRIVATE LIVES OF LABOR MEMBERS
• CORPORAL GEOFFREY PRIME. RAF IN GCHQ- COST ALLIES $1 BILLION IN
LOST CODES ETC.
185. KGB’s FROLIC AMONG LOW/MEDIUM
LEVELS OF DEFENCE
ADMINISTRATION: U.S.
ROGUES GALLERY
• CW1-2 JOHN ANTHONY WALKER: U.S. NAVY
• ANDREW DAULTON LEE: DRUG DEALER
• WILLIAM KAMPILES: C.I.A. WATCH CENTRE
• ALDRICH AMES:CIA COUNTER-INTELLIGENCE
• ROBERT HANSSEN: FBI AGENT
187. KGB & AFFILIATES IN 14 REPUBLICS OF
SOVIET EMPIRE
KGB SOVIET UNION NUMBERS
300,000 EMPLOYEES
700,000 PAID/EXTORTED CIVILIAN INFORMERS
14 REPUBLICS OF THE USSR NUMBERS
500,000 EMPLOYEES
ABOUT 500,000 PAID/EXTORTED CIVILIAN
INFORMERS
188. FAMOUS KGB ALUMNI
• IURII ANDROPOV. CHAIRMAN KGB 1967-
1982. SUCCEEDED BREZHNEV, BUT DIED
1984.
• KONSTANTIN CHERNENKO. NON-KGB
STOOGE WHO ORGANISED WIRE-TAPS ON
SENIOR PARTY MEMBERS. SUCCEEDED
ANDROPOV , BUT ALSO DIED IN OFFICE.
• VLADIMIR PUTIN. MENTORED BY SENIOR KGB
CHIEFTAIN, VLADIMIR KRYUCHKOV
189. ALLEGATIONS ABOUT PUTIN & OTHER
SENIOR KGB, “THE GANG FROM
LUBYANKA”
• AUTHOR WAS ALEXANDER LITVINIENKO.
MURDERED BY FSB (KGB SUCCESSOR) IN
LONDON FROM ACUTE RADIATION
SYNDROME AFTER INGESTING POLONIUM-
210, IN 2006.
• SUBJECT OF BOOK IS TRANSFORMATION OF
KGB INTO A CRIMINAL & TERRORIST
ORGANISATION. INCLUDES PUTIN.
191. CRIME & CORRUPTION IN THE USSR
• “ THE SOVIET ECONOMY HAS NEVER
WORKED EFFICIENTLY ENOUGH TO PUT
BLACK-MARKETEERS OUT OF BUSINESS. BUT
TALKING ABOUT THE BLACK MARKET WAS
TABOO. WHEN KONSTANTIN SIMIS, AN
ATTORNEY AND PROFESSOR OF LAW UNTIL
HE EMIGRATED TO THE U.S. IN 1977, WAS
WORKING IN MOSCOW ON AN EARLY DRAFT
OF HIS BOOK, ‘USSR: THE CORRUPT SOCIETY’
THE KGB CONFISCATED THE MANUSCRIPT.”
192. RUSSIAN TV STATION BOUGHT BY
GAZPROM AFTER ALLEGING
CORRUPTION & WAS SHUT DOWN
193. USSR CORRUPTION
• GALINA BREZHNEV RAN A DIAMOND & JEWELLERY
SMUGGLING BUSINESS FROM 1964, POSING A
THREAT TO DE BEERS BUSINESS. LINKS TO RUSSIAN
MAFIA.
• RUSSKIYA MAFIYA. ORGANISED CRIME GANGS WHO
TOOK OVER LARGE PARTS OF SOVIET INDUSTRY &
COMMERCE AFTER COLLAPSE OF USSR:
COMMODITIES, HUMAN TRAFFICKING FOR SEX
TRADE, WEAPONS & NUCLEAR SMUGGLING, MONEY
LAUNDERING, AFGHAN NARCOTICS TRADE.
PROFESSIONALISM OF CRIME GANGS SUGGEST
ACCESS TO EX KGB OPERATIVES
195. SOVIET ARMS RACE WITH THE WEST
(1)
• 1980s: GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) WAS NOW
BELOW 2% GROWTH PER YEAR BUT MILITARY SPENDING
INCREASING AT 4% - 7% PER YEAR – ABOUT 20% OF GDP.
WAR IN AFGHANISTAN (1979-1989) COST AT LEAST $4
TRILLION.
• ULTIMATE WEAPON UNDER DEVELOPMENT WAS
NUCLEAR ARMED INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILE.
• SOVIETS NEARLY MISSED BOAT OF GERMAN ROCKET
SCIENTISTS. ONLY 200 LEFT AT PEENEMUNDE WHEN THEY
GOT THERE IN 1945. TRANSFERRED TO ISLAND NEAR
NOVGOROD + 10 REBUILT V2 ROCKETS. SOVIET HIGH
COMMAND CONSIDERED THEM USELESS, AND WORKED
ON BREZHNEV WHO WAS A ROCKET ENTHUSIAST, FOR ALL
OUT FUNDING.
196. SOVIET ARMS RACE WITH THE WEST
(2)
BY 1990 WITH BREZHNEV’s PATRONAGE:
• 942 SURFACE TO SURFACE BATTLEFIELD BALLISTIC
MISSILES + 6412 NUCLEAR WARHEADS.
• 1386 INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES WITH
6412 NUCLEAR WARHEADS.
• 175 LONG-RANGE BOMBERS WITH 805 NUCLEAR
WARHEADS.
• TOTAL NUCLEAR WARHEADS 15,000, WITH 4405
UNASSIGNED & IN STORAGE.
• EVERYONE WANTS TO KNOW WHERE ARE THEY
NOW?
197. 1984: U.S. TARGETS OF SOVIET
MISSILES ( COLOURS INDICATE
FALLOUT SEVERITY)
198. U.S. MISSILE CAPABILITY IN 1990
• 400 TACTICAL NUCLEAR MISSILES
• 400 LAND BASED INTERCONTINENTAL
BALLISTIC MISSILES (ICBMs)
• 177 LONG RANGE BOMBERS
• 200 SEABORNE ICBMs ON NUCLEAR
SUBMARINES.
199. STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITATION
AGREEMENTS:USSR & US
• MAY 1972: NIXON & BREZHNEV SIGNED
SALT I
1. ANTI-BALLISTIC MISSILE TREATY
2. U.S. & U.S.S.R. AGREEMENT ON CERTAIN MEASURES
WITH RESPECT TO THE LIMITATION OF STRATEGIC
OFFENSIVE ARMS
• 1977. BREZHNEV BEGAN NEGOTIATIONS WITH JIMMY
CARTER TO BE KNOWN AS SALT II
• 1979. REAGAN CANCELLED TREATY AFTER BREZHNEV
INVADED AFGHANISTAN
• BREZHNEV’s NERVOUS SYSTEM COLLAPSING FROM 1973
DUE TO STROKES. FINAL HEART ATTACK ON 10
NOVEMBER 1982
204. USSR OPERATION RYAN: RAKETNO-
YADERNOYE NAPADENE ( NUCLEAR
MISSILE ATTACK)
• MAY 1981. A MENTALLY FATIGUED (?) BREZHNEV WAS
CONVINCED,FROM REAGAN’S PRE-PRESIDENTIAL
ANTI-SOVIET SPEECHES, AND ONGOING
DEPLOYMENT OF PERSHING II MISSILES, THAT THE
NEW PRESIDENT (FROM JANUARY 1981), THAT THE
U.S. WAS CONTEMPLATING ANTI-SOVIET ACTIVITIES.
• ANDROPOV STATED REAGAN WAS ACTIVELY
PREPARING FOR NUCLEAR WAR, WITH A U.S. FIRST
STRIKE AS HIGHLY PROBABLE.
• KGB/GRU SHOULD GO TO MAXIMUM EFFORT IN
“OPERATION RYAN”.
206. OPERATION RYAN. 1.
• DEC. 1981. ALL KGB IN NATO COUNTRIES TO SEND ‘WORK PLANS’ FOR “RYAN”
• MAR. 1982. TO BE COORDINATED BY WASHINGTON KGB.
• KGB BRITAIN THOUGHT ‘RYAN’ WAS ALARMIST, BUT WORKED HARD. ORGANISED
200,000 MARCH JULY 1982 IN CAMPAIGN FOR NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT.
• KGB WASHINGTON. FORGED LETTER, REAGAN TO HEAD, MILITARY APARTHEID,
SOUTH AFRICA SUPPORTING APARTHEID. LETTER MISSPELLED: ‘PRIVIOUSLY’
• 1983. BRITAIN NOW FOCUS FOR RYAN. KGB INSTRUCTION: REPORT ALL
INCREASES IN PURCHASES OF BLOOD. FAILED TO REALISE BLOOD WAS DONATED
• ALCOHOLIC KGB RESIDENT LONDON: CENSUS OF ALL CAR MOVEMENTS ,
LIGHTED WINDOWS LATE AT NIGHT IN ALL GOVERNMENT & MILITARY
BUILDINGS.
• MARCH 8 1983. WASHINGTON KGB. USED REAGAN’S “EVIL EMPIRE” SPEECH TO
THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF EVANGELICALS ,FLORIDA, TO POPULARISE
SLOGAN, “REAGAN MEANS WAR” ALSO REAGAN’S “S.D.I.” (STAR WARS)
208. 1 SEPT. 1983. KOREAN AIRLINES KAL
007 SHOT DOWN IN SEA, JAPAN
• ROUTINE FLIGHT, ANCHORAGE TO SEOUL, KILLING 269
• PRECEDENT IN 1978 WHEN KAL 902, PARIS – SEOUL
STRAYED INTO SOVIET AIRSPACE & FORCED TO
CRASH-LAND, KILLING 2.
• SOVIET RESPONSE INCOMPETENT AND BRUTAL IN
1983 EPISODE: PILOT FIRED 2 MISSILES AT KAL 007 &
ANNOUNCED, ‘THE TARGET IS DESTROYED’.
• KGB CONCOCTED STORY FOR THEIR WESTERN
NEWSPAPER STOOGES THAT KAL 007 ON A SECRET
MISSION FOR C.I.A. NOBODY BELIEVED THEM
210. NATO OPERATION “ABLE ARCHER 83”
(1)
• NATO ORGANISES AN EXERCISE 2/11 NOV. 1983
TO TEST COMMAND & CONTROL IN THE EVENT
OF A “NUCLEAR EXCHANGE”:
1. NUCLEAR PROTOCOLS SECRET FROM KGB WHO
KNEW ALL ABOUT WARFARE ONES.
2. NEEDED TO TEST ALL LEVELS OF ALERT RIGHT
UP TO “READY TO LAUNCH”
• MOSCOW CENTRAL PARANOIA IN OVERDRIVE –
GAVE A SPURIOUS COUNT-DOWN TIMETABLE.
• OVERWORKED LONDON KGB HAD TO WATCH
ALL NATO STAFF IN BRITAIN
211. “ABLE ARCHER 83”
(2)
• “ABLE ARCHER” FINISHED ON 11 NOVEMBER
1983, BUT MOSCOW’S PARANOIA CONTINUED.
KGB OPERATORS SENT TO BANKING CONTACTS
TO IDENTIFY ANY UNUSUAL TRANSACTIONS.
KGB ALSO SENT TO ABATTORS TO SEE IF ANY
STOCKPILING OF CARCASSES.
• JAN. 1984. MOSCOW CENTRAL REVIEWS “RYAN
1982/83” & RENEWS ITS ENTHUSIASM.
• 9 FEB. ANDROPOV DIES OF RENAL FAILURE.
213. KONSTANTIN CHERNENKO
• CHERNENKO WAS 73 YEARS OLD WHEN HE SUCCEEDED
ANDROPOV. HE WAS WHEELCHAIR BOUND WITH A WHOLE
RANGE OF CARDIOVASCULAR AILMENTS BROUGHT ON BY HEAVY
SMOKING FROM THE AGE OF 9. HE DIED IN MARCH 1985.
• CHERNENKO WAS “ …AN ENFEEBLED GERIATRIC SO ZOMBIE LIKE
AS TO BE BEYOND ASSESSING INTELIGENCE REPORTS , ALARMING
OR NOT.” (JOHN GADDIS)
• 9 MARCH 1984 CRUISE MISSILE EXERCISES WERE CONDUCTED AT
GREENHAM COMMON. USING BBC REPORTS A JUNIOR KGB MAN
SENT A TELEGRAM TO MOSCOW SAYING A MISSILE ATTACK WAS
IMMINENT . IT WAS A SOVIET HOLIDAY & NO ONE WAS IN THE
OFFICE.
• THE OFFICER WAS LATER POSTED TO ZAMBIA.
215. MIKHAEL GORBACHEV.
USSR RULER 1985 - 1991
• BORN 1931. NORTH CAUCASUS. FATHER
AGRICULTURAL MECHANIC, COLLECTIVE FARM, &
WORLD WAR II VETERAN
• 1945. APPRENTICED AS COMBINE HARVESTER
OPERATOR.
• 1949. AWARDED ORDER OF RED BANNER OF LABOUR
& CAME TO NOTICE OF SENIOR PARTY MEMBERS FOR
HIS PRECOCITY IN COMMUNIST DOCTRINE.
• 1950. LAW FACULTY ADMISSION MOSCOW
UNIVERSITY AHEAD OF PRIVELEGED CHILDREN
• 1952. ADMITTED TO COMMUNIST PARTY
216. MIKHAEL GORBACHEV
CONT.
• 1955. GRADUATED & RETURNED TO STAVROPOL
& OFFICIAL OF KOMSOMOL .
• 1964. STAVROPOL AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE
FOR HIS SECOND DEGREE IN 1967.
• 1970. FIRST SECRETARY STAVROPOL
AGRICULTURAL KRAIKOM. REORGANISING
COLLECTIVE FARMS: GREATER VOICE TO
MANAGEMENT & MORE CROPS ON PRIVATE
LAND.
• 1971. MEMBER OF COMMUNIST PARTY
CENTRAL COMMITTEE.
217. MIKHAEL GORBACHEV
CONT.
• 1974. FYODOR KULAKOV BECAME HIS MENTOR. HAD BEEN ONE OF
KHRUSHCHEV’S BRIGHT YOUNG MEN. A STAVROPOL MAN. MYSTERIOUS
“SUICIDE” 1978. ORDERS FROM ANDROPOV?
• GORBACHEV ‘S NEW MENTOR WAS MIKHAEL SUSLOV. CHIEF
IDEOLOGUE; FORMER EXECUTIONER FOR STALIN; BRUTAL SUPPRESSION
IN HUNGARY 1956; & NOW BREZHNEV’S CHIEF OF RE-STALINISATION.
• 1974. GORBACHEV TOOK OVER FROM KULAKOV.
• 1979 . GORBACHEV TO POLITBURO
• 1982. SUSLOV DIED. ANDROPOV TOOK OVER. HE & GORBACHEV PURGED
ONE –FIFTH OF OLDER OFFICIALS & REPLACED WITH YOUNGER MEN.
• 11 MARCH 1985. RULER OF USSR.
• “ IN HIS EARLY SUPPORT FOR THE KGB, GORBACHEV LIVED UP TO
GROMYKO’S CELEBRATED DESCRIPTION OF HIM AS A MAN WITH ‘A NICE
SMILE AND TEETH OF STEEL.”
219. “ABOUT THE ECONOMIC & SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT OF THE USSR ON
1986-1990 AND IN 2000”
FOUR PHILOSOPHICAL PLANKS OF THE MAJOR
REFORMS TO THE PARTY
1. GLASNOST. (TRANSPARENT GOVERNMENT)
2. PERESTROIKA (RESTRUCTURE SOCIETY)
3. DEMOKRATIZATSIYA (POLITICAL
DEMOCRACY)
4. USKORENIYE (ACCELERATE ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT)
220. GLASNOST
GORBACHEV’S IDEA WAS THAT THERE SHOULD
BE GREATER FREEDOM OF INFORMATION,
BUT WITHIN “LENINIST DOCTRINES” WHICH
UNDERPINNED THE WHOLE SYSTEM. BUT
ONCE THERE WAS FREEDOM THERE WAS NO
HOLDING BACK: BOOKS,FREE SPEECH,FREE
MEDIA, WRITERS & 10,000 POLITICAL
PRISONERS FREE TO TELL HORROR STORIES.
222. PERESTROIKA
“PERESTROIKA IS THE ALL-ROUND INTENSIFICATION OF THE SOVIET
ECONOMY, THE REVIVAL OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRINCIPLES
OF DEMOCRATIC CENTRALISM IN RUNNING THE NATIONAL
ECONOMY, THE UNIVERSAL INTRODUCTION OF ECONOMIC
METHODS, THE RENUNCIATION OF MANAGEMENT BY
INJUNCTION AND BY ADMINISTRATIVE METHODS, AND THE
OVERALL ENCOURAGEMENT OF INNOVATION AND SOCIALIST
ENTERPRISE…THE ESSENCE OF PERESTROIKA LIES IN THE FACT
THAT IT UNITES SOCIALISM WITH DEMOCRACY AND REVIVES THE
LENINIST CONCEPT OF SOCIALIST CONSTRUCTION BOTH IN
THEORY AND IN PRACTICE.”
DOOMED TO FAIL:
1.NO ONE TO IMPLEMENT (CHOSE YELTSIN FIRST???)
2. SUPPORTERS IN THE WEST (REAGAN & THATCHER) WERE
FRIEDMANITE MONETARY THEORISTS)
223. DEMODEMOKRATIZATSIYA
GORBACHEV WANTED THIS TO BE THE EMBLEM
FOR MULTI-CANDIDATE ELECTIONS FOR THE
COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNION,
AND OTHER SOVIETS, IN THE BELIEF THAT
YOUNGER , BETTER EDUCATED PARTY MEMBERS
WOULD REJUVENATE THE SYSTEM. BY THE END
OF 1987 NEFORMALY WERE SPROUTING
EVERYWHERE. BY 1989 THERE WERE 60,000
ORGANISATIONS , ON ENVIRONMENT, SPORT,
HISTORY ETC. SOME LAUNCHED INTO
ADVOCACY EG: HUMAN RIGHTS, WHICH STILL
EXIST
225. “GORBY”
• “I LIKE MR. GORBACHEV, WE CAN DO BUSINESS
TOGETHER.” (MARGARET THATCHER)
• “REAGAN CLEARLY BELIEVED THAT HE HAD AS
DUTY TO SPEED GOBACHEV’S, OR ANY OTHER
SOVIET LEADER’S INEVITABLE RECOGNITION
THAT COMMUNIST PHILOSOPHY WAS IN ERROR,
AND THAT ONCE SOVIET MISCONCEPTIONS
ABOUT THE TRUE NATURE OF AMERICA HAD
BEEN CLEARED UP, AN ERA OF CONCILIATION
COULD RAPIDLY FLOW.” (HENRY KISSINGER)
226. GORBACHEV’S FOREIGN INITIATIVES
• 1987. GORBACHEV/REAGAN SIGN
INTERMEDIATE – RANGE NUCLEAR FORCE (INF)
TREATY: ELIMINATION OF
SHORTER/INTERMEDIATE RANGE MISSILES.
• (1991: US DESTROYED 846 & USSR 1846)
• (2007. PUTIN REPUDIATED TREATY AS NOT
SERVING RUSSIA’s INTERESTS)
• FEBRUARY 1989. USSR WITHDRAWS FROM
AFGHANISTAN AFTER ACCORD: AFGHANISTAN,
PAKISTAN, USSR, & US.
228. 1989: GORBACHEV’s STATE VISIT TO
CHINA
• BAD TIMING BECAUSSE PREMIER DENG
XIAOPING UNAVAILABLE DUE TO
DEMONSTRATIONS IN TIEN AN MEN SQUARE
(A MONTH AFTER GORBACHEV’s VISIT THE
MASSACRE HAPPENED)
• STILL MUCH ANIMOSITY TOWARDS USSR
(MEMORIES OF 1969 USSURI RIVER
CONFLICT)
229. 1989: GORBACHEV ADDRESSES
ASSEMBLY OF THE COUNCIL OF
EUROPE
“WE ARE CONVINCED THAT WHAT THEY
(EUROPEANS) NEED IS ONE EUROPE – PEACEFUL
& DEMOCRATIC, A EUROPE THAT MAINTAINS
ALL ITS DIVERSITY AND COMMON HUMANISTIC
IDEAS, A PROSPEROUS EUROPE THAT EXTENDS
ITS HAND TO THE REST OF THE WORLD. A
EUROPE THAT CONFIDENTLY ADVANCES INTO
THE FUTURE.
“IT IS IN SUCH A EUROPE THAT WE VISUALISE OUR
OWN FUTURE.”
230. DISINTEGRATION OF IRON CURTAIN
• JUNE 1989: POLAND’S FIRST FREE ELECTION.
COMMUNISTS LOSE EVERY SEAT.
• NOVEMBER 1989; BERLIN WALL FALLS.
THOUSANDS OF EAST GERMANS FLOOD
WEST GERMANY & CZECHOSLOVAKIA.
• NOVEMBER 1989: “VELVET REVOLUTION” IN
CZECHSLOVAKIA DEPOSES COMMUNISTS.
• NOVEMBER 1989: BULGARIAN LEADER
DEPOSED.
232. THE FINAL MOVES IN ENDSPHIL
(1)
• JULY 1990: GORBACHEV & HELMUT KOHL AGREE TO A
UNIFIED GERMANY IN N.A.T.O.
• NOVEMBER 1990: CONVENTIONAL FORCES IN
EUROPE TREATY. US, USSR AND MOST OF EUROPE
AGREE TO REDUCE HEAVY ARMAMENTS.
• JANUARY 1991: COMECON DISSOLVES ITSELF
• JULY 1991: WARSAW PACT DISSOLVES ITSELF
• JULY 1991: US/USSR SIGN STRATEGIC ARMS
REDUCTION TREATY (S.T.A.R.T. 1)
• MARCH 2009: RUSSIAN PRESIDENT DMITRI
MEDVEDEV FORESHADOWS LARGE SCALE NUCLEAR
REARMAMENT
234. THE END OF DAYS
BY 1989 GORBACHEV HAD LOST CONTROL OF SOVIET
ECONOMY:
1. THE GOVERNMENT DEFICIT WAS AT 109 BILLION
ROUBLES AND WAS UNSUSTAINABLE EVEN IN THE
SHORT RUN.
2. ONLY 10% OF GOLD RESERVES WERE LEFT AFTER
MEETING ALL ITS BORROWINGS.
3. FOOD WAS SHORT & RATIONING WAS AT WARTIME
LEVELS.
4. MANY GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES WERE NOT BEING
PAID.
5. THERE WAS DESTITUTION IN THE STREETS OF THE CITIES
AS THE GREAT RUSSIAN RECESSION OF THE 1990s BEGAN
236. BORIS YELTSIN
• ON BEHALF OF WESTERN CIVILISATION THE C.I.A.
CHOSE BORIS YELTSIN AS THEIR “POSTER BOY” – THE
“CRASH THROUGH” REFORMER WHO WOULD TURN
RUSSIA INTO A CAPITALIST DEMOCRACY.
• YELTSIN WAS POPULAR WITH ORDINARY RUSSIANS &
HAD THE SUPPORT OF THE “OLIGARCHS’ (MANY EX-
BLACK MARKETEERS WITH STRONG KGB, MILITARY &
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL CONNECTIONS).
• YELTSIN WAS BI-POLAR & GIVEN TO BIZARRE
BEHAVIOUR WHEN DRUNK.
238. BORIS YELTSIN CONT.
• MAY 1990. YELTSIN ELECTED TO THE PRESIDIUM OF THE SUPREME
SOVIET OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATED SOCIALIST REPUBLIC (SFSR) –
NOT AN EXECUTIVE POSITION.
• GORBACHEV NOW DISCERNED YELTSIN’s AMBITIONS & URGED
DELEGATES NOT TO ELECT HIM. THEY KNEW THAT YELTSIN WOULD
REPLACE GORBACHEV & JOINED THE YELTSIN POWER GROUP.
• JUNE 1990. YELTSIN RESIGNED FROM THE COMMUNIST PARTY.
• 10 JULY 1991. YELTSIN ELECTED PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN SFSR.
• 18 AUGUST 1991. “GANG OF 8” PLACE GORBACHEV (STILL HEAD
OF STATE OF A CRUMBLING EMPIRE) UNDER HOUSE ARREST FOR 3
DAYS.
• COUP WAS PUT DOWN BY A VERY POPULAR YELSIN.
240. CHECKMATE AGAINST COMMUNIST
PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNION (CPSU)
• COMMUNIST PARTY WAS ORDERED BY YELTSIN TO
CEASE ALL ACTIVITIES & RUSSIAN FLAG HOISTED
ALONG WITH THE SOVIET FLAG.
• GORBACHEV RESIGNED FROM CPSU & DISSOLVED
CENTRAL COMMITTEE
• 8 DECEMBER 1991; UKRAINE, BELARUS & RUSSIA
FORM COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES &
ABOLISH SOVIET UNION.
• GORBACHEV GOES INTO RETIREMENT.
• YELTSIN FIRST PRESIDENT OF RUSSIA (1919 – 1999).
“OLIGARCHS” DISMEMBER SOVIET ECONOMY.
• ENTER VLADIMIR PUTIN TO “FIX’ THE MESS.
242. THE BURDEN OF LEADERSHIP
“ THE HERO TAKES UP THE BURDEN OF HIS NATION, THE BURDEN OF
ITS MISFORTUNES, OF ITS STRUGGLE, OF ITS QUEST, AND HAVING
TAKEN UP THE BURDEN, HE WINS – WINS ALREADY BY THIS
ALONE, INDICATING TO ALL THE WAY TO SALVATION. AND HIS
VICTORY BECOMES A PROTOTYPE AND A BEACON, AN
ACHIEVEMENT AND THE CALL, THE SOURCE OF VICTORY AND THE
BEGINNING OF VICTORY FOR EVERYONE CONNECTED WITH HIM
INTO ONE WHOLE BY PATRIOTIC LOVE. THAT’S WHY HE REMAINS
FOR HIS PEOPLE A LIVING SOURCE OF CHEER AND JOY, AND HIS
VERY NAME SOUNDS LIKE VICTORY.”
( ATTRIBUTED TO RUSSIAN PHILOSOPHER, IVAN ILYIN, 1925 – THE
YEAR OF THE RISE OF FASCISM. QUOTED IN STEVEN LEE MYERS,
“THE NEW TSAR. THE RISE AND REIGN OF VLADIMIR PUTIN”. ILYIN
IS REVERED BY PUTIN)
243. PUTIN’S BEGINNINGS
• BORN, OCTOBER, 1952, THIRD SON OF VLADIMIR & MARIA PUTIN,
SURVIVORS OF THE 872 DAY GERMAN SEIGE OF LENINGRAD
WHICH KILLED 470,000 MEN, WOMEN & CHILDREN INCL. 2 SONS.
• VLADIMIR SNR. WAS COMMUNIST PARTY REP. IN YEGOROV
FACTORY MAKING TRAIN CARRIAGES.
• LIVED IN 180 SQ. FEET APARTMENT IN RUN DOWN BUILDING:
COMMUNAL KITCHEN, NO HOT WATER, NO BATHTUB, TOILET IN
CLOSET, HEATING FROM WOOD BURNING STOVE. INFESTED WITH
RATS
• VLADIMIR SECRETLY BAPTISED BY SURROGATE GRANDPARENTS IN
APARTMENT BLOCK.
• APARTMENT COURTYARD WAS INFESTED WITH DRUNKS & LOCAL
GANGS OF THUGS.
• UP TO FIFTH GRADE WAS A BORDERLINE DELINQUENT:
“INTELLIGENT, BUT DISORGANIZED AND UNINTERESTED”
244. BEGINNINGS CONT.
• FATHER ENROLLED HIM IN MARTIAL ARTS – “SAMBO”: SOVIET STYLE
JUDO & WRESTLING, SUITED HIS “PUGNACIOUS NATURE”. “ IT WAS
SPORTS THAT DRAGGED ME OFF THE STREETS.’ MEMBER OF THE “TRUD
(LABOUR) CLUB”.
• SCHOOL GRADES IMPROVED.
• BECAME LEADER OF SCHOOL’S PIONEERS & IN 8TH GRADE JOINED
KOMSOMOL (COMMUNIST YOUTH)
• WALKED INTO KGB HEADQUARTERS, LENINGRAD (AGED 16) &
VOLUNTEERED TO JOIN.
• SENT TO SELECTIVE SCIENTIFIC ACADEMY BUT HE STUDIED GERMAN &
HUMANITIES. MEDIOCRE RESULTS.
• IMPROBABLY ACCEPTED TO LENINGRAD STATE UNIVERSITY (KGB
INFLUENCE?) IN LAW FACULTY. JUDO COMPETITIONS.
• MOTHER WON A ZAPOROZETS CAR IN A LOTTERY & GAVE IT VLADIMIR.
• MYSTERY CALLER: “I NEED TO TALK TO YOU ABOUT YOUR CAREER
ASSIGNMENT.”
246. 1975. THE MAKING OF A K.G.B. MAN
• APPOINTED TO THE PERSONNEL DEPARTMENT, SECRETARIAT OF
FIFTH CHIEF DIRECTORATE, AS CLERK.
• 5TH DIRECTORATE ESTABLISHED BY ANDROPOV ,1969, RE-
STALINISATION: COUNTER POLITICAL DISSIDENCE & OTHER
“POLITICAL UNRELIABILITY”.
• SOVIET SOCIETY UNDER 5TH DIRECTORATE CONTROL:
STUDENTS;INTELLIGENTSIA; “JEWISH DISSIDENCE”( STOP ON
EMIGRATION);COUNCIL FOR THE AFFAIRS OF RELIGIOUS SECTS;
“SUBVERSIVE NATIONALISM”; OVERSEAS RELATIVES OF SOVIET
CITIZENS; RUSSIAN ÉMIGRÉ GROUPS; AND SUPPRESSION OF
SAMIZDAT AUTHORS (MONITORING PRINTING PRESSES,
TYPEWRITERS, & ESPECIALLY PHOTOCOPIERS)
• PROBABLY ALSO RAN SERBSKY INSTITUTE.
248. A K.G.B. MAN
• RECRUITED TO SPECIALISED TRAINING ACADEMY
WHICH TOOK IN TRADE ECONOMICS GRADUATES.
• RECRUITS INDOCTRINATED AS AN ELITE GROUP WHO
WOULD MODERNISE THE U.S.S.R.
• 1976 ( AGE 24) APPOINTED 1ST LIEUTENANT, TO
SECOND CHIEF DIRECTORATE, K.G.B. BUT SECONDED
TO 5TH DIRECTORATE RUNNING ANTI-DISSIDENCE
“AGENTS” (INFORMERS) IN LENINGRAD.
• 1977: TRANSFERRED TO FIRST CHIEF DIRECTORATE:
OVERSEAS INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS. HIS MASTERY
OF GERMAN HELPED.
249. A K.G.B. MAN (CONT.)
• 1979. APPOINTED CAPTAIN, KGB. ATTENDED
ELITE INTELLIGENCE “HIGHER SCHOOL” IN
LUBYANKA, FOR OVERSEAS SERVICE.
• 1980. FEARING SEXUAL LIAISONS OF ITS SINGLE
OPERATIVES OVERSEAS, K.G.B. ENCOURAGED
MEN LIKE PUTIN TO MARRY.
• MARCH 1980. MARRIED LYUDMILA SHREBNEVA,
AEROFLOT HOSTESS.
• 1983. PROMOTED TO MAJOR,K.G.B., AGED 31
YEARS. POSTED TO RED BANNER INSTITUTE,
MOSCOW, THE ELITE SCHOOOL FOR SPIES.
250. “THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS A
FORMER K.G.B. MAN”. PUTIN
251. MAJOR PUTIN IN STASILAND
• 1985. APPOINTED TO DRESDEN, GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
• JOB WAS TO SCOUR STASI RECORDS OF STUDENTS WHO HAD
RELATIVES IN EUROPE OR AMERICA WHO MIGHT BE LIVING AT OR
NEAR NATO OR OTHER MILITARY INSTALLATIONS & RECRUIT THEM
AS SPIES – FOR MONEY.
• 1987. PROMOTED TO LIEUTENANT COLONEL, DEPUTY CHIEF,
K.G.B. DRESDEN. ENFORCEMENT OF DISCIPLINE AMONG STAFF &
THEIR INFORMERS.
• AMBIVALENT TOWARDS CHANGES OCCURRING UNDER
GORBACHEV.
• NOV. 1989. FALL OF BERLIN WALL & COLLAPSE OF GERMAN
COMMUNISM. KGB IN EAST GERMANY OUT OF A JOB.
• PUTIN FAMILY RETURN TO LENINGRAD.
252. LT. COL. PUTIN. UNDERCOVER AGENT
IN LENINGRAD CITY COUNCIL
• EMPLOYED BY A CHARISMATIC REFORM-MINDED,MAYOR OF
LENINGRAD, ANATOLY SOBCHAK.
• UNDERCOVER TO INFORM K.G.B. ON COUNCIL ACTIVITIES &
OVERSEAS VISITORS TO LENINGRAD UNIVERSITY.
• 1990. INEPT COUNCIL MANAGEMENT & IMPENDING COLLAPSE OF
SOVIET ECONOMY. K.G.B. MAKING PLANS FOR MARTIAL LAW.
• JANUARY, 1991. COL. PUTIN PROMOTED TO COUNCIL’S DIRECTOR
OF FOREIGN RELATIONS.
• 19 AUGUST 1991. “GANG OF 8” COUP OF MILITARY & K.G.B.
HEADS FAILS. PUTIN ON HOLIDAYS WITH FAMILY, IN
KALININIGRAD.
• 21 AUGUST 1991. SOBCHAK AT YELTSIN’S RIGHT HAND. PUTIN
RESIGNS FROM K.G.B.
253. MOSCOW 19 AUG. 1991. DAY 1 OF
FAILED K.G.B. & MILITARY COUP
254. MR. VLADIMIR PUTIN IN SAINT
PETERSBURG COUNCIL
• MAYOR ANATOLY SOBCHAK NOW A NATIONAL CELEBRITY – SECOND
ONLY TO BORIS YELTSIN.
• THE REVILED K.G.B. WAS BEING DISMANTLED & PUTIN HAD TO COVER
UP HIS PAST ACTIVITIES
• NOV. 1991, THE CITY WAS BROKE & NOTHING WORKED. FOOD WAS
SHORT.
• SOBCHAK DECIDES TO MAKE ST.PETERSBURG, LAS VEGAS OF RUSSIA,
WITH PUTIN THE PROJECT MANAGER.
• CONTRACTS BADLY WRITTEN & VERY POOR GOVERNANCE.
• CONTRACTS TO PUTIN’s ASSOCIATES IN KGB & MILITARY
• INVESTIGATIVE COMMITTEE FOUND “COMPLETE INCOMPETENCE
BORDERING ON BAD FAITH.”
• PROMOTED TO DEPUTY MAYOR , RESPONSIBLE FOR ATTRACTING
FOREIGN INVESTMENT.
• PUTIN BECAME A WHEELER-DEALER ENRICHING THE CITY, BUT A GREAT
DEAL OF CRIME WAS ALSO ATTRACTED TO THE CITY.
255. MOSCOW’s OCTOBER 1994
“REVOLUTION”
• THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY HAD COLLAPSED. YELTSIN DISSOLVED
THE REMNANTS OF SOVIET RULE – THE “CONGRESS OF PEOPLES
DEPUTIES” & SCHEDULED A REFERENDUM ON A NEW
CONSTITUTION & PARLIAMENT. SOBCHAK HAD CONTROL OF
PETERSBURG BUT MOSCOW TURNED VIOLENT.
• ARMED MOBS ROAMED THE STREETS TAKING OVER PUBLIC
BUILDINGS. MANY KILLED IN DEFENCE OF BUILDINGS. CAPTURE
OF “WHITE HOUSE” (CENTRAL MOSCOW GOVT. OFFICES)
• 3 OCTOBER. TANKS FIRE SHELLS INTO UPPER FLOORS OF “WHITE
HOUSE” & TROOPS CLEAR BUILDING FLOOR BY FLOOR.
• 100 + KILLED.
• PUTIN & MINISTRY OF SECURITY (OLD KGB) OFFICERS ARREST
YELTSIN GOVT. ENEMIES IN PETERSBURG BEFORE THEY TAKE TO
THE STREETS.
• OCTOBER “REVOLUTION” ENDED.
257. PUTIN: BUSINESS EXECUTIVE
• 1995: PUTIN OUT OF A JOB – AGAIN – SOBCHAK
LOSES CITY COUNCIL ELECTION.
• JOINS FRIENDS IN BUSINESS VENTURE “OZERO”
(LAKE) TURNING SCIENTIFIC WORK INTO
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS FOR EXPORT.
• “BANK ROSSIYA” (SET UP TO HANDLE OLD
COMMUNIST PARTY – AND POSSIBLY KGB-
ACCOUNTS). PUTIN ESTABLISHED “TWENTIETH
TRUST” (1992) TO FUNNEL PETERSBURG COUNCIL
OVERSEAS TRANSACTIONS (WHICH HE
CONTROLLED)(HIS 2016 NET WORTH, $200 BILLION)
258. PUTIN’s PATH TO POWER
• LATE 1995. PRESIDENT YELTSIN HAS THE FIRST OF MULTIPLE
HEART ATTACKS. NOVEMBER 1996, HEART SURGERY. BYZANTINE
TURMOIL IN RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT.
• PUTIN APPOINTED HEAD, MAIN CONTROL DIRECTORATE, RUSSIA
- CHIEF AUDITOR - & DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF TO PRESIDENT.
• WORKED WITH KGB SUCCESSOR: FEDERAL SECURITY SERVICE
(FSB)
• PUTIN DILIGENTLY PURSUED INCOMPETENT & CORRUPT
OFFICIALS.
• PUTIN HAD INFLUENCE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA’s
NATURAL RESOURCES AFTER DOING GRADUATE ECONOMIC
STUDIES IN 1996, AT PETERSBURG UNIVERSITY.
• FLAMBOYANT FRIEND & LONG TIME MENTOR, ANATOLY SOBCHAK
ESCAPES RUSSIA AHEAD OF ENEMIES & A VARIETY OF CHARGES
INCL. CORRUPTION .
259. PUTIN’S PATH TO POWER CONT.
• 1998. RUSSIA’s ECONOMY IN A MESS. YELTSIN CONVALESCING
BUT GOVERNMENT IN A MESS.
• MAY 1998. PUTIN’s COMPETENCE & LOYALTY REWARDED WITH
PROMOTION TO 1ST DEPUTY DIRECTOR, PRESIDENTIAL
ADMINISTRATION, OVERSIGHTING GOOD GOVERNANCE IN
RUSSIA’s 89 REGIONS.
• PUTIN SAW RUSSIA’s VERTIKAL (CHAIN OF AUTHORITY) WAS
DISINTEGRATING. GAVE HIS PREVIUOS JOB TO ANOTHER KGB
MAN.
• YELTSIN MISTRUSTED FSB, MADE UP OF OLD KGB MEN.
ESPECIALLY, THEY HAD STARTED A LARGE ‘FISHING EXPEDITION”
TO CATCH SENIOR GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS IN CORRUPT
ACTIVITIES. YELTSIN NEEDED HIS “OWN MAN” RUNNING FSB.
• JULY, 1998. YELTSIN APPOINTED PUTIN DIRECTOR, FSB.
260. VLADIMIR PUTIN, HEAD OF FEDERAL
SECURITY SERVICE (FSB)
• PUTIN REORGANISED DEPARTMENTS TO SUIT CURRENT SECURITY
PROBLEMS, MAKING 2000 STAFF OUT OF 6000, REDUNDANT. (STRONG
FOCUS ON ISLAMIC INSURGENCY MOVEMENTS EG: CHECHNYAN WAR)
• A JOURNALIST FOCUSSING ON CORRUPTION & IMPLICATING PUTIN WAS
BEATEN TO DEATH.
• NOVEMBER 1998. 6 SENIOR FSB MEN HELD A TELEVISED PRESS
CONFERENCE ACCUSING FSB OF MASSIVE CORRUPTION & CONSPIRACY –
CHAIRED BY ALEKSANSDR LITVINENKO. THEY WERE ALL SACKED BY
PUTIN. A POPULAR BOOK BY LITVINIENKO REPEATED ACCUSATIONS,
WITH PUTIN IN THE FRAME. AS WE SAW IN LECTURE 7, LITVINIENKO
WAS KILLED IN LONDON.
• NOVEMBER 20. GALINA STAROVOITOVA, IN A T.V. PROGRAM “SCANDALS
OF THE WEEK” ACCUSED THE FSB OF CORRUPTION, AGAIN INCLUDING
PUTIN. THAT NIGHT,IN HER APARTMENT’s FOYER SHE WAS KILLED WITH
3 BULLETS IN HER HEAD.
261. VLADIMIR PUTIN: PRIME MINISTER
OF RUSSIA
• AUGUST 1999: YELTSIN APPOINTS PUTIN PRIME MINISTER. HE WAS THE 4TH
YELTSIN-APPOINTED PRIME MINISTER IN AS MANY YEARS.
• RUMOURS OF POSSIBLE IMPEACHMENT OF YELTSIN, STILL RECOVERING.
• PUTIN CALCULATED THAT, AT MOST, HE ONLY HAD FOUR MONTHS IN THE
POSITION.
• BUT YELTSIN SAID: “ I HAVE NOW DECIDED TO NAME A PERSON WHO IN MY
OPINION CAN BRING SOCIETY TOGETHER. RELYING ON THE BROADEST POLITICAL
POWERS, HE WILL ENSURE THE CONTINUATION OF REFORMS IN RUSSIA.” PUTIN
WOULD BE YELTSIN’S SUCCESSOR .
• THE WAR IN CHECHNYA, SINCE 1991 HAD KILLED 5000 RUSSIAN SOLDIERS, AND
100,000 CHECHENS. SO SOON AFTER AFGHANISTAN, IT WAS VERY UNPOPULAR,
& THE MAIN CAUSE OF IMPEACHMENT RUMOURS ABOUT YELTSIN.
• THOUGH POLITICALLY A HIGH RISK VENTURE, PUTIN DECIDED TO TAKE STRONG
MILITARY ACTION IN CHECHNYA, WHERE 1 WARLORD HAD INVADED DAGESTAN ,
WITH A VIEW TO SETTING UP AN ISLAMIC STATE.
• ON ORDERS FROM MOSCOW, RUSSIAN & DAGESTANI MILTARY REPULSED THE
CHECHNYANS WHO RE-CROSSED THE BORDER.
262. PUTIN & THE SECOND CHECHEN WAR:
BATTLE PHASE. GROZNY.2/2/2000
263. PUTIN FIGHTS THE SECOND CHECHEN
WAR.
• 23 SEPT. 1999. RUSSIAN AIRCRAFT BOMB DEEP INSIDE
CHECHNYA (INCL. GROZNY): “RUSSIAN AIRCRAFT ARE
ONLY STRIKING TERRORIST CAMPS. WE WILL GO
AFTER THEM WHEREVER THEY ARE. IF, PARDON ME,
WE FIND THEM IN THE TOILET, WE WILL WASTE THEM
IN THE OUTHOUSE.” (PUTIN)
• THE FIRST CHECHEN WAR (1994-1996) HAD BEEN LOST
BY RUSSIA : BAD LEADERSHIP; ILL-EQUIPPED; & POOR
TROOPS. VERY UNPOPULAR.
• THIS WAR UNDER PUTIN POPULAR: “BANG THE HELL
OUT OF THE BANDITS.”
266. PUTIN’s ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT
• “ WILD WEST” CAPITALISM ENDED. IT HAD CREATED DECADENT “UPPER
CLASS”, SHOPS, RESTAURANTS CLUBS FOR VERY RICH. GROSS DOMESTIC
PRODUCT INCREASE 10%, 1999/2000 , THEN AVERAGE 6% PER YEAR TO
2007. CREATION OF A “MIDDLE CLASS” ECONOMIC PROGRESS. PUTIN AS
A GOOD ECONOMIC MANAGER.
• TRUCE WITH OLIGARCHS. KEEP THEIR SPOILS OF 1990s BUT FORM
“RUSSIAN UNION OF INDUSTRIALISTS & ENTREPRENEURS” TO DISCUSS
ISSUES.
• BUT CORRUPTION COSTING RUSSIA $30 BILLION (25% OF GOVT.
BUDGET)
• OLIGARCH MIKHAEL KHODOROVSKY CRITICISED GOVT. OIL COMPANY,
ROSNEFT, PERSONAL CONNECTION TO PUTIN –WHO LOST HIS TEMPER .
KHODOROVSKY ADVISED TO LEAVE THE COUNTRY.
• “PUTIN’s STRATEGY FOR EXTENDING THE STATE’S CONTROL OVER
NATURAL RESOURCESHAD BEEN JUDICIOUS & INCREMENTAL.” ( S L
MEYERS)
267. PUTIN vs. THE OLIGARCHS
• 2003: THINK TANK TREATISE WIDELY CIRCULATED – OLIGARCH
GROUPS CONSPIRING TO TAKE OVER RUSSIAN GOVT. IN
COLLABORATION WITH OVERSEAS HELP, LED BY MIKHAEL
KHODORKOVSKY (“K”)
• JULY 2003: YUKOS OIL ( OWNED BY “K”) HEAD OF SECURITY
ARRESTED FOR PLOTTING ASSASSINATIONS & A COUP.
• OCTOBER 2003: “K’ ARRESTED. RUSSIA SEEN PUBLICLY AS
“CAPITALISM WITH STALIN’s FACE”.
• LIBERALS IN PUTIN’s GOVT UPSET, BUT HARDLINERS
( SILOVIKI) APPROVED.
• DECEMBER 2003: GENERAL ELECTIONS GAVE PUTIN 300 OUT OF
450 SEATS – “WE NOW HAVE, AGAIN, A ONE- PARTY
PARLIAMENT”. ( ACCUSATIONS OF VOTE RIGGING IN SOME &
MEDIA BIAS BY EUROPE’S ORGANISATION OF SECURITY & CO-
OPERATION)
269. THE SILOVIKI CONT.
• “PERSONS OF FORCE”: MEMBERS OF FSB,GRU,,FSB,SVR, DRUG
CONTROL & MILITARY WHO CAME TO POWER IN YELTSIN ERA &
NOW PUTIN.
• NOW WORK FOR “SILOVYE MINISTERSTVA”:
“MINISTRIES OF FORCE”.
• “SILOVIKI INCORPORATED” (SI): SEPARATE FROM CIVILIANS;
GROUP ALLEGIANCE; “ALWAYS TAKE CARE OF OWN”; CODE OF
SILENCE.
• MAKE UP 77% OF TOP PUTIN GOVERNMENT POSITIONS (BUT
ONLY A THIRD OPENLY STATE THIS)
• “ THERE ARE NOW FEW AREAS OF RUSSIAN LIFE WHERE THE SI’s
LONG ARM FAILS TO REACH.”
• SILOVIKI “BOSSES OF BOSSES” IN PUTIN’S INNER CABINET: SERGEI
IVANOV, VIKTOR IVANOV & SERGEY SHOYGU ( SEE NOTES)
272. PUTIN’ s POST BESLAN “REFORMS”
• PUTIN’s CONCLUSION ON BESLAN: “WE DEMONSTRATED
WEAKNESS, AND THE WEAK ARE BEATEN.”
• PUTIN’s REMEDIES FOR BESLAN:
1. HE DID NOT FIRE INTELLIGENCE/ MILITARY FOR THEIR MASSIVE
FAILURES.
2. HE ABOLISHED ELECTIONS OF GOVERNORS, MAYORS, &
PRESIDENTS OF RUSSIA’s MANY REGIONS & REPUBLICS, & GAVE
CONTROL TO KREMLIN.
3. HE ABOLISHED 225 (50%) SEATS IN RUSSIAN PARLIAMENT TAKEN
UP BY DISTRICTS.
• “ THE ONLY THING LEFT IS ABSOLUTE PROSTRATION…AND MOST
OF RUSSIA’s ELITE, EITHER FROM LOYALTY OR FROM FEAR,
WERE HAPPY TO OBLIGE.” (S L MYERS)
