GOOFATHO DOONAN “NY” KOOSHE DUUSSAANNE DHAYUWAA DERETETHAA XEESSANINNE ERANCHATA QOFAN GATHIDI PILGGI XEELO

ARBBAMINCCE YUNBBURUSTTE
DERETETHA SAYNISENNE ASABATETHA KOLLOJJEN
TOPHPHIYAA DOONATANNE BILA XUUFE GOOFATHO
DOONANNE BILA XUUFE TIMIRTTE KIFILE
GOOFATHO DOONAN “NY” KOOSHE DUUSSAANNE
DHAYUWAA DERETETHAA XEESSANINNE ERANCHATA
QOFAN GATHIDI PILGGI XEELO
PILGGETHA PIROPOZALE
GIIGISIDAY
SAMU7ELA BEREKETE
ZORAADDEY
WOGA KAALEBA
AMY, SAWLA
Galundda , 2013 M. L

GOOFATHO DOONAN “NY” KOOSHE DUUSSAANNE
DHAYUWAA DERETETHAA XEESSANINNE ERANCHATA
QOFAN GATHIDI PILGGI XEELO
GIIGISIDAY
SAMU7ELA BEREKETE
ZORAADDEY
WOGA KAALEBA
AMY, SAWLA
Galundda , 2013 M.L.

I
SHAYE
Tillayanchchata:
Zoraadde:
Sunthaa Pirima
Dn. ………………………………. ………………..…………
Bornnashaadde:
Sunthaa Pirima
Dn./M/re. …………………………….… ………………..…………

II
SHAYE
Keso
Kaara Shaye
Tillayanchchata:......................................................................................................................... I
Keso ..........................................................................................................................................II
Zara keso..................................................................................................................................IV
Misileta Keso ...........................................................................................................................IV
GALATA (ACKNOWLEDGEMENT)....................................................................................V
QOFISO (DEDICATION).......................................................................................................VI
MAATAWATETHAA (DECLARATION) .......................................................................... VII
XUNTHA KUUSHSHAA (ABSTRACT) ...........................................................................VIII
SEMPPO ISSO ..........................................................................................................................1
1. Gelo (Introduction).............................................................................................................1
1.1. Metuwa Eso (Background of the study)......................................................................1
1.2. Metuwa Qoncciso(Statement Of the Problem) ...........................................................3
1.3. Pilggetha Qoppobaa (Objective of The Study) ...........................................................4
1.3.1. Kumetha Qoppobaa (General Objective).............................................................4
1.3.2. Sima Qoppobaata (Specific objects)....................................................................5
1.4. Pilggetha Oyshata (Research Question)......................................................................5
1.5. Pilggetha Go77aa (Significance of Study)..................................................................5
1.6. Pilggetha zawa (Scope of The Study) .........................................................................5
1.7. Xinaatiya Teqeta Woykko Dhubeta (Limitition of the Study)..................................6
1.8. Ooratha Qaalata Birshethaa.........................................................................................6
SHEMPPO NAM77A................................................................................................................7
2. Gahetethi De7iya Xuufeta Zaaretho (Review of Related Literature).................................7
2.1. Haasaya Koosheta Xeegeth(Articulating Speech Sounds)..........................................7
2.1.1. Ayyere..................................................................................................................7
2.1.2. Kooshaayo............................................................................................................7
2.1.3. Kooshe Golle .......................................................................................................7
2.2. Haasaya kooshe xinaate (phonetics) ...........................................................................8
2.3. Haasaya koosheta saynise (phonology).......................................................................9
2.4. Guttuma Koosheta Medhetetha besse (Ko-besse) Place of articulation ...................11
A. Mettershe...................................................................................................................11
B. Deddeno(alveolar).....................................................................................................11

III
SHAYE
C. Hangaxa (Palatal) ......................................................................................................11
D. Kottono......................................................................................................................12
E. Qoodhe ......................................................................................................................12
SHEMPPO HEEDZA..............................................................................................................13
3. Pilggetha Hiillatanne Medho (Research Methodology and Design)................................13
3.1. Pilggethaa Hiilla (Research Design) .........................................................................13
3.2. Bessinddo Darotethaanne Bessinddo Eko Hiillaa (Sample Size and Sampling
Techniques)..........................................................................................................................13
3.3. Markkanddo Shiisho Miisheta (Data Collecting Tools) ...........................................14
3.3.1. Qaala Oysha (Interview)....................................................................................14
3.3.2. Xuufe Oysha(Questionnaire) .............................................................................14
3.4. Pilggetha Ooso Maara (Research Procedure)............................................................15
3.5. Markkanddo Paatetha Hiilla (Methods of Data Analysis) ........................................15
3.6. Pilggethaa Ammanthetethaanne Suuretethaa...........................................................15
3.7. Pilgganchaa Kanddo..................................................................................................15
4. SHEMPPO OYDDA ........................................................................................................17
4. MARKKANDDO PAATETHA BIRSHETHA DEMOTA..........................................17
5. Markkanddo Paatethanne Birshshethaa (Data Analysis And Interpretation) ...............17
Tamaareta Xuufe Oysho Zaaruwa Paatethaa.....................................................18
Gade Dondzatappe Beettida Qaala Oysha Zaaruwaa Paatetha..........................24
6. Demota Kuushshaa (Summary of Findings).................................................................29
Shemppo Ichasha .....................................................................................................................31
5. Kuuyethanne Zore ............................................................................................................31
7. Kuushsha (conclusions) ................................................................................................31
8. Oge Beso (Recommendations) .....................................................................................31
Guja Qoncciso /Appendixes/ ...................................................................................................33
Markka Maxaafe......................................................................................................................37

IV
SHAYE
Zara keso
Zara 2.1. -kooshetanne medheta bessa....................................................................................10
Zara 4.1. Pilggetha markkanddo shiisho Miishetta Polo Markkanddo Qoncciso…………17
Zara 4.2. koodde "A" qaala oysha zaaro paatetha………………………………………….. 25
Zara 4.3. Koodde "B" Zaaro paatetha……………………………………………………….. 27
Zara 4.3. Koodde "C" qaala oysha zaaro paatetha…………………………………………..28
Misileta Keso
Misile 1. koosheta medheta bessa...........................................................................................12

V
SHAYE
GALATA (ACKNOWLEDGEMENT)
Koyrottada, ha pilggethaa oosuwas taw abbe, cinccatethinne eratethi gididi ha oosuwa
doomethaanne poluwa gidida, tana dhiskkonna naagidaa, tokkidanne maaddidaa ubbaa
danddandda7iya Xoossaas ubbaappe aathada, dafin duuxxonna, menthin meqqonna, kumetha
asatethaappe pulttiya ooratha galataa immays. Iya maadoy baynna aybikka polettenaw
dandda7enna.
Kaallada, ha pilggethaa kaara dooroppe gidin piroppoozaale harxxe shiishoppe doommidi
kumetha polo warqqate shiisho gakkanas de7iya dumma dummabatan, issi issi dethantaninne
buussatan tana kaalethidayssas, minthethidayssasinne kumetha aawatetha zoriyas Dn. Woga
Kaaleba wozanappe galatanaw koyays. Hessadanikka, Goofatho timirtte kifile kaappuwa Dn.
Marqqoosa Iyyaasu de7iya kaappotetha oosuwappe aadhdhidi paas de7iya eratetha shaakon,
pa wodiya yarshshoninne xoo7e beson immida dumma haggazaas dumma galataa shiishanaw
koyays. Gujjadakka, Timirte kifile asttamaariya Dn. Abraama Yisaaqa ta oothana oosuwas
injjetiya kaara dooro zoriyasinne immida dumma dumma ta pilggethaara kaaraara gahettiya
xuufe markkanddotas galatanaw koyays..
Haray qassi, ha xinaatiya poluwasinne muurutaas taas miyye gididi wonttan omarssan tana
oychchiya ta soo asaa: ta aawaa Dangge Peeno Samu7elanne ta siiqo aayee Soore Wora
Worqqinasho taas woosan, xuura shaaketethanine minthethuwan immida kaliyas gaanabay
baynna gisho keehada galataa immays.
Wurssethan, Zaala worada Galma nam77antho dethanne giigiso timirtte keethaa tamaareta ha
pilggethaa oosuwan besse immidi hashetidayssasinne koshshiya markkanddo immidayssas
keehada galatays. Haray qassi kumetha eenotethan markkanddo imon hashetida gade dondzata
galatanaw koyays.

VI
SHAYE
QOFISO (DEDICATION)
Ha pilggetha qofetethay I ta sinthe baanadaninne dhoqqa dhetha gakkanaadan wozanappe
amottiyaa, Xoossa woossiya ta al77o michetas: Samu7ela Qidisttis, Samu7ela Ilsayis,
Samu7ela Mihiretisnne ta al77o issi ishaa Samu7ela Tamasgana (Chapi)s gido.

VII
SHAYE
MAATAWATETHAA (DECLARATION)
Ha pilggethay ta buzo ooso gidoyssanne harasoon oosettonnayssa qonccissaysinne gizzays. Ha
pilggethaa warqqatey lo77o erettida markka maxaafetan katidinne kumidi giigis. Ha pilggethaa
xuufeti, markka maxaafetinne markkanddoti dumma dumma bessatappe intterneete yafara
gujjin ekettidayssata gidishin, duuqa higge naagidi “APA” markka maxaafe xaafo kaaloda
naagidi xaafettidosona.
Pirima: ................................................. Gaagla: ............................................
Samu7ela Berekete
RSSH/1055/11
Bornnashaadeta (Supervisors):
Nu/Ta ha warqqatiyan shiiqida oosoy nu/ta kaaleso gidddon beettiya tamaariyan osetti
polettoyssa Yunbberestte kaalli xeelanchchatethan gizzoos/aays
Pirima: .................................................. Gagla: ............................................
Dn. ……………………….…………….
Lekchchere
Goofatho Doonanne Bila-Xuufe Timirtte Kifile,
Arbba Mincce Yunbberestte
Pirima: .................................................. Gagla: ............................................
Dn. ……………………….…………….
Lekchchere
Goofatho Doonanne Bila-Xuufe Timirtte Kifile,
Arbba Mincce Yunbberestte

VIII
SHAYE
XUNTHA KUUSHSHAA (ABSTRACT)
Ha pilggethay Goofatho doonan “Ny” kooshe duussaanne dhayuwaa deretethaa xeessaninne
eranchata qofaara gathidi pilggi xeelo qoppobaa wuda wothidi shiiqis. Ha pilggethay nam77u
qoppobata wudayidi denddis. Hessatikka: Goofatho doonan “Ny” kooshe duussaanne
dhayuwaa deretethaa xeessaara gathi xeellishin, suure de7onne dhayo qaadaa pilggi xeelonne
Goofatho doonan “Ny” kooshe duussaanne dhayuwaa eranchata qofaara gathi xeellishin
de7onne dhayo qaadaa yiggi xeelo bolla oosettis. Ha pilggethay “ny” pidale de7onne dhayo
bolla medhettiyaa palamaa zarbbisees. Pilgganchchay ha xinaatiyan dumma dumma
dabbotiya xuufeta baaso oothis; ha xinaatiyan qaalan qoncciso pilggetha ooso ogiyan
gizzettida (qaada immonna ) (Non probability) bessinddo dooro hiilla go77ettidi doorettida
32 kumetha bessinddotappe 12 tamaaretasinne 4 doona eranchatas xuufe oysha, qassi 16 gade
dondzata qaala oyshati imettidosona. Ha hanotan shiiqida markkanddoy nam77u ogetan:
qaalan paattiyanne paydon qonccisiya hiillatan paatettis. Ha pilggethaa demoti “ny” kooshey
Goofa deretetha asaa xeegetahs waayethiyaa/metotheyssa shiiqida qaalata nam77u toho
xeegisethan guussaykka Amaaratho doona qaalatappe “ny” de7iyaa qaalatanne Goofathoppe
qassi iya mela ekon udisishe xomoosidaa gidishin daro baggay xaafishe gidin haasayishe “ny”
kooshey xeegettana bessaan “n” go7etteyssa demmis. Kaallidi, hananaw bessiyabata dhoqqa
dethan Goofatho doona tamarssiyaa asttamaaretas gidin tamaaretas zore immi aadhdhidi ha
“ny” kooshiiyaa Goofatho pidale gaytappe dhayaakkoka metoy baynnayssa gizzidi aadhdhis.

1
SHAYE
SEMPPO ISSO
1. Gelo (Introduction)
Ha shemppuwan, dumma dumma ogetan ha pilggethaa qoccisiyabati shiiqidosona. Ha geluwan ha
xinaatiyas denddo woykko baaso gidiya qofati wosettidosona. Kaallidi, ha pilggethaa metuwa
qonccisi bessanawnne metoy tumakka meto gideyssa akeekon wuda wothana mala udossa. Haray
qassi, ha metuwa bolla gaasoy de7iya denddonne polo oothanaassa. Gujjidikka, ha piggethaa
qoppobaatinne pilggetha oyshoti shiiqana. Haray qassi ha metuwa bolla oosettiya pilggethaa go77ay
qonccana; pilggethay oosettiyaa heeray, bessinddo dooro hiillay, birshshetha ogey qonccana.
Wurssethan, ha pilggethay haphphiya asa qoodaynne bessay qonccana.
1.1. Metuwa Eso (Background of the study)
(Baye,2000) gishe oona gida doona ubbaas denddoy woy doomethay kooshe gees. Koosheta gishin
dumma dumma koshaayotan woy koosheti medhettiyaa bessaan medhetteyssata guussi. Hayssa
gishin hiza issi asi pa qofaa haratas aathanaw dandda7ey koshaayotan medhettidi sinth-guye maaraa
naagidi birshethi immana hanotan licetti uttida kooshetan medhettida qaalata suure go7etethaana
guussi. He medhettida kooshetas qassi imettida malaatati de7oosona.
Oona gida doona ubbaan haasaya kooshey de7ees. He dumma dumma doonata giddoppe nu doonaa
Goofathoy qassi issuwaa. Ha doonankka hiza dumma dumma bessatan medhettiyaa haasaya
koosheti de7oosona. Hayssa gishin qassi enttaw imettida malaatatikka de7oosona.
Asa na7i doona pogidi odettanaw/ haasayanaw: Ayyeere (exhaled air), kooshaayo (artculatory
organ) kooshe golle (vocal cord) koshshees. Ayyeere(exhaled air) daro doonatan haasaya kooshe
medhdhanaw goofinepe kare ke7iyaa ayyeere koshshees. Goofathonka kooshey ha ogiyan
medhettees. Kooshaayo Kooshe medhetethas medhon giigi uttida nu doona giddo bessata guussi.
Goofathon kooshey medhettiya bessati: mettershe, deddeno, hangaxa, kottononne qoodhe. Hara ili-
inxarsikka kooshe medhon gita ooso oothees. Acha duussikka kooshe medhos maaddees. Kooshey
medhettishin mettershi, garsa gacoy, inxarsinne ili-inxarsi qaaxxiya gidishin hankoti qaaxxokkona.
Hessa guussay hiza dumma dumma kooshayotan dumma dumma hanotan medhettiya daro koosheti
de7eyssa bessees. Gidoppe attin issi doonan de7iya haasaya koosheti hara doonan de7iya haasaya
kooshetappe he doonata wogaadan dummatanaw dandda7ees. Kooshe golley qassi qoodhe giddon
poripondo bolla beettees. Kooshe medhetethan ha bessay gita ooso polees. He kooshe golliyan
goofinepe kare keyaa ayyeerey bochidi qaasethishin (kokkorsishin) kooshey medhettees. Kooshe

2
SHAYE
gollen giirida koosheti attida doona giddo bessata gakkishe dumma dumma si7ettiya kooshe
medhdhees. Urgamo,(2008) pa xuufiyan gishe dumma dumma doonatan he doonata wogaada
kooshey dummatiya bessan medhettidi dummatiya ogen xeegettanaw danda7ees. Hessape
dendidayssan doonape dooni dummatees gishe odees. Axxa Sisaye, (2011) qassi pilggethan ha
Goofatho doona eranchaa qonccisuwaan zemppidi qonccisidayssara gathi xeelliya wode, de7iyaa
doona shaakotappe nu doonaa Goofathoy Umatho doonatan moodettees. Hiza hayssa gishin
Semethon woy Kushethon woy haratan meteoy baynna xeegettiyaa koosheti Umatho doonatan
suure xeegettonna ixxanaw dandda7ees guussi. Hayssara gathi pilgganchay “ny” kooshey Goofatho
doonan deriyaa xeessan xeeganaw waani metothiyaako wudidi xomoosanaw koyis.
Hessape denddidayssan Pilgganchay Amaaratho doonan suure de7idi Goofathon qassi iya
duussaabaynne dhayuwabay erettonnashin guussaykka, Goofa asay go7ettishe beettonnashin coo
pidale gaytan pidalen kochettidi xaafetti uttidayssa akeekidi, Goofa deriya xeessa hanotaninne
eranchata qofan ha kooshiya de7onne dhayo qaadaa bollanne medhetetha bessaa bolla oothana
gidi xeessaa qachi denddis.
Urgaamo, (2008) giya doona eranchay gishe “Ny” kooshe medhetetha bessay hanggaxana gees. Ha
kooshiyaa medhetetha hanotay qassi honthonthaawa(nasal) gidishin zaazume(voiced) kooshe
gideyssa qonccisis. Ha kifiliyaan medhettiyaa koosheti (m, n, ny) gidishin, honthonthaawa koosheta
geetettoosona. Gaasoykka, ayyeerey goofinappe denddidi keyey doonara gidonnashin, honthontha
baggara keyishin medhettiyaa kooshe gidiyaa gishossa.
Baaye ,(2000) gishe “Ny” nne “n” koosheta medheta hanotethaabaa qonccisishe ha nam77u koosheti
medhettiya bessaninne medheta hanotan daro woli daaneyssa/aazeyssa wothis. Hayssa gishin,
nam77atikka honthontha baggara ayyeerey keyishin medhettoosona. Haray qassi, nam77atikka
ubbay zaazume kooshe gideyssan aazeyssa paattis. Hayssappe haraa qassi entta giddon de7iyaa
guutha dummatethaabaa odishe, “Ny” kooshe medho hanotaan boshettiyaa/ bosherettiyaa kifileti
guussaykka inxxarssaa giddo baggaaranne hanggaxaara gorppetethan gidishin, qassi “n” kooshey
medhon inxxarssaa xeeray pude bagga hanggaxaa elle bochi aggishin medhettees guussan
qonccisees.
Ha koosheta medhetetha bessaynne hanotay Goofatho doonaa haasayanchatadan dummatanaw
dandda7ees yaagiya qofi pilggancha qofan de7ees. Aybis giikko issi deretetha doonan xeeganaw
waayisiya kooshey hara doonan aykkoka waayisonna medhettanaw dandda7iya gishonne issi
doonan asay kooshiya xeegiya bessaape hara doonan dummatanaw dandda7iya gishossa.

3
SHAYE
Haray qassi, issi doonan de7iya tilla haasaya koosheta shaakkidi eroykka keehidi koshshiyabaa.
Hessa shaakki eranaw koyro maka udi ekettey he doonaa haasayiya keethawata. Hessa gishos
pilgganchay Goofatho doonan dumma dumma doona eranchata qafaninne deretethaa xeessa hanotan
ha “Ny” kooshey de7ii de7ennee guussan palanthishe gam77ida hanotaa xomoosanaw wudidi koyis.
1.2. Metuwa Qoncciso(Statement Of the Problem)
Pilgganchay Goofatho doonan kase de7iya haasaya kooshetappe “Ny” kooshe de7onne dhayo
qaadaa bolla pilggethi oothanaw barkkettidi denddida gaasoy, Goofa dere asaa doonan suure go77a
bolla pee7ii pee7ennee, qassi pee7onnashin coo pidale gaytan hankko pidaletara zatetti uttidee
geyssa be7osinne ha kooshiyaa medho hanotay ay daanii geyssa xeellanawnne haraa qassi Goofatho
doona eranchatan baggay “ha kooshey de7enna” gin hankkoti “akkay de7ees” giyaa palamaa
xomoosanawnne hayssappe sinthan ha kaaraa bolla Goofathon oosettida pilggethi baynnayssape
denddoyssan pilggethan shaakki wooci be7anaw koyees.
“Ny” kooshey medhetetha bessay hanggaxan gididi ha kooshiyaa medhetetha hanotay qassi
honthonthaawa(nasal) gidishin zaazume(voiced) kooshe (Urgaamo, 2008). Ha kifiliyaan
medhettiyaa koosheti (m, n, ny) gidishin honthonthaawa koosheta geetettoosona. Gaasoykka,
ayyeerey goofinappe denddidi ke7ey doonara gidonnashin, honthontha baggara ke7ishin
medhettiyaa kooshe gidiyaa gishossa.
Baaye ,(2000) gishe “ny” nne “n” kooshe medheta hanotaabaa qonccisishe ha nam77u koosheti
medheta bessaninne medheta hanotan woli daro daaneyssa/aazeyssa wothis. Hayssa gishin
nam77atikka honthontha baggara ayyeerey ke7ishin medhettoosona. Haray qassi, nam77atikka
ubbay zaazume kooshe gideyssan aazeyssa paattis. Hayssappe haraa qassi entta giddon de7iyaa
guutha dummatethaabaa odishe, “Ny” kooshe medho hanotaan boshettiyaa/ bosherettiyaa kifileti
guussaykka inxxarssaa giddo baggaaranne hanggaxaara gorppetethan gidishin, qassi “n” kooshey
medhon inxxarssaa xeeray pude bagga hanggaxaa elle bochi aggishin medhettees guussan
qonccisees.
Gidoppe attin hessi Goofatho doonan suure oothonna ixxanaw dandda7ees. Aybis giikko, Goofa
asay ha “Ny” kooshiyaa kare deren gidin Amaarathon pilgganchati wothida qofaada he bessaan
medho (xeessi) dandda7onna ixxanaw dandda7iya gishossa. Hayssa gishin, Goofatho doonaa
eranchati ha “kooshiyaa Goofa derey go7ettena” gishe palamishin qassi hara baggara “akkay
go7ettoosona” yaagiyaa palamay de7ees. Hessape denddidayssan pilgganchay ha metuwa
shaakkanawnne suure demon palamaa dhayssana gidi panan ammanetti denddis.

4
SHAYE
“Ny” kooshey, ayyeerey goofinappe denddidi ke7ey doonara gidonnashin, honthontha baggara
ke7ishin medhettiyaa kooshe. Urgaamo, (2009) gishe hangaxi doona giddon deddenope kaallidi
beetiya besse; doonas bollara kaara gididi beettees. Mettershe, deddenonne hangaxa kushera bochi
be7anaw danda7oos gees. Gujjidi he bessaan kooshey medhettishin nu inxarsaas giddo zaway
hangaxara diishettees woy gorpettees. Hessa gisho diishethanne gorpetha Goofatho koosheti ha
bessaan medhettoosona. Goofatho hangaxaawa selleti /c/ /j/ /y/. Waathati /ch/ /sh/, /zh/ nne ///NY///
yaagi wothidi “Ny” kooshe malaatiwu xaafishe heedzu zuge malaata giddon wothis. Hessa guussay
hiza ha kooshey Goofatho doonan duussaabay woy dhayuwaabay meto gideyssa mallanaw koyidi
gidayssi qoncce. Gidoppe attin dhayuwas gaasoti hessata gidi qoncceninne ammanthiya hanotan
wothonnayssi palanthishe gam77is. Pilgganchay pa xeelon hayssi tillatethi baynna ooso gidoyssa
borishe kooshey suure de7onna ixxanaw dandda7ees gidi qoppis.
Baaye ,(2000) giyaa doona eranchay gishe “NY” nne “n” kooshe medheta hanotaaba qonccisishe ha
nam77u koosheti medheta bessaninne medheta hanotan woli daro daaneyssa/aazeyssa wothis.
Hayssappe haraa qassi entta giddon de7iyaa guutha dummatethaabaa odishe, “NY” kooshe medho
hanotaan boshettiyaa/ bosherettiyaa kifileti guussaykka inxxarssaa giddo baggaaranne hanggaxaara
gorppetethan gididi zaazume gidishin, qassi “n” kooshey medhon inxxarssaa xeeray pude bagga
hanggaxaa elle bochi aggishin medhetteyssanne ikka qassi aazume gideyssa qonccisees. Gidoppe
attin pilgganchay ha aybis nu Goofa asay go7ettennee iyaara de7iyaa qaali de7ikkoshe woygi xeegii
geyssa xomoosanaw paacci denddis.
Ha pilggethaa hara hankko oosettida pilggethatappe dummayey ha kaaraa bolla Goofatho doonan
pilggethi oosettonnayssanne kumethan ha pilggethay hara asa ooso duuqappe geeshshi gididayssa.
Haray qassi Goofatho timirtten dhoqqa dethatan gidin tamarssiyaanne tamaariyaa asaa giddon
beettiya palama billanaw ootheyssi ha pilggetha dumma oothiyabatappe issuwa.
1.3. Pilggetha Qoppobaa (Objective of The Study)
1.3.1. Kumetha Qoppobaa (General Objective)
Goofatho doonan “Ny” kooshe duussaanne dhayuwaa deretethaa xeessaninne
eranchata qofaara gathidi pilggi xeelo.

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SHAYE
1.3.2. Sima Qoppobaata (Specific objects)
Goofatho doonan “Ny” kooshe duussaanne dhayuwaa deretethaa xeessaara gathi
xeellishin, suure de7onne dhayo qaadaa pilggi xeelo.
Goofatho doonan “Ny” kooshe duussaanne dhayuwaa eranchata qofaara gathi
xeellishin de7onne dhayo qaadaa yiggi xeelo.
1.4. Pilggetha Oyshata (Research Question)
Ha pilggethay suuren polettishe kaalliya oyshata zaarana:
Goofatho doonan “Ny” kooshe duussaanne dhayuwaa deretethaa xeessaara gathi
xeellishin, suure de7onne dhayo qaaday ay melee?
Goofatho doonan “Ny” kooshe duussaanne dhayuwaa eranchata qofaara gathi
xeellishin de7onne dhayo qaaday ay aazii?
1.5. Pilggetha Go77aa (Significance of Study)
Ha pilggethay suure pilggetti wuridaappe guye kumethan “Ny” kooshiyaa bolla daro asata giddon
denddishe gam77ida palamay bilettana gidi pilgganchay qoppees. Hayssa gishin ha metoy suure
bilettishin ha kooshiyaa bolla denddishe gam77ida palamaa gaason medhettida sidhisiya qofaappe
keyidi suure woy tuma gidida timirtte asttamaareti tamarssoosona, qassi tamaaretikka tamaaroosona
geetetti qofettees.
Wurssethan, Goofatho doonay timirtteninne pilggethan diccanada pa bagga maade immana. Waanidi
giikko Goofa dere asay haasayiya tilla koosheta pilggethan zemppidi shaakoy pa huuphes doonaas
dichi gidiya gishossa. Kumethan, ha pilggethay dalgga baggan Goofatho tammariyaanne tamarssiya
asaa, qassi Goofa dere asaa go77ana gaanaw dandda7ettees.
1.6. Pilggetha zawa (Scope of The Study)
Pilggethaa zawaa xomoosishin pilgganchaas dalgga wodeynne miishe wolqqi de7idaakko Goofatho
doonan de7iyaa hara koosheta bolla guussaykka palama denthethiyaa koosheta bolla gujjidi dalggan
oothidaakko ixxenna, shin de7iyaa wode xunthatethaapenne miishe wolqqa dhayon teqettidi
Goofatho doonan de7iyaa palanthiya woy haasaya kooshetappe “Ny” bolla xalla wudayidi oothanaw
denddis.

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1.7. Xinaatiya Teqeta Woykko Dhubeta (Limitition of the Study)
Pilgganchay ha pilggethaa oothishin daro metoti kaalerettidosona. He metotappe uugata hayssappe
kaalleyssadan qonccisana. Koyro, markkanddo demmana giidi halchida tamaareta timirtte keethay
gorddetethaappe denddoyssan issi timirtte keetha tamaaretappe attin haraa demmanaw
dandda7ibena. Haray qassi, pilggetha oosuwa polana mala imettida wode guuthatethay
pilgganchchaa daro daaburssis. Gujjidikka, markkanddo immanaw doorettida asay ha pilggetha
oosuwaa polotikara gathidi markkanddo immanaappe guye hanoyssika issuwa. Wurssethan,
pilgganchchay, piggetha oothi bishin wode teknolooje go77etethan dumma dumma polos gakkida
markkanddota xuugetethaykka pilgganchcha bolla naaqo gathis. Gidoppe attin, ha metota ubbaa
ke7ana xoo7e (oge) koshshaninne kushe immikke giya butiyappenne minotethaappe denddidayssan
oosoy suure polettis.
1.8. Ooratha Qaalata Birshethaa
Pilgganchay pa kaaraa giddoninne qoppobaata giddon ooratha qaala gidanaw dandda7oosona gidi
qoppiya qaalata entta qabima birshetahara be7ishin:
✓ Hanggaxa: doona giddon deddenoppe kaallidi beettiyaa besse.
✓ Zaazume: Ayyeerey goofinepe keyishin baggaara kooshe golley xuummi ekkees. He
xuntha bessaara ayyerey un7ettidi keyishin, daro kokkorishin shayay xaaggees. Yaani
medhettiya kooshey ZAAZUME (voiced) geetettees.
✓ Honthontha(nasal): ili-inxxarssay qaaxxiya gisho shempishin goofinepe kare keyaa
ayyeriya teqqidi doonara woy siidhera keyana mela udees. Ayyeerey siidhe baggara
keyishin HONTHONTHAAWA kooshey medhettees.
✓ Kooshayo: kooshey medhettiyaa bessa
✓ Kosholoje: koosheba xanna7iyaa saynise.

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SHEMPPO NAM77A
2. Gahetethi De7iya Xuufeta Zaaretho (Review of Related
Literature)
Gahetethi de7iyaa xuufeta zaarethoy issi pilganchay pa pilgetha ooso oothiya kaara bolla
gahetethi de7iya tamarso maxaafeta, gaazexata, kompporssan shiiqida qofata, poolise gididi
maaddiya xuufeta, pilgetha waraqateta, gite gayta markanddotanne misatethi de7iya
xuufetappe beettiya markanddota yiggi xeellidi pa pilggethaa tumatethaas wothiyaa xuufe.
Pilgganchaykka hayssa pilggethaara gahetethi de7iyaa dumma dumma xuufeta kaalleyssada
wothanaw butetis.
2.1. Haasaya Koosheta Xeegeth(Articulating Speech Sounds)
Urggamo,(2008) Asa na7i doona pogidi odettanaw/ haasayanaw:
• Ayyeere(exhaled air)
• Kooshaayo(artculatory organ)
• Kooshe golle (vocal cord) koshshees.
2.1.1. Ayyere
Daro doonatan haasaya kooshe medhdhanaw goofinepe kare keyaa ayyeere koshshees.
Gooathonka kooshey ha ogiyan medhettees. Shin kooshe /ph/ ran ne /dh/ ra gaathi woy giddo
shempishin kooshey medhettees gishe doona eranchati markattoosona.
2.1.2. Kooshaayo
Kooshe medhetethas medhon giigi uttida nu doona giddo bessata guussi. Goofathon kooshey
medhettiya bessati; mettershe, deddeno, hangaxa, kottononne qoodhe. Hara ili-inxarsikka
kooshe medhon gita ooso oothees. Acha duussikka kooshe medhos maaddees.
Kooshey medhettishin mettershi, garsa gacoy, inxarsinne ili-inxarsi qaaxxiya gidishin hankoti
qaaxxokkona.
2.1.3. Kooshe Golle
Kooshe golley qoodhe giddon poripondo bolla beettees. Kooshe medhetethan ha bessay gita
ooso polees. He kooshe golliya goofinepe kare keyaa ayyeerey bochidi qaasethishin
(kokkorsishin) kooshey medhettees. Kooshe gollen giirida koosheti attida doona giddo bessata

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gakkishe dumma dumma si7ettiya kooshe medhdhees. Goofatho haasaya koosheti kumethan
nam7un shaahettoosona. Hessatikka: GUTTUMA nne USTTA.
Urgamo (2008) qassi ayyerey goofinappe kare keyishin medhettiya Goofatho doona haasaya
koosheta kaalliya hanotaan wothis.
Goofatho guttuma selle koosheti:
b c d f g h
k l m n p q
r s t w x
y z = 20 gujan (7) de7eyssa bessis.
Goofatho guttuma waatha koosheti:
ch dh dz nh ph sh
th zh = 9
Gidoyssa wothidi (f, v, ny, 7) koosheta bolla Goofatho doona eranchati palaman de7eesinne dalgga
pilggethi koshshees; ubbara (NY) Goofathon geeshshi (tilla) gidenna gees(Urgamo 2008). Gidoppe
attin pilgganchay pa xeelon (NY) kooshey suure de7enna; gaasoykka Goofatho doonan ha
kooshiyaan Goofa asay suure go7ettishe beettonnayssappe denddoyssana.
2.2. Haasaya kooshe xinaate (phonetics)
Hayssi doona saynsse macara gididi haasaya koosheta xanna7ees. Haasaya hoosheti waani
medhettiyaako, issi bessape hara bessi issi qaali medhettishin nu bessi bollati waanidi
laamettyaakonne hankko bessay waati ekkiyaako kooshe keso hanotata xanna7ees. (Articulation-
transmission & reception). Hara qaalan, kooshe xinaatey asa na7i haasaya kooshe waati
kessiyaako,kooshiyas medhetetha hanotatanne he koosheta hayzanchchati waati eriwnaa/ekkoona
geyssa xanna7ees guussi. kooshe xinaaten heedzu xinaate bessaati/xanna7ettiyabati de7oosona.
Hessatikka kooshe medhetethaa xanna7o, kooshey medhettanaw go7ettiya miisheta xanna7onne
koosheti waanidi he miishetan oyketti geyssata xanna7ees (articulatory, acoustic & auditory
phonetics).
Crystal, (2008) gishe haasaya kooshe xinaate guussi issi doonan de7iya kooshiya medhetetha bessaa,
geluwa, medhetetha hanotaanne, shaahuwaa xomoosishina.
f
v
ny

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Cushing nne Hellmuth, (2016) gishe haasaya koosheta xanna7anaw dumma dumma giddobaati
de7oosona. Hessatikka: kooshayo, ayyere, kooshenne qaaxo gidosona. ጌታሁን,(1989) gishe qassika
haasaya koosheta xinaatey oosettiya wode ayyere, inxxarssinne kooshayota qaaxoy loythi koshshees
gis. Robert, (1993) odishe “haasaya koosheta xinaatey (phonology) haasaya kooshetas de7iya
cuucumettiya kanddota (physical properties) xanna7ees. Haasaya kooshe xinaatey qanthan, dooni
koosheta waati medhdhii geyssa xomoosiya saynise. Steven nne Jon, (1996) gishe haasaya koosheta
xinaate (phonology) asa haasaya kooshetas de7iya kandduwa, qommuwa, medhetetha bessaanne,
medhetetha hanotaa xomoosiya saynise gidosona. Raymond, (2002) “Haasaya koosheta xinaate giya
wode attonna qofettey, medhetetha bessaa, medhetetha hanotaa, ayyere, kooshaayonne kooshe” gis.
Fernando, (1998) gishe qassi “Asa na7a haasaya koosheta xinaatey doomey kaha giddope yiya kiita
polishe dumma dumma kooshayotan go7ettidi koosheta medho hanotaa xomoososona gis.
Kumethan, haasaya kooshe xinaate guussi koosheta madhetetha bessaanne medhetetha hanotaa
dumma dummabata go7ettidi xomooso gidoyssa qommon qonccida doona eranchata qofaan
zemppidi pilgganchay akeekanaw dandda7ees. Hessan zemppidi, pilgganchaa wudaykka Goofathon
“NY” kooshe qommon qonccida doona eranchata qofaa mela medhetetha bessaa, medhetetha
hanotaanne kooshiya kothe kandduwa kaalerethidi xomoosanaw koyis.
2.3. Haasaya koosheta saynise (phonology)
Hayssi doona saynsse macaran kooshe xinaate gididi haasaya koosheti qaala medhdhanaw waani
licettoonaa geyssa pilggi xeellees. Hessi nuna issi doonan koosheti waani waaxettdidi qaala
medhdhiyako eranaw maaddees guussi.
Ha xinaate maccaray awssi kooshey issi bessan gelanaw bessishe hara bessi aadhdhidi qaala
laammanaw dandda7iyaakko erana mela keehidi maaddees.
Kumethan, haasaya kooshe saynisey asa na7a haasaya koosheta pilgi xeelliya doona saynse gididi
asa na7a haasaya koosheti:
 Waani medhettiyakko,
 Awan medhettiyakko,
 Qaala medhon waani waaxettiyakko,
 Koosheti issi doonan oona oneekko xeellees.
 Qaali waani medhettii gishin ayyeere kessa hanotara gahettidi doona giddon dhuberetethan
woy dhubey baynna medhettiya oge malaatees. Mallas, diishethan, gorpethan, dhuuqethan

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 Awan medhetti gishin doona giddon medhettiya bessata malaatees. .Mallas, mettershan,
deddenon, hangaxan,hayssanne hayssa melata xanna7ees. (Z,Urgamo (2008).
Goofatho bizza koosheta medhetetha bessaanne medhetetha hanotaa bessiya zara (Urgamo (2008).
Medhetetha hanota (Manner of
articulation)
Ko-besse (medhetetha besse
(Place of articulation)
Mettershaawa
Metto-acha
D
eddenaawa
Hangaxaawa
Kottonaawa
Qoodhaawa
TEQETHE
(Stops)
zaazume (voiced) B D G
a-zaazume(devoiced) P T K
Dhuuqethe (plosive) Ph Dh Q
DIISHETHE
(Fricatives)
Zaazume (voiced) V ? Z Zh
a-zaazume(devoiced) F? S Sh H
Dhuuqethe (plosive) X
GORPETHE
(Affricates)
Zaazume (voiced) Dz J
a-zaazume(devoiced) Th Ch
Dhuuqethe (plosive) C
HONTHONTHAAWA
(Nasals)
Zaazume (voiced) M N NY ?
a-zaazume(devoiced)
MIYYAAWA
(Lateral)
Zaazume (voiced) L Nh
XEERAAWA (friction
less continuant)
Zaazume (voiced) R
BAGGUSTA (Semi
vowels)
Zaazume (voiced) W Y
Zara 2.1. -kooshetanne medheta bessa
Ha Goofatho koosheta zaraan “NY” kooshe medhetetha bessaanne medhetetha hanotaa be7ishin,
honthonthawa gididi hanggaxan medhettiya kooshe. Gidoppe attin, pilgganchay ha kooshiya oysha
malaata giddon gelisidayssi suure gishe qofaa koxxees. Gidoppe attin, ha kooshiyaa oysha malaatan
gelssidayssanne gertto giddo wothida gaasota qonccisidi ammanthiya hanotan paatti wothonnayssa
boridi aadhdhis.

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Hessape dendayssan, pilgganchay dummatiya hanotan ha kooshiyaa deretethaa xeessanne eranchata
qofaara gathidi de7onne dhayo hanotaa xaphoppe pilggi xeellidi, ammanthiyanne koshshiya
markkanddo shiishidi, dalgganne qoncce paatethi immana gidi panan ammanetti denddis.
2.4. Guttuma Koosheta Medhetetha besse (Ko-besse) Place of
articulation
Urggamo,(2008) guttuma koosheta medhetetha bessaaba gishe kooshey kooshaayon awan
medhettiyakko bessees. Kooshaayon kooshey medhettiya bessati doonata kochaa mela
dummatoosona. Goofatho koosheti medhettiya bessati:
Mettershe
Deddeno
Hangaxa
Kottononne
Qoodhe
A. Mettershe
Ha kooshey qommonne garsa nam7u mettershati wolira gahettidi ellesi yedettishin medhettees.
Goofatho mettersha kooshe selleti /b/ /m/ /p/ /w/. Waatha kooshey /ph/.
B. Deddeno(alveolar)
Kooshe medhetethas maaddiya deddenoy nu qommo achaape gaatha zawaa. He bessaan
kooshey medhettey inxarsas sintha woy xeera zaway deddenaa bochishina. Hessa gisho
inxarsanne deddeno gahetethan medhettees. Goofatho deddeno selle koosheti:
/d/,/i//n//r//s//t//x//z/.
Waatha kooshetan /dh/ /dz/ /th/ daro bagga Goofatho haasaya koosheti ha bessaan
medhettoosona.
C. Hangaxa (Palatal)
Hangaxi doona giddon deddenope kaallidi beettiya bessi. Doonas bollara kaara gididi beettees.
Mettershe, deddenonne hangaxa kushera bochi be7anaw danda7oos. He bessaan kooshey
mdhettishin nu inxarsaas giddo zaway hangaxara diishettees woy gorpettees. Hessa gisho
diishethanne gorpetha Goofatho koosheti ha bessaan medhettoosona. Goofatho hangaxaawa
seleti /c/ /j/ /y/. Waathati /ch/ /sh/ nne /zh/. ///NY///

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D. Kottono
Kottonoy ili-inxarsape kaallidi qommo baggara beettiya kooshayo. Nu inxarsaa guye zaway
dhoqqu gidi he bessaa bochees. Bochishin kare keyaa ayyeerey teqettees. Goofatho teqetha
koosheti/g//k//q/.
E. Qoodhe
Qoodhe gishin siixinathe bolla malaatees. He bessaan medhettiya Goofatho kooshey pexo
issinno gidishin /h/
Misile 1. koosheta medheta bessa
Figure 2 koosheta medheta bessa
Ili-inxxarssa
Kottono
qoodhe
Sixinathe

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SHEMPPO HEEDZA
3. Pilggetha Hiillatanne Medho (Research Methodology and Design)
Ha shemppuwan markkanddo shiishosinne yigethas go77iya buussatinne medhoti
qonccana; pilggethaa medhoy, pilggethay oosettana bessay, pilggethay oosettana
deretethay, (population) doorettana bessinddota qooday, bessinddota eko hiillay, kumethan
pilggethaas koshshiya miishati, markkanddo paatetha hiillaynne markkanddo paatetha
buussay tillattidi qonccidosona.
3.1. Pilggethaa Hiilla (Research Design)
Pilgganchay Goofatho doonan “Ny” kooshe duussaanne dhayuwaa deretethaa xeessaninne
eranchata qofaara gathidi pilggi xeelo giyaa pilggethaa polanaw qaalan qoncciya pilggetha
medhuwa go7ettis. Creswell (2012) qonccisishe gida mela, “qaalan qoncciya pilggetha medho
go7etethay koyida qofaa qaalan koyida mela paattanawnne qonccisanaw maaddees” gis. “Issi
pilgganchi ha qaalan qoncciya pilggetha medho go7etethay pilggethaa metuwa koyida mela
shaakkanaas dandda7isees. Malla immanawnne paattanaas injjetees” yaageyssa pa paatethaan
gujjees. Hayssa gisho pilgganchay ha ogiyaa dooris.
3.2. Bessinddo Darotethaanne Bessinddo Eko Hiillaa (Sample
Size and Sampling Techniques)
Pilgganchay Goofatho doonan “Ny” kooshe duussaanne dhayuwaa deretethaa xeessaninne
eranchata qofaara gathidi pilggi xeelo giyaa pilggetha oosuwaa polanaw gizzettida (qaada
immonna ) (Non probability) bessinddo dooro hiilla go7ettis. Ha bessindo dooro hiillay
pilganchay besinddo wuda deretethape dooranaas pa pilgetha qoppobata baaso udon shiishis
guussi gidishin, qaada immonna bessinddo dooro hiillatappe qassi qoppobaan wudayiya
(purposeful or purposive) bessinddo dooro ogiya kaallis. Gaasoykka ha dooro ogiya
pilgganchay paas de7iya qoppobaan zemppidi dooriya gisho. Guussayka, pilgganchay pa
pilggethaas “entta matan suure markkanddoy de7ana” gidi ammanettiya asaa pa huuphes
gizzidi enttape markkanddo ekkis guussi.
Pilggethay oosettiya deretethay Goofa dere asaa. Wuda derey Goofan de7iya woradatappe
heedzatan de7iya qabaletappe gidiya markkanddo demmanaw dandda77ees geetetti
qofetteyssata. Guussayka: Gezze Goofappe-Aykina Wuzete, Zaalappe -Doboco, Dembba
Goofa katama ayso. Bessinddota qassi he woradatan de7iya doorettida qabaletan Goofatho

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tishshi udi haasayiya dondzatanne Goofatho tishshi udi xaafi nabbabiya tamaaretape ekkis.
Hessata giddope bessinddotethan ekettana darotethay kumethan 32 gidishin, 16 -ti qommon
qonccida woradatan de7iya qabaletappe gade dondzatanne 14 –ti dumma dumma timirtte
keethatape Goofathon nabbabonne xaafo tilla dandda7iya tamaareta. Pilgganchay ha 16 gade
dondzata bessinddo ekkana gidayssas Gezze Goofa-Aykina Wuzeteppe 5, Zaala-Dobocippe 6,
Dembba Goofa katama aysoppe 5, udidi shiishis. Qassi doorettida 14 tamaaretappe bessinddo
ekkana gidayssas, Dembba Goofa worada- Mishakare nam7antho detha timirtte keethape 5,
Galmma nam77antho dethanne giigiso timirtte keethape 3, Gezze Goofa Bulqqi nam77antho
dethanne giigiso timirtte keethape 4-ti ekettidaa gidishin qassi, attida 4-ti qommon qonccida
timirtte keethatape gidin kareppe ekettida doona eranchata. Kumethan, pilgganchay 32
bessinddo doorida gaasoy pilggethay oosettiya deretethaa qoodaappe 10%, woy 20%, udi
ekkana gaanaw wolqqape daro gidida gishonne wode guuthatethi daroppe de7eyssasa.
3.3. Markkanddo Shiisho Miisheta (Data Collecting Tools)
Pilgganchay Goofatho doonan waatha pidaleta giddon “Ny” kooshe duussaanne dhayuwaa
deretethaa xeessaninne eranchata qofaara gathidi pilggi xomoosanaw, suurenne koshshiya
markkanddo shiishanaw nam77u markkanddo shiisho miisheta go7ettis. Hessatikka qaala
oyshanne xuufe oysha shiisho miisheta go7ettis.
3.3.1. Qaala Oysha (Interview)
Pilgganchay ha pilggethay oosettiya koosheta yuushan bagga giigetethan pa giigisida 5 qaala
oysha (semi structured interview) gade dondzatasinne doona eranchatas qaala oysha shiishis.
He ubbaape (dondzatappenne doona ernachatappe) si7ishe biido duuqoninne koshshida mela
xaafi oykkishe markkanddo shiishis. Qommon bagga giigetethi giday suure markkanddo
demmanaw guzha paatethi pilgganchaape imettanaw dandda7iya gishossa. Hayssan shiiqida
markkanddoy koyro pilggetha qoppobanne koyro pilggetha oyshaa zaaris.
3.3.2. Xuufe Oysha(Questionnaire)
Pilgganchay pilggethay oosettiya “Ny” kooshe, tamaarenne doona eranchatappe doorettida
bessinddotan ha kooshiyaa yuushon shiiqida dumma dumma xuufe oyshati zaarettidosona.
Kumethan, shiiqida oyshati 6(usuppuna) gidishin, hessati nam77antho sima qoppobaanne
nam77antho pilggetha oyshaas zaaro demisidosona.

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3.4. Pilggetha Ooso Maara (Research Procedure)
Pilgganchay Goofatho doonan waatha pidaleta giddon “Ny” kooshe de7onne dhayo qaadaa
xomoosanaw oothiyaa oosuwan bishe markkanddo shiishanaas doorettida bessinddotappe,
guussaykka gade dondzatappe, doona eranchatappene tamaaretappe pilggethay oosettiyaa
kooshiyaara xeegettiyaa qaalata xeegisethan (qaala oyshan) nne, markkanddo xaalisos biido
duuqqishe bis; kaallidi dumma dumma haasaya qaadata bessinddotara medhon entta doonay
ha pilggethay oosettiya koosheta xeegishin waaniyaakko enttara issipe gididi haasa7ishe
oykkida markkanddo shiisho warqqatiya kunthishe shiishis. Ha shiishida markkanddoti detha
naagidi paatettidosona.
3.5. Markkanddo Paatetha Hiilla (Methods of Data Analysis)
Ha pilggethaas shiiqida qaalan qoncciya markkanddota pilgganchay sinth-guye maara naagidi,
markkandduwaas de7iya giddobaatan zemppidi paattis. Paatetha hanotaa giddon koyro,
shiishida markkanddoy hayssa daanees geyssa qantha qaalan qonccisidaappe guye qaalan
koshshiyanne dalgga paatethi immis.Aybis giikko ha pilggetha qommoy pa huuphes qaalan
qoncciya pilggethi gidiya gisho. Ha paatethayka Pilggethay ekkidi denddida oyshatas suure
zaaro immanaw dandda7idosona.Wurssethan shiiqidanne paatettida markkandduwan zemppidi
kuuyetha qofa bolla gakkis.
3.6. Pilggethaa Ammanthetethaanne Suuretethaa
n
Pilgganchay ha pilggethaas ammanthetethaa paaccanaw giigida qaala oyshatanne xuufe
oyshata pilggethay oosettiya bessinddotappe pilggethas markkanddo shiishanaw giigida
miishata dharccidi entti zaariya zaaruwan ammmanthetetha paacci be7o ooso oothis. Qassi
ha pilggetha suuretethay tillattiday zoraadde astamaariyaana. Waanidi giikko pilgganchay
oothida oosoy ubbay suure woy suure gidenna gaanaw dandda7ey zoraadde astamaare gidiya
gishossa.
3.7. Pilgganchaa Kanddo
Pilgganchay ha pilggetha oosuwaa polanaw biyaa buussan markkanddo demisanaw
dandda7oosona gidi ammanatti doorida bessinddotara gahettishe gade dondzatakko bonchon
sarothidi, pilgganchay ekki yida allalliyaas zaaro immanaw wodey de7ii de7enne geyssanne
entta eenotethaa bonchon oyshon eronne, tamaaretara qassi laggetetha hanotan gahettidi
koshshiya markkanddota shiishis. Ha ooso hanota ubbaan xuuri naagettis. Qassi pilgganchay

16
SHAYE
ma7o, binnaana giigisonne daaniyaabata/aaziyaabata borisonna hanotan giigisidi shiiqis.
Hessa mela hanotan kumetha markkandduwa shiishi wurssidi galatidi shaahettis.

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SHAYE
4. SHEMPPO OYDDA
4. MARKKANDDO PAATETHA BIRSHETHA DEMOTA
Ha shemppoy markkanddo paatetha birshethanne demote qonccisi wothees. Pilgganchay
Goofatho doonan “Ny” kooshe duussaanne dhayuwaa deretethaa xeessaninne eranchata
qofaara gathidi pilggi xeellanaw nam77u markkandddo shiisho miisheta go7ettis. Hessatikka
qaala oyshanne xuufe oysha. Pilgganchchay tillanne suure markkanddo demos bessinddo
gididi shiiqida 32 doorettida bessinddota guussaykka 16 gade dondzata, 12 tamaaretanne attida
4-ta he doorettida timirtte keethatan tamarssiyaa asttamaareta gidin kareppe ekettida doona
eranchata markkanddo shiishos go7ettana giidi halchis; gidoppe attin, pilgganchay ba
pilggetha oosuwaas sinthe simmiyaa wode bessinddotethan doorettana taamaretas timirttiya
wuruwappe denddoyssan pilgganchaa heeran de7iyaa tamaareta guussayka Galma 2ntho
dethappe xalla demmanaw dandda7ikkoka, haraa koyida tamaareta dalggan demmanaw
dandda7ibenna. Hayssa gisho, ha tamaareta bessaan dumma dumma dhoqqa dethan tamaariyaa
balggo doona tamaaretappe markkanddotethas ekon hasheyis. Hayssa udoy aykkokka
pilggethaa bolla meto ehonnayssa ammanettida gisho, ekkidi sinthe bis. Haray ha pilggethaa
demoti qoppobaatara gahettiya hanotan qonccidi aadhdhis.
5. Markkanddo Paatethanne Birshshethaa (Data Analysis And
Interpretation)
Pilggethan shiiqida markkanddoy hayssappe kaalleyssadan qonccis.
Zara 4.1. Pilggetha markkanddo shiisho Miishetta Polo Markkanddo Qoncciso
M.P Markkanddo shiisho Miisheta Qofettiday Polettiday Xeetu kushe (100%)
1 Xuufe oysho 6 5 84%
2 Qaala oysho 5 5 100%
Kumetha 11 10
Ha qommo zaran qonccida mala ha pilggethan bessinddo gididi shiiqida woykko doorettida
tamaaretas asttamaaretas/doona eranchatas imettida xuufe oyshoy, gade dondzatas giigida
qaala oyshoy ubbay polos qofettida sintha qofaa maaran 100% kusheppe ------- polettis.
Abraama Yisaaqi pa pilggethan Saundes, (2009) geetettiya pilgganchchay pa pilggethan
wothida qofaa paattishe, pilggethan markkanddo shiisho polon 50% ppe dugey ziqqa, 50%

18
SHAYE
giddi-giddo, 60% - 70% lo77o gidishin 70% nne iyaappe bollay qassi daro lo77o gis. Hessa
gisho ha pilggetha markkanddo shiisho miishetinne poloy koyettidanne gidiya keena
markkanddo demison daro lo77o geetetti akeekettis. Pilgganchchay qommon qonccida mala
nam77u markkanddo shiisho miishetan guussaykka xuufe oyshoninne qaala oyshon
zaaranchchatappe shiiqida markkandduwa kaalliyayssadan paattis.
Tamaareta Xuufe Oysho Zaaruwa Paatethaa
Ha oyshatan wuda wosettey (ny) pidale. Ha pidaley Goofatho pidale Gaytan de7eyssi
erettidabaa. Gidoppe attin, tamaareti qaalata xaafishe pidaley geliyaa bessan go7ettii
go7ettennee geyssa xomoosidi shaakkanaassa. Pilgganchay gelo bolla dalggan qonccisida mela
zaaro demmanaw dandda7ees gi qoppidi bessinddotethan doorida tamaaretappe xuufe oyshan
beettida zaaruwa kaalleyssada wothis.
Koyro ha paatetha oosuwakko gelanaappe sinthan paatethaas injjetana mela koodden shaakki
wothis.
Galmma nam77antho dethanne giigiso timirtte keethape ekettida 3 tamaaretasinne
dhoqqa dethan tamaariya doona tamaaretas (A),
Dembba Goofa Layma xalla heerappenne katamaappe yida doona tamaareta (B),
Bulqqi katamaappenne Wuzete heerappe yida doona tamaaretas (C)
gidi immidi he pidaleta garssan de7iya jssj jssj tamaareta zaaroy koshshida mela pidaliyaara
gathidi koyro, nam77antho, heedzantho…zaaranchaa gidi buzotas shaaho immishe pa
paatethaa polis. Haray 1-3 gaso de7iyaa oyshati zaaranchati issi issi qaala zaarana mela
koyettida oyshata gidishin, ha oyshatikka (NY) pidalera gahettidabaa. 4-5 gaso de7iyaa oyshati
qassi paatethi koyiyaa oyshata.
KOODDE (A) ZAARO
Oysha 1: Issi asi issibaas mootettiya gidikko, he mootuwaa shaakkidi pirdda immanaw
dandda7ey oonee?
Ha oyshaas imettida zaaruwa paattishin, ubbati guussaykka heedzu bessinddoti woli aaziyaa
zaaro immidosona. He zaaroykka “daynna” geyssa.
Oysha 2: Issi miiziya yelonna ixxada gam77ishin waanasu gii?

19
SHAYE
Ha oyshaas doorettida bessinddotappe nam77ati woli aaziyaa zaaro immidaa gidishin,
zaaroykka “maynnasu gees” gishe zaaridosona. Attida issoy qassi ha oyshaa aggi aadhdhis.
Zaaranchay ha oyshaa aggi aadhethaas gaaso gidanaw dandda7ey geetettiyaa/ zaarettiyaa
qaalay oorathi gidonna aggenna gidi pilgganchay qoppis.
Oysha 3: Issi asi woosa keethe/ Bataskkana biyaa gidiko, aybis bis gaanaw dandda7iwu?
Zaaranchati ubbay ha oyshaas woli aaziyaa zaaro immidisona. Hessika, “woosas/ goynnos”
gidosona. Ha imettida zaaruwan koyettidayssi “goynnos” gideyssas ekkidi aadhdhis.
Oysha 4: Goofa asay “Ny” kooshe qaalata giddon gelisidi xeegii? Ee giikko, malla immite.
Akkay giikko, ha kooshiyaa bessaan ay go7ettoona?
Ha oyshaa zaarishe ubba zaaranchati woli aaziyaa zaarota immidosona. He zaarota kumethan
xeellishin:
Akkay xeegenna! Gaasoykka nu asay hanggaxa koosheta xeeganaw
waayethees hessas xeegokkona. Hari attoshin tamaarida daro asaakka
xeeganaw pirdda bessees. Mallas: “አማርኛ” “አማሪና” giidi xeegeyssi
markka. Iya xalla gidonnashin, “ዳኛ” geyssa “daynna” giidi xeegeyssikka
enttappe issuwaa. Hayssa gisho, Amaarathon gidin haratan doonan
xeegettiya ha (NY/ኝ/) pidaley Goofathon deretethay go7ettonnashin iya
bessan (NN) go7ettiiya gisho, baawa. Hessas dhayaakkoka metoy baawa.
Gishe zaaridosona.
Oysha 5: Goofa deriya xeessaara gathi xeellishin “Ny” kooshey nu Goofatho doonan
de7iyaakko immiya go77aynne dhayiyaakko qassi ehana qohay ay gidana gidi qoppeeti?
Ha oyshay baw medhon meega qofa dethan zaarettiyaa oysha gidishin, koodde (A) immida
zaaruwaa kumethan be7ishin:
Ha pidaley Goofatho doona pidale Gaytan waatha pidaletara issipe
qoodan de7ees. Gidoppe attin ha pidaliyaa deretethay kooshe dethan
gidin xaafishe go7ettokona; iya bessaan “n” go7ettees. hayssa gisho
go77a immonnashin coo pidale gaytan sunthas uttidi immiyaa go77i
baynna gisho dhayaakko gathana qohi baawa. Gaasoykka, mallas
Amarathon “ዳኛ” gi xeegetteyssa nu asay “daynna” gidi xeegidi,
“አማርኛ” “አማሪና” gidikka gidin h.h.mela qaalata xeegishe bantta qofaa
aathoosona. Deretethay waayettonnashin “n” pidale go7ettiidi bantta
qafaa aathiyaa gidikkonne hara hayziya asaas birshetha dummatethi

20
SHAYE
ehonna/gathonna ixxikko metoy baawa. Haray qassi pidaleti deretethay
go7etteyssati pidale zatan uttanaw besseyssas dhayaakko metoy baawa.
Hara baggara issi zaaranchay dummatiyaa zaaro immishe gida mela
“Ny” kooshey dhayonnaako lo7o. Gaasoykka, Goofa deretethaa
xeessaara/go7etethaara gathi xeellishin daro go77a immonnabaa
gidikkoka, sinthappe issi issi qaalati medhettanaw dandda7iyaa gisho
de7iyaakko lo7o gays.
Kumethan, koodde “A” bessinddotappe beettida markkanddotadan Goofatho doonan “ny”
xeessa/go7etethaa xuufe oyshatara xomoosi be7iyaade oysha koyro oyshaa 100% kushey woli aaziyaa
zaaro “daynna” gishe zaaridosona. Nam77antho oyshaa qassi 66.6% kushey “maynnasu” gishe zaaridaa
gidishin attida 33.4% kushey aggi aadhdhis. Heedzantho oyshaa zaaruwaa be7ishin, 100% “goynnos”
gishe zaaridaa gidishin, oyddantho oyshaas 100% kushey “ny” kooshey Goofatho doonan xeeganaw
waayetheyssa zaaridosona. Wurssetha oyshaa qassi, 66.6% kushey ha kooshey deretethaa xeessas daro
waayethiyaa gisho dhayaakko metoy baynnayssanne coo mela go77i baynnashin pidale Gaytan uttanaw
bessonnayssa dumma dumma mallatara gathidi qonccisidosona. Hiza pilgganchay ha beettida
markkandduwappe Goofatho doonan “ny” kooshe xeegethay waayetheyssanne dhayaakko metoy
baynnayssa akeekis.
KOODDE (B) ZAARO
dandda7ey oonee?
Ha zaaranchati zaarishe “daynna” gishe woli aaziyaa zaaro immidaa gidishin, enttappe issoy
“daynya” gidi zaaris. Pilgganchay ha zaaranachaa zaaruwaas gaaso gidanaw dandda7ees giidi
qoppey katamaa heerana de7iyaaba gideyssassa gishe qoppis.
Ha oyshaas qassi ubbay issi mela zaaro “maynnasu” gishe wothidosona.
Ha oyshaa zaaruwaakka zaarishe “goynnos/ woosas/” gishe zaaridosona.

21
SHAYE
Ha oyshaas paatethi immishe
Akkay go7ettenna! Nu heeran gidikko ha kooshiyaa xeeganaw asaa
waayetheyssape denddoyssan iya bessan “nn” ekkidi go7ettoosona.
Mallas: asi Amaarathora “ስንተኛ ክፍል ነህ? Giiyaa gidikko zaarishe “እኔ
አስረና ክፍል ነይን” goosona. Xaafishekka gidin “nn” pidale go7ettoos.
Hara malla be7ishin hari attoshin Goofatho doonan xaafettida ooratha
caaqo Geeshsha Maxaafan Matoo: 5:22 bolla “Ba ishaa cayaa
oonikka daynna sinthi pirddas shiiqana” gidi xaafettis. Hayssa gisho,
xeegenna/go7ettenna. Gishe zaaridosona.
Hara baggara issi zaaranchay gishe:
“Ee de7ees! Gaasoykka, Goofa deretethay ha kooshiyaa haasayishe go7ettoosona; gidoppe
attin, xaafishe “nn” pidale go7ettoosona. Mallas: xeegishe “goynyo” gidi xaafishe qassi
“goynno” goosona.”
Ha zaaranchaa qofay deretethay haasayishe “ny” xeegiyaa gidikko xaafishe yaatin ays ha
pidaliyaa bessaan “nn” go7ettoonaa? Ays “ny” go7etteennee? Giyaa oysha denthees. Hayssa
gisho xaafanaw de7ishin aggaagiyaa wogi baynnayssanne loythi caddi xeellibenna/
akeekibenna gishe pilgganchay qoppis.
Ha oyshaa zaarishe qassi daro baggati guussaykka 10% ppe 8% kushe bessinddoti woli aaziyaa
zaaro immidosona.
Goofa deriyaa “ny” kooshiyaa go7etethaa be7ishin Dhayaakko
gathana metoy baawa. Asaa ha kooshiyaa xeeganaw daro
waayetheyssape denddoyssan iya bessan “nn” ekkidi
go7ettoosona. Mallas: asi Amaarathora “ስንተኛ ክፍል ነህ? Giiyaa
gidikko zaarishe “እኔ አስረና ክፍል ነይን” goosona. Xaafishekka gidin
“nn” pidale go7ettoos. Hara malla be7ishin hari attoshin
Goofatho doonan xaafettida ooratha caaqo Geeshsha Maxaafan
Matoo: 5:22 bolla “Ba ishaa cayaa oonikka daynna sinthi pirddas
shiiqana” gidi xaafettis. Hayssa gisho, xeegenna/go7ettenna.
Gidi zaaridaa gishin, enttappe 2% kushey dummatiyaa zaaro immis. Hessika aybee giikko,

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SHAYE
“Ny” de7anaw bessawus. Dhayikkoka qassi metoy de7ees.
Gaasoykka, Goofa deretethay ha kooshiyaa haasayishe
go7ettoosona; gidoppe attin, xaafishe “nn” pidale go7ettoosona.
Mallas: xeegishe “goynyo” gidi xaafishe qassi “goynno”
goosona.” Hiza ha kooshiyaa haasayishe go7ettiyaa asay ha
kooshey dhayaa gidiko meto bolla wodhdhana woy waayettana
gada qoppays. Hayssa gisho de7anaw bessees. Gishe ba qofaa
wothis.
Kumethan, koodde “B” bessinddotappe beettida markkanddotadan Goofatho doonan “ny”
xeessa/go7etethaa xuufe oyshatara xomoosi be7iyaade oysha koyro oyshaa 80% kushey woli
aaziyaa zaaro “daynna” gishe zaaridosona. Nam77antho oyshaa qassi 100% kushey
“maynnasu” gishe zaaris. Heedzantho oyshaa zaaruwaa be7ishin, 100% “goynnos” gishe
zaaridaa gidishin, oyddantho oyshaas 80% kushey “ny” kooshey Goofatho doonan xeeganaw
waayetheyssa zaaridosona. Wurssetha oyshaa qassi, 80% kushey ha kooshey deretethaa
xeessas daro waayethiyaa gisho dhayaakko metoy baynnayssanne coo mela go77i baynnashin
pidale Gaytan uttanaw bessonnayssa dumma dumma mallatara gathidi qonccisidosona. Hiza
pilgganchay hayssankka beettida markkandduwappe Goofatho doonan “ny” kooshe xeegethay
waayetheyssanne dhayaakko metoy baynnayssa akeekis
KOODDE (C) ZAARO
dandda7ey oonee?
Ha zaaranchati zaarishe “daynna” gishe woli aaziyaa zaaro immidaa gidishin, enttappe issoy
“daynya” gidi zaaris. Pilgganchay ha zaaranachaa zaaruwaas gaaso gidanaw dandda7ees giidi
qoppey katamaa heerana de7iyaaba gideyssassa gishe qoppis.
Ha oyshaas qassi ubbay issi mela zaaro “maynnasu” gishe wothidosona.
Ha oyshaa zaaruwaakka zaarishe “goynnos/ woosas/” gishe zaaridosona.

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SHAYE
Ha oyshaas bessinddoti immida qofaa kumathan paatethan be7ishin “Goofa heeran ha
pidaliyaa/kooshiyaa go7ettokona. Gaasoykka, asay issi issi ha pidaliyaara de7iyaa qaalata
xeegishe iya bessaan “n” go7etteyssa gishossa” gishe zaaridosona.
de7iyaakko immiya go77aynne dhayaakko qassi ehana qohay ay gidana gidi qoppeeti?
Ubba zaaranchati ha pidaley Goofatho doonan dhayanaw besseyssa, dhayiko metoy
baynnayssanne coo pidale Gaytan uttoyssa qonccisidosona. Gaasoykka ha pidaliyaa xaafishe
gidin haasayishe tillayidi go7ettiyaa asi baynnayssinne qassi ha pidaliyaa bessan “nn”
go7etteyssi gaaso gideyssa zaaridosona. Hayssa gishin asay go7ettonnaysa bessees guussi.
Kumethan, koodde “C” bessinddotappe beettida markkanddotadan Goofatho doonan “ny”
xeessa/go7etethaa xuufe oyshatara xomoosi be7iyaade oysha koyro oyshaa 75% kushey woli
aaziyaa zaaro “daynna” gishe zaaridosona. Nam77antho oyshaa qassi 100% kushey
“maynnasu” gishe zaaridaa gidishin, heedzantho oyshaa zaaruwaa be7ishin, 100% “goynnos”
gishe zaaridaa gidishin, oyddantho oyshaas 100% kushey “ny” kooshey Goofatho doonan
xeeganaw waayetheyssa zaaridosona. Wurssetha oyshaa qassi, 100% kushey ha kooshey
deretethaa xeessas daro waayethiyaa gisho dhayaakko metoy baynnayssanne coo mela go77i
baynnashin pidale Gaytan uttanaw bessonnayssa dumma dumma mallatara gathidi
qonccisidosona. Hiza pilgganchay ha ha beettida markkandduwappe Goofatho doonan “ny”
kooshe xeegethay waayetheyssanne dhayaakko metoy baynnayssa akeekis.
Doona Eranchatappe Beettida Zaaruwa Paatethaa
Doona eranchata xuufe oyshan shiiqiday oysha paydo 4 nne 5. Ha oyshatas zaaranaadan
koyettida doona eranchati immida qofaa pilgganchay paatethan kaalleyssadan wothis.
Ha oyshaa doonaa eranchatappe 100% ppe 75%y Goofa deretethay ha kooshiyaa qaalata
giddon gelisidi xeegonnayssanne ha kooshey qassi pidale dethan laatineppe suure yidi iya
go77aabay erettonnashininne deretethaykka go7ettonashin coo pidale Gaytan uttidayssa
paattidosona. Hara baggara qassi, bessinddotappe 25%y ha kooshey daro qaalatan xeegettenna.
Gidoppe attin “nyoo7o” giya qaala bolla gelees gishe zaaro immis. Pilgganchay ha zaaranchaa
zaaruwaa zaarishe “nyoo7o” giyaa qaalay koyro dalgga deretethan go7etti go7ettenne geyssa

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SHAYE
shaakkibennanne qassi, denddon “ny” kooshen denddiyaa qaali baynnayssa akeekibenna gisho
wuda wothibenna. Gidoppe attin, daro bagga kushey ha kooshey xeegettonnayssanne iya
bessaan “n” go7etteyssa pilggaanchay xomoosis.
Ha oyshaas qassi zaaranchatappe 3ati guussaykka 75% kushey
Ha kooshiya/pidaliya deretethaa go7etethaara/xeessaara gathi xeellishin
asaa daro waayetheyssappe denddoyssan “ny” kooshiyaa bessan “n”
xeegishin si7oos. Iyaappe aadhdhidi qassi doonan deretethay
xeegonnabaa taw de7ees gishe pidalen wothanaw dandda7ettenna.
De7ikkokka coo paydo daroteth gujjesippe attin go77a immenna. Hayssa
gisho, dhayaakko aykkokaa gathana qohi baawa. Gaasoykka, qommon
qonccida mela asay “ny” kooshiyaa bessan “n” gelisidi metoy baynna
banttaa qofaa aathoosonanne birshetha dummatethi baynna ekkeyssa
gishossa. Iyaappe aadhdhidi dalgga maxaafetankka xaafettishe “nn”
ekon xaafettis. Mallas Goofatho Geeshsha Maxaafaan de7eyssape
akeekanaw dandda7oos. Gishe zaaridosona.
Hara baggara qassi, 25% kushey ha kooshey de7iyaakko lo7o gideyssa zaaris. Gaasuwaa
qonccisishe “nyoo7o” giyaa qaala xeeganay ha kooshiyaana gidiyaa gishossa gishe ba qofaa
wothis.
Gade Dondzatappe Beettida Qaala Oysha Zaaruwaa Paatetha
Pilgganchay giigisida qaala oyshata zaaranachatappe ekkishe pa koyaa/koyettida qaalaa
nam77u toho xeegana mela udishenne koosheninne bidon ekkishe markkandduwaa xaalethishe
polis. Martinson, B, C., Anderson,M.S. et al.(2005) gida mela hessika maaddey demmida
markkanddoy tumatethaa, geeshshatethaanne qonccetetha tillayanaw baaso gidees geetettidi
ammanettees.
Pilgganchay markkanddo gidiyaa mela demmanaw dandda7ees gidi bessinddotethan doorida
gade donzdatappenne doona asttamaareta/eranchatappe beettida zaaruwa qaalan paattishenne
zaran100% kusheppe kaalleyssada wothis.
Koyro paatetha oosuwakko gelanaappe sinthan paatethaas injjetana mela koodden shaakki
wothis.

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SHAYE
Gezze Goofappe-Aykina Wuzete gade dondzatas koodde (A),
Zaalappe -Doboco gade dondzatas koodde (B)
Dembba Goofa katama ayso gade dondzatas koodde (C)
gidi koodden wothidi he pidaleta garssan de7iya issi issi gade dondzatas pidaliyaara gathidi
koyro, nam77antho,heedzantho…zaaranchaa gidi buzotas shaaho immishe pa paatethaa polis.
Koodde “A” Zaaro Paatetha
Pilgganchay ha oyshata oychishe pa koyaa zaaruwaa demmana gaso dumma dumma dooya
guja oyshata oychishe shiishis. Hayssappe garssan kumetha zaaruwaa zara giddon paydoninne
100% kusheppe wothis.
Zara 4.2. koodde "A" qaala oysha zaaro paatetha
M.P.
Oyshata
Xeegettana
qaalaa
Koyettida
kooshiyaa
Zaarachata
keenaa
100%
xeegidayssati
(ny)
(n)
xeegidayssati
(ny)
xeegidayssati
(n)
xeegidayssati
1 Issi asi issibaas mootettiya gidikko, he
mootuwaa shaakkidi pirdda immanaw
dandda7ey oonee
Daynya “ny” - 5 0 100%
2 Issi miiziya yelonna ixxada gam77ishin
waanasu gii?
Maynyasu “ny” - 5 0 100%
3 Issi asi woosa keethe/ Bataskkana biyaa
gidikko, aybis bis gaanaw dandda7iwu?
Goynyos “ny” - 5 0 100%
4 Ane “አማርኛ” gidi xeegite. “አማርኛ” “ኛ” - 5 0 100%
5 Issi wogga mitha bolla tura maata mela
dolada daayaa mitha qommiyaa ay
geetettay
Shaynya “ny” - 5 0 100%

26
SHAYE
Kumetha koodde “A” n doorettida bessinddoti oyshettiyaa oyshaadaninne dumma dumma
dooya oysha medhon haasayatan ha qaalata xeegana mela oothidi entti he qaalata xeegishin
xomoosis. Hayssa paattishin, koyro oyshaan “ny” xeegida bessinddoti baynnaa gidishin, “n”
kooshe xeegida bessinddota paydoy 5 Kumethan, xeetu kusheppe(100%) “ny”xeegida
bessinddoti 0% gidishin, “n” kooshe xeegida bessinddoti 100%. Nam77antho oyshaas “ny”
xeegida bessinddoy baawa; “n” kooshe xeegida bessinddota paydoy 5. Kumethan, xeetu
kusheppe(100%) “ny” xeegida bessinddoti 0% gidishin, “n” kooshe xeegida bessinddoti 100%.
Heedzantho oyshaas “ny” xeegida bessinddoti 0 gidishin, “n” kooshe xeegida bessinddota
paydoy 5. Kumethan, xeetu kusheppe(100%) “ny” xeegida bessinddoti 0% gidishin, “n”
kooshe xeegida bessinddoti 100%. Oyddantho oyshaas “ny” xeegida bessinddoy baynnaa
gidishin, “n” kooshe xeegida bessinddota paydoy 5. Kumethan, xeetu kusheppe(100%)
“ny”xeegida bessinddoti 0% gidishin, “n” kooshe xeegida bessinddoti 100%. Wurssetha
oyshaas “ny” xeegida bessinddoy baawa. “n” kooshe xeegida bessinddota paydoy 5.
Kumethan, xeetu kusheppe(100%) “ny” xeegida bessinddoti 0% gidishin, “n” kooshe xeegida
bessinddoti 100%. Ha xomoosuwa giddon koyettida qaalata guussaykka,
daynya,maynyasu,goynyos, “አማርኛ”, shaynya giya qaalata haasayan xeegishin si7iyaade ubba
bessinddoti koyettida “ny” kooshiyaa xeeganaw waayethis. Hayssa gisho, ha kooshiya bessan
“n” go7ettishin xomoosis. Hayssa xomoosishe biido duuqos eenotida asaa biido duuqoninne
eenotonna asaappe qassi kooshe xalla duuqqi ekkis
Koodde “B” Zaaro Paatetha

27
SHAYE
Zara 4.3. Koodde "B" Zaaro paatetha
M.P.
Oyshata
Xeegettana
qaalaa
Koyettida
kooshiyaa
Zaarachata
keenaa
100%
xeegidayssati
(ny)
(n)
xeegidayssati
(ny)
xeegidayssati
(n)
xeegidayssati
dandda7ey oonee ?
Daynya “ny” 2 4 66.6% 33.3%
waanasu gii?
Maynyasu “ny” - 6 0% 100%
Goynyos “ny” - 6 0% 100%
4 Ane “አማርኛ” gidi xeegite. “አማርኛ” “ኛ” 2 4 66.6% 33.3%
geetettay?
Shaynya “ny” - 6 0% 100%
Kumetha koodde “B” n doorettida bessinddoti oyshettiyaa oyshaadaninne dumma dumma
xomoosis. Hayssa paattishin, koyro oyshaan “ny” xeegida bessinddoti 2 gidishin, “n” kooshe
xeegida bessinddota paydoy 4 Kumethan, xeetu kusheppe (100%) “ny”xeegida bessinddoti
33.4 gidishin, “n” kooshe xeegida bessinddoti 66.6%. Nam77antho oyshaas “ny” xeegida
bessinddoy baawa; “n” kooshe xeegida bessinddota paydoy 6. Kumethan, xeetu
Heedzantho oyshaas “ny” xeegida bessinddoti 0 gidishin, “n” kooshe xeegida bessinddota
paydoy 6. Kumethan, xeetu kusheppe(100%) “ny” xeegida bessinddoti 0% gidishin, “n”
kooshe xeegida bessinddoti 100%. Oyddantho oyshaas “ny” xeegida bessinddoy 2 gidishin,
“n” kooshe xeegida bessinddota paydoy 4. Kumethan, xeetu kusheppe(100%) “ny”xeegida
bessinddoti 33.4% gidishin, “n” kooshe xeegida bessinddoti 66.6%. Wurssetha oyshaas “ny”
xeegida bessinddoy baawa. “n” kooshe xeegida bessinddota paydoy 6. Kumethan, xeetu

28
SHAYE
Ha xomoosuwa giddon koyettida qaalata guussaykka, daynya,maynyasu,goynyos, “አማርኛ”,
shaynya giya qaalata haasayan xeegishin si7iyaade daro baggata bessinddoti (4ati) koyettida
“ny” kooshiyaa xeeganaw waayethis. Bessinddotappe 2ati “ny” kooshe xeegidosona. Hayssa
gisho, ha kooshiya bessan “n” go7ettishin xomoosis. Hayssa xomoosishe biido duuqos
eenotida asaa biido duuqoninne eenotonna asaappe qassi kooshe xalla duuqqi ekkis
Koodde “C” Zaaro Paatetha
Zara 4.3. Koodde "C" qaala oysha zaaro paatetha
M.P.
Oyshata
Xeegettana
qaalaa
Koyettida
kooshiyaa
Zaarachata
keenaa
100%
xeegidayssati
(ny)
(n)
xeegidayssati
(ny)
xeegidayssati
(n)
xeegidayssati
dandda7ey oonee
Daynya “ny” 1 4 20% 80%
waanasu gii?
Maynyasu “ny” - 5 0% 100%
Goynyos “ny” - 5 0% 100%
4 Ane “አማርኛ” gidi xeegite. “አማርኛ” “ኛ” 1 4 20% 80%
geetettay
Shaynya “ny” - 5 0% 100%
Kumetha koodde “C” n doorettida bessinddoti oyshettiyaa oyshaadaninne dumma dumma

29
SHAYE
xomoosis. Hayssa paattishin, koyro oyshaan “ny” xeegida bessinddoy 1 gidishin, “n” kooshe
xeegida bessinddota paydoy 4 Kumethan, xeetu kusheppe (100%) “ny”xeegida bessinddoti
20% gidishin, “n” kooshe xeegida bessinddoti 80%. Nam77antho oyshaas “ny” xeegida
bessinddoy baawa; “n” kooshe xeegida bessinddota paydoy 5. Kumethan, xeetu
kusheppe(100%) “ny” xeegida bessinddoti 0% gidishin, “n” kooshe xeegida bessinddoti
100%. Heedzantho oyshaas “ny” xeegida bessinddoti 0 gidishin, “n” kooshe xeegida
bessinddota paydoy 5. Kumethan, xeetu kusheppe(100%) “ny” xeegida bessinddoti 0%
gidishin, “n” kooshe xeegida bessinddoti 100%. Oyddantho oyshaas “ny” xeegida bessinddoy
1 gidishin, “n” kooshe xeegida bessinddota paydoy 4. Kumethan, xeetu kusheppe(100%)
“ny”xeegida bessinddoti 20% gidishin, “n” kooshe xeegida bessinddoti 80%. Wurssetha
oyshaas “ny” xeegida bessinddoy baawa. “n” kooshe xeegida bessinddota paydoy 5.
Kumethan, xeetu kusheppe(100%) “ny” xeegida bessinddoti 0% gidishin, “n” kooshe xeegida
bessinddoti 100%. Ha xomoosuwa giddon koyettida qaalata guussaykka,
daynya,maynyasu,goynyos, “አማርኛ”, shaynya giya qaalata haasayan xeegishin si7iyaade daro
baggata bessinddoti (4ati) koyettida “ny” kooshiyaa xeeganaw waayethis. Bessinddotappe 2ati
“ny” kooshe xeegidosona. Hayssa gisho, ha kooshiya bessan “n” go7ettishin xomoosis. Hayssa
xomoosishe biido duuqos eenotida asaa biido duuqoninne eenotonna asaappe qassi kooshe
xalla duuqqi ekkis
6. Demota Kuushshaa (Summary of Findings)
Ha sima shaahuwanha xinaatiya demota qonccisi aadhdhis. Hessika Goofatho doonan “Ny”
kooshe duussaanne dhayuwaa deretethaa xeessaninne eranchata qofaara gathidi pilggi xeelo
demota gidoosona.
Ha paatetha birshshethaynne demotay dumma dumma doonatan oosettida pilggethatara
gahettees. Mallas qofata koxxiya pilggethatappe berttetethaa ekkey:
Urgamo, (2008) gida mela dumma dumma doonatan he doonata wogaada kooshey dummatiya
bessan medhettidi dummatiya ogen xeegettanaw danda7ees. Hessape dendidayssan doonape
dooni dummatees. Mallas: Goofatho kooshe /th/ nne /dz/ Wolaythatho odettiya uray xeeganaw
danda7enna. Ingiliizetho kooshe /th/ daro doonatan asaa xeeganaw metoothees; Amaaratho /ኝ/
nne /ፍ/ Umaatho doona odettiya asaa metoothees”. gis., Ha paatethay ha pilgganchaa
demuwaara gahettees.

30
SHAYE
“Ny” kooshey Goofathon metothees geetettida gaasuwa qommon qonccida Goofatho doona
eranchay qonccisidi wothibenna. Gidoppe attin pilgganchay pa woocethaan gakkidayssa mela
“ny” kooshey Amaarathon de7iyaaba gidikkoka, Goofa asay he kooshey hara doonatan
medhettiya bessan medhdhanaw dandda7onnayssa kumetha pilggethaa paatethay bessees.
Hessa gisho ha kooshey Goofatho haasyiya asaa metees gidi qoppis geyssan demote issipetetha
xomoosis.

31
SHAYE
Shemppo Ichasha
5. Kuuyethanne Zore
7. Kuushsha (conclusions)
Kumethan ha Goofatho doonan “Ny” kooshe duussaanne dhayuwaa deretethaa
xeessaninne eranchata qofaara gathidi pilggi xeelo giya kaaraa bolla pilggethaas shiiqida
markkanddoy shemppo oyddaan paatettis. Pilgganchay ha paatettidanne birshshettida
markkandduwaan zemppidi kaalliya kuushsha qofaa immis.
Doorettida bessinddotappe xuufe oyshan gidin qaala oyshan beettida markkandduwadan, xuufe
oyshaan kumetha 32 bessinddotappe daro baggay paydon (26) guussaykka 81.25% “ny”
kooshiyaa/pidaliyaa deretethay go7ottonnayssanne koyettida qaalaa xaafishe “nn” go7ettidi
xaafidi qonccisidaa gidishin, paydon (6) bessinddoti guussaykka 18.75% ha pidaliwu
deretethay xeegoosonanne de7ees gishe xaafidi qonccisidosona.
Goofatho doonan kooshe /ny/ go7etethaa bolla dumma dumma markkanddo shiisho miishatan
markkanddoy shiiqidi paatettis. Ha kooshiya bolla nam77u qofatan markkanddoy shiiqidi
paatettis. Koyro, he kooshiyaa Goofa asay suure xeegii xeegennee geyssaranne xeegonnaa
gidikko dhayikko waananee geyssa bollana guussi.
Koyro qofaa bolla pilgganchay Goofa asay kooshiya suure xeeganaw metoteyssa
(dandda7onnayssa) akeekis. Nam77anthora Amaaratho qaalata mallas: ዳኛ፣ አማርኛ፣ እኛ፣ nne
h.h.mela qaalata melaa qassi Goofathon goynyo, maynyasu, shaynya nne h.h.mela qaalata
xaafon gidin haasayan go7ettishe /ዳይና/ daynna, /አማርና/ gishe go7ettoosona . Hessape denddidi
Pilgganchay /ny/ kooshey Goofathon baawa giya kuuyethan gakkis.
8. Oge Beso (Recommendations)
Pilgganchay kumethan shiiqida markkandduwa paatethaan birshshethaaninne demotaan
zemppidi kaalliya oge besota wothis. Ha ogey besettey dumma dumma Goofatho doona timirtte
yuushan oothanaw qaadi de7eyssatassa.

32
SHAYE
Axxa Sisaye,(2011) pa pilggethaan dhoqqa dethan tamarssiyaa asttamaaretas gidin tamaarets
yaaniyaakko lo7o gishe dumma dumma qofata wothidayssa mela pilgganchaykka dhoqqa
dethan Goofatho tamarssiya asttamaaretas:
✓ Laatineppe garxxi ekkida kooshe “ny” bolla imettida qofata ammanettanaw pilggetha
oosuwa loythi nabbabo koshshees.
✓ Goofathon dumma dumma maxaafatanne mexeeteta attamiya wode pidaleta bolla
xinaaten zemppidi yida guutha laamiya akeeko koshshees.
✓ Tamaareta tamarssiya wode “ny” kooshe bolla oosettida pilggethaa demuwanne
besettida ogiya beso koshshees.
Goofatho tamaariya dhoqqa detha tamaaretas:
✓ Ay hanidikka ha pilggethay oosettidi gakkida demuwa nabbabidi tillatethaanne
ammanthetetha shaako koshshees.
✓ Pilggetha demuwa nabbabonnashin hessi hanenna giya qofan kumo koshshenna.
Pilgganchay ha qommon paatettida zoreta immidi “ny” kooshe Goofatho pidale gaytappe
dhayssikokka metoy baawa giya qofa immis.

33
SHAYE
Guja Qoncciso /Appendixes/
Donzdataninne Doona eranchatan zaarettiya qaala oysha,
Bonchettida aawatoonne aayyetoo, doona eranchatoo:
Koyrottada, hintte wodiyaa yarshidi ha oyshaa zaariyaa gisho keehada galatays. Ha
pilggetha oyshota bertte qoppobay Goofatho doonan “NY” kooshe de7onne dhayo
qaadaa xomoosidi sinthape hananabata kaayanaassa. Ha pilggethaa demoy intte
immiya zaaruwan zemppidi gidiya gisho, ha oyshata yuushshi qoppidi zaarana mela
shoobbays.
1. Issi asi issibaas mootettiya gidikko, he mootuwaa shaakkidi pirdda immanaw
dandda7ey oonee? ___________________________________________
2. Issi miiziya yelonna ixxada gam77ishin waanasu gii? _________________________________
3. Issi asi woosa keethe/ Bataskkana biyaa gidikko, aybis bis gaanaw dandda7iwu?
4. Ane “አማርኛ” gidi xeegite. ______________
5. Issi wogga mitha bolla tura maata mela dolada daayaa mitha qommiyaa ay
geetettay?_____________________________________
Galatays!

34
SHAYE
Tamaaretaninne Doona Eranchatan Zaarettiya xuufe Oysha
Bonchcho Tamaaretoo,
Koyrottada, hintte wodiyaa yarshidi ha oyshaa zaariyaa gisho keehada galatays.
Ha pilggetha oyshota bertte qoppobay Goofatho doonan “NY” kooshe de7onne dhayo
qaadaa xomoosidi sinthape hananabata kaayanaassa. Ha pilggethaa demoy hintte
immiya zaaruwan zemppidi gidiya gisho, kaalliyaa qaalata suure nabbabidi doorana
mela oychays.
Qofiso: suure gidida qaalata sinthan (√) malla wothite.
1. Daynna 6. Daynya
2. Goynyo 7. Goynno
3. Kuynnake 8. kuynyake
4. maynyasu 9. Maynnasu
5. Shaynna 10. Shaynya
Galatays!

35
SHAYE
Tamaaretaninne Doona Eranchatan Zaarettiya Xuufe Oysha
Bonchcho Tamaaretoo,
Koyrottada, hintte wodiyaa yarshidi ha oyshaa zaariyaa gisho keehada galatays.
Ha pilggetha oyshota bertte qoppobay Goofatho doonan “NY” kooshe de7onne dhayo
qaadaa xomoosidi sinthape hananabata kaayanaassa. Ha pilggethaa demoy intte
immiya zaaruwan zemppidi gidiya gisho, oyshota suure nabbabidi zaarana mala
aadatethan oychchays.
Qofiso:
 Ha oysho warqqatiyan hintte sunthaa xaafoy koshshenna.
 Oyshota hara asara zorettidi gidin hara asabaa duuqo bessenna. Hessikka,
pilggethaa demuwa ayfisonnabaa gidiya gisho, buzon zaaro bessees.
 1-3 gaso de7iyaa oyshatas hintte zaaroy issi qaalappe aadhdhonnakko daro lo7o.
1. Issi asi issibaas mootettiyabaa gidikko, he mootuwaa shaakkidi pirdda immanaw
dandda7ey
oonee?___________________________________________________
2. Issi miiziya yelonna ixxada gam77ishin waanasu gii?
_______________________
3. Issi asi woosa keethe/ Bataskkana biyaa gidikoo aybis bis gaanaw dandda7iwu?
_______________________________________________________________

36
SHAYE
Kaalliyaa oyshatas akeekan qoppidi qanthan hintte qofaa wothite:
4. Goofa asay “Ny” kooshe qaalata giddon gelisidi xeegii? Ee giikko, malla
immite.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. “Ny” kooshe de7uwaanne dhayuwaa qaadaa Goofa deriya
xeessaara/go7etethaara gathi xeellishin, ha kooshey nu Goofatho doonan
de7iyaakko de7iyaakko lo7oye dhayaakko lo7oo? Ays?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________
Galatays!

37
SHAYE
Markka Maxaafe
Admass and Keen, (2000). Research and Writing across the Disciplines. California: Mayfield
Publishing Company.
Edwards. (1959). An Introduction to Linguistics.
Fernando. (1998). English phonetics and phonology.
Henry, S. (1912). The Sounds of English, an Introduction to Phonetics. Oxford. The Colander
. Press.
Ica Cushing and Helmuth’s. (2016). Phonetics and Phonology. York University. Uther
. Accepted Version.
Raymond H. (2002). Phonetics and Phonology. Washington DS. Polus Publishers.
Robert. (1993). Phonetics and Phonology, Understanding the Sounds of Speech. Albert
. University. Albert. (1-6)
Roger L. (1984). Phonology and Introduction to Basic Concepts. Cambridge Text Books in
. Linguistics. Cambridge University Press.pp.xix,362.
Steven, D Jon, M. (1996). Phonetics and Phonology. Kent University.
Ziidda U. (2008). GOLL 212. Arbba Mincce Asttamaareta Loohisiya Kollojje. Attamettonna
. Dalgga Nootte.
Ziidda U. (2006). Goofatho Orthography Research. Arbbamincce Asttamaareta Loohisiya
. Kollojje. Attamettibenna.
ባዬ ይማም:: (2000):: ‫﮻‬
‫﮻‬
የአማርኛ ሰዋሰዉ የተሻሻለ ሁለተኛ እትም፣አድስ አበባ ዩኒቨርሲቲ፣
. ቢ.ኢ ማተሚያ ቤት፡፡
ጌታሁን አማሬ::(1989):: የአማርኛ ሰዋሰዉ በቀላል አቀራረብ፣አድስ አበባ ፤ንግድ ማተሚያ
. ቤት፡፡
ያለዉ እንዳወቀ ሙሉ ፡፡ (2011) ፡፡ የምርምር መሠረታዊ መርሆዎችና አተገባበር፣ ባህርዳር
. ዩኒቨርሲቲ፣ንግድ ማተሚያ ድርጅት፡

GOOFATHO DOONAN “NY” KOOSHE DUUSSAANNE DHAYUWAA DERETETHAA XEESSANINNE ERANCHATA QOFAN GATHIDI PILGGI XEELO

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