Goofatho Adarsso Xaafo bolla oosettida pilggethi-research

ARBBA MINCCE YUNBBURUSTTE
DERETETHA SAYSSENNE ASA ALLALLIYA KOLLOOJJE
TOPHPHIYA DOONATANNE BILA-XUUFE GOOFATHO DOONANNE
BILA-XUUFE TIMIRTTE SHAAKO
GAAMMO GOOFA ZOONEN ZAALA WORADAN GALMMA NAM77ANTHO
DETHANNE GIIGISO TIMIRTTE KEETHA 11THO KIFILE TAMAARETA
GOOFATHO DOONAN ADARSSO XAAFO METOTA XOMOOSO
GIIGISSIDAY: ABRAAMA YISAAQA
ZORAADDEY: MUSE YOSEEFA
.
COOCE, 2010 M.L
ARBBA MINCCE, TOPHPHIYA

GAAMMO GOOFA ZOONEN ZAALA WORADAN GALMMA NAM77ANTHO
DETHANNE GIIGISO TIMIRTTE KEETHAN 11THO KIFILE TAMAARETA
GOOFATHO DOONAN ADARSSO XAAFO METOTA XOMOOSO
GIIGISSIDAY: ABRAAMA YISAAQA
HA PILGGETHA WARQQATEY GOOFATHO DOONANNE BILA-XUUFE
BAACHLEERE DIGIRE KUNTHETHOS TOPHPHIYA DOONATANNE BILA-XUUFE
MACARAN GOOFATHO DOONANNE BILA-XUUFE TIMIRTTE KIFILES IMETTEES
COOCE, 2010 M.L
ARBBA MINCCE, TOPHPHIYA

ZORAADDETA PIRIMA WARQQATE
DERETETHA SAYSSENNE ASA ALLALLIYA KOLLOOJJE
ZORAADDE SUNTHA: …………………………………………
PIRIMA: …………………………
GAGLA: ………………………
PAACCANCHCHA SUNTHA: ……………………………………..
PIRIMA: …………………………
GAGLA: ………………………

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. Ha pilggetha ooso warqqatey imettey: Arbba Mincce
Yunbburustte Deretetha Sayssenne Asa Allalliya Kolloojjen Tophphiya Doonatanne
Bila-Xuufe Goofatho Doonanne Bila-Xuufe Timirtte kifiles gidishin, koyro digire
anjjetethas giigida kunthetho xuufe. Bornnashaaddeti pilgganchchaa kumetha oosuwa
boolla immiya gizzoy kaalleyssa gidees.
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ZORAADDE SUNTHA PIRIMA GAGLA

KESO
KAARA SHAYA
KESO ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I
ZARATA KESO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------IV
GALATA-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V
QOFISO----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------VII
MAATAWATETHAA ---------------------------------------------------------------------VIII
OORATHA QAALATA BIRSHSHETHAA----------------------------------------------XI
XUNTHA KUUSHSHAA---------------------------------------------------------------------X
1. SHEMPPO ISSO: GELO-----------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.1. Xinaatiya Esuwa --------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.2. Xinaatiya Metuwa Qonccisi Woso -----------------------------------------------------------3
1.3. Pilggetha Qoppobaata--------------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.3.1. KumethaQoppoba ----------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.3.2. PaatethaQofobaata----------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.4. Pilggetha Oyshota ------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.5. Xinaatiya Go77aa-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.6. Xinaatiya Teqeta--------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
1.7. Xinatiya Zawaa----------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
2. SHEMPPONAM77A:HARA PILGGANCHCHATA MAXAAFATAXEELO
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
2.1. Xaafo Aybatethaa------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
2.2. Xaafo Go77aa-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
2.3. Adarsso Qommota------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
2.3.1. Qaari Beso Adarssso-------------------------------------------------------------------9
2.3.2. Qoncciso Adarsso ----------------------------------------------------------------------9
2.3.3. Taarrikiya Adarsso---------------------------------------------------------------------9
I

2.3.4. PalanthiyaAdarsso------------------------------------------------------- -------------10
2.4. Adarsso XaafoBuussa--------------------------------------------------------- ---------------10
2.5. Adarsso Kanddota ----------------------------------------------------------------------------10
2.5.1. Qofa Issipetetha-----------------------------------------------------------------------11
2.5.2. Qofa Waaxetethaa---------------------------------------------------------------------11
2.5.3. Qofa Maarayo-------------------------------------------------------------------------11
2.5.4. Qofa Disho-----------------------------------------------------------------------------12
2.6. Gaatha Amoy Duussi-------------------------------------------------------------------------12
3. SHEMPPO HEEDZA: PILGGETHA OOSO OGENNE HIILLA--------------------13
3.1. Pilggetha Ooso Oge---------------------------------------------------------------------------13
3.2. Pilggethay Haphphiya Asaa------------------------------------------------------------------13
3.3. Bessinddo Dooro Ogenne Darotetha--------------------------------------------------------13
3.4. Markkanddo Shiisho Miisheta---------------------------------------------------------------14
3.4.1. XuufeOysho---------------------------------------------------------- -----------------14
3.4.2. KifileGiddo Xeelo --------------------------------------------------------------------14
3.4.3. Qaala Oysho---------------------------------------------------------------------------15
3.5. Markkanddo Paatetha-------------------------------------------------------------------------15
3.6. MarkkanddoShiisho Buussaa----------------------------------------------------------------15
4. SHEMPPO OYDDA:MARKKANDDO PAATETHI, BIRSHSHETHINNE
DEMOTA-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
4.1. Markkanddo Paatethanne Birshshethaa----------------------------------------------------16
4.1.1. Tamaareta Xuufe Oysho Zaaruwa Paatethaa--------------------------------------17
4.1.1.1. Dooro Oyshota Paatethaa--------------------------------------------------------------17
4.1.1.2. Tamaareta Paatti Xaafo Oyshata Paatethaa-----------------------------------------21
4.1.2. Asttamaareta Qaala Oysho Paatethaa-----------------------------------------------22
4.1.3. Kifile Giddo Xeelo Paatethaa -------------------------------------------------------27
4.2. Demota Kuushshaa----------------------------------------------------------------------------27
4.2.1. Adarsso Xaafo Hiillan Tamaareta Gakkiya Metota------------------------------27
4.2.2. Adarsso Xaafo Tamarssanaw Go77ettiya Tamarsso Hiillanne Maado
Miisheta---------------------------------------------------------------------------------28
II

4.2.3. Tamaareta Guye Esuwanne Denddetethaa-----------------------------------------28
5. SHEMPPO: ICHCHASHA: KUUSHSHATANNE OGE BESOTA------------------29
5.1. Kuushshata -----------------------------------------------------------------------------29
5.2. Oge Beso--------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
5.3.SinthapeOosettiya XinaatiyaQofisota-----------------------------------------------31
MARKKAMAXAAFATA ---------------------------------------------------------32
GUJA QONCCISOTA
III

ZARATA KESO (LIST OF TABLES)
Zarata Shaya
Zara 4.1: Pilggetha Miishetta Polo Markkanddo Qoncciso---------------------------------------16
Zara 4.2: Asttamaareta timirtte guye Esuwa---------------------------------------------------------17
Zara 4.3: Tamaareta nabbabo meeze------------------------------------------------------------------17
Zara 4.4: Adarsso xafo oosota-------------------------------------------------------------------------18
Zara 4.5: Tamaareta oosuwa bornnasho--------------------------------------------------------------18
Zara 4.6: Asttamaare tamarsso abbiya----------------------------------------------------------------19
Zara 4.7: Timirtte kifile wodedarotetha--------------------------------------------------------------19
Zara 4.8: Tamarsso hiilla-------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
Zara 4.9: Xaafometota----------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
IV

GALATA (ACKNOWLEDGEMENT)
Ta ha muruutas gakkida pilggetha oosuwa polana mala dumma dumma ogetan tana maaddida
issuwa issuwa galatanaw koyays.
Ubbaape koyro, ha pilggethaa oosuwas taas abbe, cinccatethinne eratethi gididi ha oosuwa
doomethaanne poluwa gakkanaw tana salettenannaagida ubbaa danddandda7iya Xoossaas,
kumetha asatethaappe pulttiya ooratha galataa immays. Iya maadoy baynna aybikka
polettenaw dandda7enna.
Kaallada, ha pilggethaa kaara dooroppe bidi kumetha polo warqqate shiisho gakkanas de7iya
gela gessatan, issi issi dethantan saleti baynna kaalethidayssa, minthethidayssasinne kumetha
aawatetha zoriyas Dn. Muse Yoseefa ciimmo wozanappe galatanaw koyays. Hessadanikka,
Ha timirtte kifile kaappuwa Dn. Marqqoosa Iyyaasu kaappotetha oosuwappe aadhdhidi pa
ciimmo eratetha shaakoninne pa wodiya yarshshon xoo7e beson haggazaas dumma galataa
shiishanaw koyays. Gujjadakka, ha timirte kifile asttamaariya Dn. Leera Saameela kaara
dooro zoriyasinne ha kaaraara gahettiya xuufe markkanddota imuwaswogga galataa
immanaw koyays. Haray qassi, ha timirtte kifile kumetha asttamaareta ha oosuwa poluwas
de7iyaushachcha amuwasinne minthethuwas daroppe galatays. Hessa kanchche gidonnashin,
Dn. Darzza Milkkaasa iya dumma zoriyasinne dumma minthethuwas gaathappe pulttiya
galataa shiishanaw koyays.
Haray qassi, ha xinaatiya poluwasinne muurutaas taas miyye gididi wonttan omarssan tana
oychchiya ta soo asata: ta siiqo aayee Yaachcha Yaaluqa taas woosan, xuura shaaketethanine
minthethuwan immida kaliyas gul77appe gidida daro galalata gogissays; ta al77o aawaa W/r
Ereta Abraama, ta ooso poluwas de7iya dumma amuwas, suuhiyassinne ufayssaas wurssethi
baynna galata shiishays; Dn. Saameela Nafaaqo bayratetha zoriyasinne miishe maaduwas
gujjidikka ta lo7o ooso poluwa pabaadan xeelliyaanne iya suuhiyas modhdho galataa
shiishays. Lakkaytuwa Nacce Anddinatey pa paggara ta oosuwa kaallida hanotaas galata
kaalethays. Haray qassi M/re Dammaqa AmalaworqqoI saleti baynna miisheta maaduwas
wozanappe galatays. M/re La77a Almmaazo I aayotetha zoriyasinne woosan maaduwas
keeha galatays.

Wurssethan, Zaala worada ayso xifate keethaanne woradaa timirtte xifate keethaa ooso
poluwa kaaluwasinne Galmma nam77anthonne giigiso timirtte keetha asttmaaretanne
tamaareta ha xinaatiya oosuwan besse immidi hashetidayssasinne koshshiya markkanddo
immidayssas keehada galatays; dummatetharaAsttamaariya Sameela Barkkata gita galatays.
Gujjidakka, ta laggeta: Lakkaytuwa Libane Laakkamo, Yooseefa Yoonasa, Aforqqe
Issaasanne Asfa Ermmaasa enttta kaliyasinne minthethuwas ta gala qonccisays.
VI

QOFISO (DEDICATION)
Ha pilggetha oosuwa qofetethay I peeshshaas ta gaanabi baynna ta al77o aayee Yaachcha
Yaaluqissinne ta wogga aaye M/re Hototi Biice ta oosuwa ayfiya be7anaw amottashe ha
alamiyaappe hayqoon shaakettidarissinne asa na7i hayssa mela detha gakkanayssa
kaayishenne ta sintha wodiyas woossishe ha alamiyappe hayqon shaahettida Eezuwa Godaa
Ego Eretas gido.
VII

MAATAWATETHAA (DECLARATION)
Ha xinaatey ta buzo ooso gidoyssanne hara Yunbburssen oosettiboonnayssa qonccissaysinne
gizzays. Ha xinaatiya warqqatey lo77o erettida markka maxaafetan katidinne kumidi giigis.
Ha pilggethaa xuufeti, markka maxaafetinne markkanddoti dumma dumma bessatappe
intterneete yafara gujjin ekettidayssata gidishin, duuqa higge naagidi “APA” markka
maxaafe xaafo kaaloda naagidi xaafettidosona.
Pirima: ................................................. Gagla: ............................................
Abraama Yisaaqa
RSSH/720/08
PAACCANCHCHATA:
Nu/Ta ha warqqatiyan shiiqida oosoy nu/ta kaaleso gidddon beettiya tamaariya osetti
polettoyssa Yunbberestte kaalli xeelanchchatethan gizzoos/aays
Zoraadde Suntha: …………………………………………
Pirima: …………………………
Gagla: ………………………
Paaccanchcha Suntha: ……………………………………..
Pirima: …………………………
Gagla:………………………
Goofatho Doonanne Bila-Xuufe Timirtte Kifile,
Arbba Mincce Yunbburustte
VIII

OORATHA QAALATA BIRSHSHETHAA (ACRONOMY)
Pilgganchchay ooratha qaalata birshshethi immi aadhdhanaw koyida gaasoy nabbabanchchati
nabbabishe koshshiyayssadan woykko qaalay gelida bessaadan suure birshshethi immi
akeekana malanne kiita zhubonna mala maaddiya gishossa. Ha birshshethi imettida qaalati
kumethan ooratha qaala gidida gisho xalla gidonnashin deretethaa giddon daro meezetonna
qaalataskka pilgganchchay birshshethi immis. Hessikka, nabbabanchchatas birshshethas
deexxonna mala gidishin qaalatikka hayssappe kaalleyssadan shiiqidosona.
 Adarsso - maari de7iya daassata shiqo
 Bessinddo - issiba be7os xeera woykkomalla eko
 Harxxe - koyro keso xuufe
 Looho - issibaa tamaaro
 Markkanddo - issibas markka gidiyabata
 Perzzis - maarappe kare gidis
 Sexxi - qori, maxi, shaakki, shoddi
 Tilla - tuma, geeshshi
 Zhubo - issibaappe disho woykkon wobbo
IX

XUNTHA KUUSHSHAA (ABSTRACT)
Ha xinaatey Gaammo Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan Galmma nam77antho dethanne giigiso
timirtte keetha 11tho kifile tamaareta Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo metota xomooso
qoppobaanwuda wothidi oosettis. Keehi dummatiya hanotan xinaatey wudayey kaalliya
heedzu qoppobaata: Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafon tamaareta gakkiya metotas gaasota,
tamaareta wudaynne denddetethaa tamaareti xaafo tamaarana mala tamaareta denthethiya
hanotata xomoosos oosettis. Pilgganchchay ha xinaatiya oothana mala denthethiday
tamaareta xaafon metota xomoosida gishossa. Pilgganchchay dumma dumma hara
pilgganchchata maxaafata go77ettis; xinaatiyan walaka pilggetha ooso oge,
giizzonnabessinddo eko hiillan 21 tamaaretanne 2 asttamaareta ekkidi gorddanne dooya
xuufe oyshota immis; markkanddoy koyro pulttoppe ekettishin medhoy de7iyanne baynna
qaala oyshoti giigida; kifilegiddo xeeloykka besse oykkis. Ha markkanddoy nam77u ogetan:
qaalan paattiyanne paydon qonccisiya hiillatan paatettis. Ha xinaatiya demoti: tamaareta
guye esuwa, adarsso xaafo tamaaranaw tamaareta denddetetha dhayo, ha doona tamaaros
wode guuthatethaa, tamarsso hiillanne maado miisheta pacce gidishin hayssati adarsso
xaafuwa bolla dumma dumma metotas gathidosona. Hessatikka: qofa issipetetha, qofa sinth-
guye maaraa, siqmetha, qawosa, isppeelingge, cachcha wogata, wogga pidaleta koshshiya
besoden go77etetha metoti beettidosona. Ubbaapekka aathidi tamaareta adarsso xaafo meto
giddon bertte bessaa oykkey qofa disho meto gididoyssi kuuyettis. Wurssethan, ha qommon
qonccida metota kawotethay, asttamaaretinne tamaareti panttappe naagettiyabe wuda
wothidi ooson tamaareta Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo metoy birshshettanaw
dandda7eyssa haras oge bessisinne qofisota wothis.
X

SHEMPPO ISSO
1. GELO (INTRODUCTION)
Ha shemppuwan, dumma dumma ogetan ha xinatiya qoccisiyabaati shiiqana. Ha geloy
giigiday, koyro, ha xinaatiyas denddo woykko baaso gidiya qofata wothanaassa. Kaallidi, ha
xinaatiya metuwa qonccisi besossanne metoy tumakka meto gidiyayssa akeekon wuda
wothana mala. Haray qassi, ha metuwa bolla gaasoy de7iya denddonne polo oothanaassa.
Gujjidikka, ha piggethaa qoppobaatinne pilggetha oyshoti shiiqana. Ha geluwan ha metuwa
bolla oosettiya pilggethaa go77ay qonccana. Wurssethan, ha pilggethay haaphphiya asa
qoodaynne bessay qonccana.
1.1. Xinaatiya Esuwa (Background of the Study)
Timirttey asa na7i kase hanettishe gam77ida lo77onne iitabaata shaakki eron he kase iitata
aggidi lo77o gidiyabaatara meezetana mala maaddiyabaa. Tamaaroy asa na7i saynssenne
teknolooje muruutata go77ettidi pananne pa heeraa lammana woykko dichchana mala
daroppe maaddees. Timirtten qassi xaafo dandda7i keehi koshshiyaba (Konjit, 1995).
Xaafoy oyddu doona hiillatappe issuwa gidishin, tamaareti pantta timirtte ooso poluwa sinthe
efanaw go7ettiya qaaxo gididi erettees. Byrne, (1999:1) pa pilggethan paattida mala, xaafoy
maari de7iya hanotan malaatata go77ettidi meega qofa medhon qofa woso woykko
birshshethi imo. Xaafoy kiita aasos daroppe go77ees. Raines, (1983) qonccisida mala, xaafoy
kiita kahan simerethon: haa ekoninne gede yedon markkanddo laamerettanas maaddees.
Xaafoy beni wodeppe doommidi de7iyanne malaaliya hanotan wodeppe woden diccishe yida
doona hiilla gididi erettees. Harmer, (2007) “Asa na7a xaafo qaaxoy ha7i ha7i diccishe bis;
uuga kase wode xuufetappe haa simmin laythi 5,500 gidis.” yaagis. Beni wode xaafo medhoy
digettida bessatan hom77o giddo misiletappe doommidi haa yis.
Admas’nne Keen, (2000) pantta qofaa wothishe, dhoqqa xaafo hiillati tamaareti pantta
timirtte koshshatas ayfe immiya ogen birshshethi demmana malanne pantta kandduwaninne
pantta ooso hiillan loohidi ooso polana mala daroppe maaddees. Dudley, E. (2007) xaafo
timirttera gathidi xeellida qofay, tamaareti pantta dumma dumma xaafettiyabaata
xaafanaasinne pantta xaafo hiillaa dishos xaafo tamaaro koyoosona. Gidoppe attin, koyro

doonan (D1) gidin nam77antho doonan (D2) woykko kare gade doonan xaafo tamaaroy
doona tamaaretas taamaaros keehi deexxxiya hiilla gididi erettees (Nagaari, 2012).
Hessadankka, Richards, (2008) pa pilggethan wothida mala, koyro doonan gidin nam77antho
doonan xaafo tamaaroy timirtte ooson tamaareta gakkiya deexotappe woykko metotappe
issuwa gididi erettiyaba gidishin daro wode ha hiillaa uuga tamaareti kanchche kumethan
akeekanaw dandda7iyaaba gis. Kroll, (2003) gida mala, oona gida doona go77anchchi xaafo
metota qonccisi giigisanaw daro hiillata dandda7a woykko abbe koyiya gite gidida buussi.
Hessa gisho, xaafoy issi doona yeleta haasayanchcha gidin yeleta haasayanchcha gidonna asa
ubbaas daro buteyiyanne deexo gidida hiilla.
Tangpermpoon, (2000) mallidayssadan, xaafo hara doona hiillatara guussaykka, hayzo,
haasayanne nabbabora gathi woykko geeddari xeelliyaade, xaafo tamaaroy ha ubbatappekka
aadho deexxiya hiilla gididi beettees. Gaasoykka, xaafoy xaafanchcha gita meto birshshetha
dandda7a abbe oychchiya hiilla gidida gishossa. Myles, (2002) gujjidikka, issibaa muruuta
woykko lo77o xaafoy coo heerappe medhetan ekettiyaba gidonnashin tamaaroninne wogi
de7iya ogen meezeton ekettiyaaba woykko erettiyaba gis. Dooni asa na7i pa heeraa akeekana
malanne dalgga alamen saynssenne teknolooje muruutaa baaso oothidi dumma dumma
markkanddota demmana mala maaddiyaba. Ha markkanddotikka, issi gade dichchaas
koshshiyanne doona go7etethan ayfanaw woykko ooson pee7anaw dandda7iyaaba gidosona.
Goofatho doonay daro wodeppe doommidi Goofa heeran haasayettishe gam77ida doona.
Gidoppe attin, ha doonay xuufen dalggibeenna. Ha doonaa xaafo hanotay daro bagga
Ingliizetho doona xaafo hanotaara matattees. Hessikka, koyro pidale medhoppe doommidi
gidishin hara oona gida doona mala dumma dumma xaafo qommotan, guussaykka, meega
qofan, daassan, adarssoninne haradumma xuufe qommotan xaafetti diccanaw dandda7iyaba
gididayssi qoncce.
Grace, F. (2013) immida qofaadan, adarssoy daassata shiiqon medhettiya issi huupe qofaba
odiyanne heedzu shaahota pa gaathan oykkiya xuufe. He shaahotikka, gelo: denddo qofaa
oykkeyssa, paatethaa: denddo qofaas kale gideyssatanne kuuyetha gidoosona. Adarssoy
dumma dumma xaafo hiillan xaafetti diccanaas dandda7ees. Hessatikka, paatethan, malla
imon, gaasonne domon, issiba tillayon, birshshethi imon, shaahota woson, geeddaroninne
dummatethaa beson gidishin ha hiillata go77ettidi issibaa malaatanas, paattanas, birshshethi

immanaas, ammanthanaas, kaalesos, pilggethas, qofa imos, kiita aasos, pana xeelosinne
yigethas xaafanaw dandda7ettees.
Ha xinaatey Galmma nam77antho dethanne giigiso timirtte keethan 11tho kifile tamaareta
Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo metota bolla wuda wothis. Ha qofan ha metota sexxi
kesosinne tamaareti ha metuwas haniya birshshethi demmana mala dandda7isiya oge besos
woykko qofa imos oosettis.
1.2.Xinaatya Metuwa Qonccisi Woso (Statement of the Study)
Xaafoy oyddu doona hiillatappe issuwa gidishin tamaaretas tamaaro oosos keehi
deexxiyanne suure gahetethas gita abbe woykko dandda7a koyiyaba (Atkins,
et.al.1996).Xaafoy gita bute koyiya daro dethatinne buussati de7iyaaba. Pilgganchchay
Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo meto bolla xanna7anaw koyida gaasoy, nam77antho
dethanne giigiso timirtte keetha 11tho kifile tamaareta Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafon uuga
metota xomoosida gishossa. Ha doonan tamaareta xaafo dandda7aynne abbey leppidi
beettees. Entta asttamaarey enttas xaafora gahettida aaho oosota immiya wode panttarkka
buzon oothokona; harata maade koyoosona; ixxikko kumethi hara pulttoppe duuqqoosona.
Atkins, et.al.1996, issibaa suurenne qoncce xaafi dandda7oy ubba timirtte detha qaaxotan
tamaareta giddon keehi koshshiyabaanne xaafo hiilla dandda7ay bertte besse oykkiyaaba
gididi erettees. Gidoppe attin, adarsso xaafo hiilla metoy nam77antho dethanne giigiso
timirtte keetha 11tho kifile tamaareta bolla phoolidi beettis.
Galmma nam77antho dethanne giigiso timirtte keethan 11tho kifile tamaareti adarsso xaafiya
wode suure gidonna xuufeti shiiqoosona. Entta xuufiyan daro metoti kaalerettoosona;
hessatikka: qofa issippetethi, qofa maaran woso, sinth-guye maara, siqmetetha woykko
qofata maaran woso, qofa pulttisonne disho metota gididayssi qonccis.
Hessa gisho, haxinaatey Gaamo Goofa zoone Zaala worada Galmma nam77antho dethanne
giigiso timirtte keethan 11tho kifile tamaareta Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafon dhube
gidiyabaata xomoosi xeelos oosettis. Pilgganchchay ha metuwas gaasoy aybeekkonne

shaakki erosinne haniya birshshethakko efiya oge mallanaw bessanaw barkkidi
denddidayssan oosuwa woykko xinaatiya sinthe efis.
1.3. Pilggetha Qoppobaata (Objective of the Study)
1.3.1. Kumetha Qoppoba (General Objective)
Ha xinaatiya kumetha qoppobay, Galmma nam77antho dethanne giigiso timirtte keethan
11tho kifile tamaareta Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo metota xomooso.
1.3.2. Paatetha Qoppobaata (Specific Objectives)
Ha xinaatiya sima qoppobaati:
 Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafon tamaareta gakkiya metotas gaasoti ayba
aybeekko xomoosana.
 Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo tamaaros tamaaretas de7iya wudaynne
denddetethaa akeeko.
 Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafon tamaarana mala tamaareta denthethiya hanotata
injjeyana.
1.4. Pilggetha Oyshata (ResearchQuestions)
Ha xinaatey polettishin kaalliya pilggetha oyshota zaarana.
A) Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafontamaaretagakkiya metotas gaaso gidiyabaati ayba
aybee?
B) Goofatho doona adarsso xaafo tamaaros tamaaretas de7iya wudaynne
denddetethay ay keenee?
C) Tamaareti Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo tamaarana mala denthethos injjeyiya
hanotati de7oona?
1.5. Xinaatiya Go77aa (Significance of the Study)
Ha qofetti keyida pilggetha xinaatiya bertte go77ay Galmma nam77antho dethanne giigiso
timirtte keethan 11tho kifile tamaareta Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafos dhube gidiyabaata

shaakki eranaw dandda7isseyssa. Hessa kaallidi tamaareta gakkiya xaafo metotas haniya
birshshethi kaalethanaas dandda7isiya gishassa.
Haray qassi ha xinaatey poluwaaappe guye Galmma nam77antho dethanne giigiso timirtte
keethan 11tho kifile tamaareta Goofatho doonan lo77o adarsso xaafo abbey woykko eratethay
diccanas dandda7eyssa. Ha pilggethay sinthappe hara pilgganchchati ha kaarara matattiya
pilggethata oothiya wode markka maxaafe woykko he pilggethatas denddo gididi maddanas
dandda7ees. Gujjidikka, sinthappe timirtte maaray (curriculum) giigettishin tamaareta xaafo
abbiya dichchanas gina, lo77onne koshshiya tamarsso miishetanne kifile giddo qaaxota
ubbaa qofa giddo gelssidi medhdhana maaddanaas dandda7ees.
Ha pilggethaa immiya sima go77ati:
 Tamaareti gidin asttamaareti ha doonan xaafo dandda7a bolla wuda wothidi oothana
mala dandda7isana.
 Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafos tamaaretas de7iya lo77o akeeki de7ana mala
udanaassa.
 Tamaareti adarsso xaafora gahettida meezeta, aaho oosota, paacetanne hara oosota
panttana dandda7idi oothana mala dandda7isana.
1.6. Xinaatiya Teqeta Woykko Dhubeta (Limitition of the Study)
Pilgganchchay ha xinnatiya oothishin daro metoti gakkidosona. He metotappe uugata
hayssappe kaalleyssadan qonccisana. Koyro, ha kaarara (Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo)
bolla hayssappe kare oosettida pilggethi baynnayssappe denddidayssan woykko ha xinaatey
oosettey koyro wodes gididayssan markka maxaafeti de7onnayssa. kaallidi, hara Ingliizetho
doonan oosettida daro bagga pilggethati xaafo meto bolla asha osettidayssa gidishin
pilgganchchaa kaaray xuummidi adarsso xaafo meto bolla kanchche gididayssan
markkanddo demos daro wayisis. Haray qassi, pilggetha oosuwa polana mala imettida wode
guuthatethay pilgganchchaa daro daaburssis. Gujjidikka, xinaatiya oothanaas koshshiya
dumma dumma miishe pacetethaykka ha xinatiya dhube gididi beettis. Wurssethan,
pilgganchchay, piggetha oothi bishin wode teknolooje go77etethan dumma dumma oosetti

polettida markkanddota xuugetethaykka pilgganchcha bolla naaqo gathis. Gidoppe attin, ha
metota ubbaa ke7ana xoo7e (oge) koshshaninne kushe immikke giya butiyappenne
minotethaappe denddidayssan oosuwa suure polettis.
1.7. Xinaatiya Zawaa (Scope of the Study)
Ha xinaatey cuucumetethi de7eyssa gidana mala pilgganchchay Gaammo Goofa zoonen
Zaala woradan Galmma nam77antho dethanne giigiso timirtte keethan 11tho kifile tamaareta
Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo metota woykko dhube gidiyabaata xomooso bolla kanchche
wuda wothis.

SHEMPPO NAM77A
2. HARA PILGGANCHCHATA OOSOTA XOMOOSO (REVIEW OF
RELATED LITERATURES)
Ha shemppuwa qoppobay, xaafo hiilla aybatethaa, go77aa, qommota, buussata, kanddotanne
hara xaafora gahettidabaata dumma dumma markka maxaafeta baaso oothidi qoncciso
gidees.
2.1. Xaafo Aybatethaa (The Meaning of Writing)
Xaafoy daro mukula laythas asa na7ara gam77ida doona ayfisos maaddiya doona hiilla
(Meyers, 2005:2). Xaafoy asa na7i doonan haasayon wolira qofa laamettana malanne asi pa
qofaa aliyanne maari de7iya hanotan warqqate bolla woson zaari xeelonne shaakki ero. Klein
(1985) qofaadan, xaafoy issi asi malaatata go7ettidi pa qofaa qonccisanas iskkiriitonne
warqqate gasetho; he warqqate bolla qonccisoy qassi birshshethi de7iyaba gido
koshshiyabaanne shiiqidabaatan qassi nabbabanchchati xaafanchchatara gahetethi medho
guussi.
Xaafoy buussi gidishin xaafanchchay efiya dethati polo gaso biidi issiba medho gidees. He
buussati qassi dumma dummabaatan dhubettanaw woykko qohettanaw dandda7oosona.
Hessatikka: xaafettiya kiitan, xaafo qommuwaninne xaafanchchay woykko xaafanchchiya
xaafanaw go77ettiya miishetan gidanaw dandda7ees. Ha buussas oyddu bertte yarati
de7oosona. Enttikka: Sintha qofa (plan), harxxe (koyro xuufe), zaari xeelonne wurssetha
giigiso gidoosona.
Adarsso giddon lo77o hanotan shiiqonna daassati nabbanchchata nabbabanaw daro
suheyokkonanne kiitaa zhubisoosona. Lo77o xuufe geeteyssi qassi ayba iitatethi woykko bali
baynnayssa gidees; guussaykka: qofa issippetetha, qofa waaxetethanne qofa maaran woso
metoy beettonnaysa gidishina. Xaafo giddon qofa issippetethi, qofa waaxetethi, qofa maaran
wosoy, qaala doroynne koyettida kiita suure aasoy issi xaafanchcha wolqqaama xaafo abbey
duussi woykko dandda7a oychchiyadhoqqa meto gididi erettees (Nunan, 2000). Smith
(1982:199-200) ha doona eranchchay pa pilggethan gishe, xaafoy akeeka oychchiya hiilla
gidishin issi asi xaafo tamarssanaw koyikko tamaareta panttana lo77iya woykko entti

dosiyabaata xaafana mala udoninne he shiiqida xuufetara matattiya meezeta kawshshappe
deexokko oosisoninne entta oosuwa qassi bornnashi zaaro imon gidanaw bessees.
Pilgganchchay ha qommo paatethatan katidi pa baggara, xaafoy akeeka oychchiya
tamaaranaw gite gidida hara doona hiillatappe deexo gidida gede imo qaaxo gidishin issiba
qoppanaasinne eratetha esuwa dichchanaas gidiya wode oychchiya doona hiilla. Hessappe
haray qassi, ha hiillay wuda wothidi gidin coo kaa7ishe poliya xuufera gahettiya qaaxotan
ubban kaseyssappe dicci dicci woykko loohi loohi baanaw dandda7iyabaa. Xaafoy asa na7i,
kiita aathanas, sinthas kiita wothanaasinne doonan haasayanas woykko odanas koyonnabaata,
yashshiyabaata gidin xuurata,warqqate bolla gidin hara ay miishe bolla woson qofa
qonccisanas maaddiyaba. Hessikka, haasayettiyaba bessan eqqanas dandda7iyaba giidi ha
pilgganchchay kuuyis.
2.2. Xaafo Go77aa (Importance of Writing)
Xaafoy tamaaro tamarsso oosos keehi koshshiyanne gita bessi imettiya hiilla gididi erettees.
Rao, Z. (2007) pa pilggethan qoccisida mala, xaafoy nam77u bertte go77ata immees.
Koyroysi, tamaareta qofa denthethanas, qofa pulttisanas, qofa kuyethi dandda7isos,
xomoososinne bornnashos immiya go77aa gidishin, nam77anthoy qassi, tamaareti ha hillan
xaala, dalggisidi qoppeyssatanne pantta qofaa haratas gede keso dandda7eyssata gidana mala
ooso wolqqi de7iya gishossa.
Xaafoy oyddu doona hiillatappe issuwa gidishin asa nayta ooso polos daro go77iya hiilla.
Asa na7i ubba wode go77ettiya xaafoy immiya go77atappe uugati:asttamaareti kareetha
saleeda bolla koshshiyabaata xaafoosona, tamaareti qaalan nabbabettiyabata gidin
odettiyabaata nootte oykkoosona. Haray qassi asay ooso koshsha wobbaatota gidin hara
dumma dumma xuufeta xaafi qofa qonccisana mala maaddees. Xaafora gahetethi tamaareti
xaafo tamaarana mala maaddees. Guussaykka: xaafo xaafon tamaaranaw dandda7ettees
guussi. Heessa gisho timirtten doona tamaareti pantta timirttiyas: aaho oosotasinne hara
dumma dumma qaaxotas xaafo tamaaro koyoosona.
Toni, P. (2002:PP, 42-44), ha doona eranchchay pa xinaatiyan qonccisidayssadan xaafoy
kaalli de7iya qoppobaatas maaddees gis.

1) Issiba malaatos, paatethasinne birshshethas,
2) Palammnanas, ammanthosinne kaalesos,
3) Pilggethas, pana xeelosinne wallotethas,
4) Yigethas, zaari xeelosinne qofa imos woykko bornnashos immiya go77aa.
2.3. Adarsso Qommota (Types of Essay)
Galgalo, L. (2009: 423-427) wothida mala, adarsso oyddu bertte qommotan mooddi
xeellanas dandda7ettees. Hessatikka: qaari-beso, qoncciso, taarikiyanne palanthiya adarsso
geetettoosona.
2.3.1. Qaari-beso Adarsso (Expository Essay)
Ha xaafo qommoy issiba eranas, paattanas, birshshethi immanas, kaalethanas, ubbappekka
aathidi issibay aybis waani hanidaakkonne hanettidaakko buussaa qonccisiya daro wode
tumabaata pilggi demmidi nabbabanchchatas xuura qonccisanas maaddiya xaafo qommo; ha
adarsso qommoy beettiyaba woykko haniyabaata bolla zemppiya gisho xaafanchcha
minotetha woykko zambbotethaanne yarshshetethaa daroppe koyees. Hessadankka, lo77i
xaafettida qaari-beso adarssoti qoncce giddo qofata loythi paattoosona.
2.3.2. Qoncciso Adarsso (Descriptive Essay)
Ha xaafo qommoy doorettida qaalata go7etethannabbabnchchata kahan misile medhdhana
mala oosettidi xaafettiya xaafo qommo. Issi xaafanchchay issi ase, bessa, miishe gidin issi
birshshethi de7iyaba asa kaha denthethiya hanotan guussaykka: laaccettiya, singgettiya,
si7ettiya, boshettiyanne beettiyadan kahan misile medhdhanaada udidi xaafettiyaba.
2.3.3. Taarikiya Adarsso (Narrative Essay)
Ha xaafo qommoy xaafanchchati tuma gidida tuma meezeta odanas go7iyanne
nabbabanchchata kaha oykkanaada oosettidi guussaykka: nabbabanchchati entti nabbabiya
taarikiya yara gididi woykko entti nabbabiya taarikey enttabaa aazin nabbabana mala qoncce
alamen hanettiyabaata baasoyidi tumappe perzzonna giigiya xaafo qommo. Hayssi
xaafettishe taarikiya sinth-guye maaraa naagidi gidanaw bessees.

2.3.4. Palanthiya Adarsso (Argumentory Essay)
Hayssi adarsso qommoy qassi issiba ammanthos woykko tumay de7iyasuwa mallos
xaafettiya xaafo qommo gidishin, tilla qofata woson, mallata imon gido gaasota shiishon issi
qofaappe hankkoyssa dhoqqisi beson issuwa bolla gizzidi aadhdhiya xaafo qommo. Ha xqafo
qommoy daro wode nam77u dummatiya qofata giddon de7iya minonne daabura baggata
denthi woson polettiya xaafo qommo.
2.4. Adarsso Xaafo Buussata (Writing Procedures)
Xaafoy issi ayfen beettiyaba baasoppe doommidi keexoda xeelettees. Nam77ata
buussataskka denddoy giddobinne wurssethi de7ees; nam77atikka aykkoy baynnasooppe
doommidi diccishe biyaanne guyeppe issibaa medhdhiyaaba. Nam77atikka akeeki de7iya
sintha qofa keso oychchoosona. Kumethan, ha oosota polos xaafanchchata koshshiya keena
xaafo dandda7a oychchees. Xaafo bolla qofa immida dumma dumma doona eranchchati
xaafo dethata dumma dumma ogen shaakkidososna.
Kaalli de7iya dethati oona gida xaafanchchas gido ayba qoppobaan xaafttiyabaata ubbaas
maaddiyanne erettidayssata.
a) Sintha qofa keso (plan): xaafanaw koyida bolla allalliya bolla qofata shiisho.
b)Maarayo (shape): xaafiyabatas injjetiya hanotata koshshiinne medho
c) Harxxe keso (draft): qofata meega qofata dethan xaafo hessadankka daassakko laamo.
d) Kaaleso (revise): issi issibaata gujo, qanxxo, bessa laamonne wothi xaafo.
e) Kaalli xeelo (edit): isppeelingge, cachcha wogatanne qawosa suuretetha xeelonne giigiso.
f) Gizzo nabbabo (proof read): wurssethan tillayonne xaafo gido attamos shiisho.
2.5. Adarsso Kanddota (Characteristics of Essay)
Ay wodekka nu adarssoba haasayishe daassaba denthoy attonnaba. Aybis giikko adarssos
baasoy daassi gidiya gisho. Hessadanikka daassa baasoy meega qofa. Tamaareti xaafo hiilla
xaafon dichchanas dandda7oosoma. Entti issiba xaafiya wode issi daassas de7iya kandduwa
naagidi xaafoo bessees. Daassa giddon daassa kanddota naagidi xaafoy gita besse oykkees.
Galgalo (2010) gidayssadan bertte daassa kanddoti kaalli de7eyssata gidoosona.

2.5.1. Qofa Issippetetha (Unity)
Qofa issipetethi adarsso giddon de7iya daassatas gido meega qofatas heni kaaraara de7iya
gahetetha woykko dabbotetha. Hessa guussaykka adarsso giddon beettiya daassati he
adarssuwa denddo qofas kale qofa immeyssata gido bessees; daassaa giddon de7iya ubba
paatethati denddo qofaappe qofan perzzonna xaafetethi woykko gina birshshethi immeyssa
gido besses. Hankkoode qassi daassas qofa issippetethi de7enna geetettees.
2.5.2. Qofa waaxetethi (Coherence)
Adarsso giddon de7iya daassati gido meega qofati issoy issuwara woli giddo gahetethay
dabbotethi woykko,matatethi de7eyssa gido koshshees. Hessa guussaykka: qofa gogethay
killi doomethappe biidi wurssetha gaso qofa sinth-guye maaraa naagidi, irkkidinne issoy
issuwara ginddettidi shiiqo bessees.
2.5.3. Qofa Maarayo (Organization of Idea)
Qofa maaran wosoy hayssappe garssan de7iya buussata kaallees.
 Kawshsha qofaape deexuwako,
 Loythi eretteyssape daro erettonnayssako,
 Aadho bertte gideyssape bertte gidonnayssako,
 Aadho go77eyssape guuthi go77eyssako,
 Keehi meezetoyssape daro meezetonnayssako,
 Matatteyssape haakkeyssako
 Aadho suheyessape daro suuheyennayssako
Hayssatappe adarssos bertte gideyssati:
 Besode sinth-guye maaraa,
 Go77a sinth-guye maaraanne
 Moodetha sinth-guye maaraa
 Buussa sinth-guye maaraa

2.5.4. Qofa Disho (Method of Developing Idea)
Denddo qofi issibas kumetha qofa cuucumi oykkidaba; gidoppe attin, hara kale qofata gujon
diccanaw guussaykka dalgganaw bessees. Issi adarsso giddon gido daassa giddon qofay
hayssappe garssan paatettida ogetan dalggishe baanaw dandda7ees.
 Paatethan,
 Malla imon,
 Gaasonne demon,
 Issiba tillayon (markka qofa imon),
 Birshshethi imon,
 Shaakota beson (woson),
 Geeddaroninne
 Dummatethata besoninne haratanikka gidees.
2.6. Gaatha Amoy Duussi (Having Internal Motivation)
Nu gallasan gallasan xaafora gahettidabaatan qaaxxiya qaaxoti nu xaafo hiilla
dichchanawnne nu koshshaa sinthe efanaw gaatha amoy duussi keehi maaddiyaaba. Timirtte
ooson gidin hara bessatan issiba polanasgaatha amoy duussi aybappekka aadhdhidi asa na7as
koshshiyaaba (Nunan,2000).
Pilgganchchay hayssappe qommon dumma dumma doona eranchchatan paatettida dabbotiya
xuufe xeelotan katidi xaafo pa baggara, xaafoy gahetethas maaddiyanne tamaaretas timirtte
ooso dishos daro go77iya doona hiillatappe issuwa gidishin xaafo tamaaranaw gidin lo77o
xaafanchcha gidanaw koshshiyabaatappe xuufera meezetoynne gaatha amoy duussi bertte
gididi gidees. Xaafos pana dandda7ida qommoti, buussatinne kanddoti de7oosona.

SHEMPPO HEEDZA
3. PILGGETHA OOSUWAOGENNE HIILLA(RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY)
Ha shemppuwan markkanddo shiishosinne yigethas go77iiya buussatinne medhoti xeelettis;
ha dethan pilggetha medhoy, pilggetha bessay, pilggethay ooseettiya asa qooday, bessinddo
eko hiillaynne bessinddo darotethay paatettis. Haray qassi, pilggetha miisheti, markkanddo
paatetha hiillaynne oothi besoti koshsheyssadan tillati shiiqis.
3.1. Pilggetha Ooso Oge (Research Design)
Ha pilggethan, pilgganchchay pilggetha medhuwan walaka pilggetha ooso oge go77etti polis.
Cresswell’nne Plano C. (2012:534-537) pantta pilggethan wothida mala, tillanne aadho
maarkkanddo demmanawnne pilggetha metuwa aadho akeekana mala walaka pilggetha
medho go77etethay keehiya hiilla gididi erettees. Issi asi ha walaka pilggetha medho
go7etethay pilggetha metuwa koyida mala shaakkanas dandda7isees. Issibaa dalggissidi
malla immanaas gidin paattanas ha hiillay injjetees yaagis. Ha pilggetha medhon go77etethay
pilggetha xinaatiyan doori go77ettana mala dandda7isiya gishossa. Gujjidikka, Miles’nne
Huberma, (1994:42) gishe, walaka: qaalan patettiyanne paydon qoncciso ogeta go77etethay
lo77o markkanddo demos keehippe wolqqi de7iya oge gididi erettees yaagi wothis.
Pilgganchchay koshshiyanne tilla markkanddo shiishsanas qaalan paattiyanne paydon
qoncciso hiillata go77ettis. Hessadankka, zaaranchchatappe beettiya gordanne dooya xuufe
oyshota zaaruwa, qaala oyshota zaaruwanne kifile giddo xeeluwa paydon qonccisiyanne
qaalan paattiya hiillatan paattis birshshethikka immis; gordda xuufe oyshoti zaran xeetu
kushen (100%) shiiqidosonanne qaalan paatettiddosona; dooya oyshoti qassi qaalan
paatettida. Haray qassi qaala oyshotinne kifile giddo xeeloy qaalan paatettidosona.
3.2. Pilggethay Haphphiya Asaa (Target Population of the Study)
Ha pilggaathay Gaamo Goofa zoonen Zaala worodan Galmma nam77anthonne giigiso
timirtte keetha 11tho kifile tamaareta bolla oosettis.

3.3. Bessinddo DooroOgenne Darotethaa (Sampling Method and Sample size)
Pilgganchchay yedan poxi poxi bessinddo eko hiilla go77ettis. Pilgganchchay yedan poxi
poxi bessinddo dooro hiilla go7ettidaa gaasoy, hashetanchchatas gina qaada immana mala
koyida gishossa. Galmma nam77antho dethanne giigiso timirtte keetha kumetha 11tho kifile
tamaaretappe 21 tamaareti bessinddo gididi dooretti shiiqida. Haray qassi, pilgganchchay,
oosos injjetiya bessinddo dooro hiilla go77ettidi ha kifile dethan Goofatho doona tamarssiya
2 asttamaareta markkannddo immanas ekkis. Hessikka, suurenne tilla markkanddo demmana
mala maaddiya gishossa. Ha doorettida tamaaretinne asttamaareti pilggetha oyshotas zaaro
immidosona.
3.4. Markkanddo Shiisho Miisheta (Data Collecting Tools)
Pilgganchchay koshshiya suurenne tilla markkanddo shiishanas heedzu markkanddo shiisho
miisheta go77ettis. Hessatikka: xuufe oyshota, kifile giddo xeelonne qaala oyshota gidishin
hessakka koyro pulttope ekettis.
3.4.1. Xuufe Oysho (Questionnaire)
Pilgganchchay tamaareta Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo abbiya guye hiithaa eranaw
bessinddo gididi doorettida 21 tamaaretan kumiya dooyonne gordda oyshata oykkida xuufe
oyshota shiishis.
3.4.2. Kifile Giddo Xeelo (Observation)
Pilgganchchay heedzu dethan ha pilggethaa xeelota oothis. Koyro, Goofatho doonan adarsso
xaafo tamarsson kaararara gahettidabaata: kaara injjetethaa, tamaareta guye esuwara
matatethaanne besode matatetha xeellis. Kaallidi, Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo taarssos
asttamaareti go77ettiya tamaarsso hiillaa, tamaareta minthethuwaanne tamaareta osuwanne
tamaareta oosuwa kaaluwa woykko bornnasuwa xeellis. Wurssethan, tamaareta Goofatho
doonan adarsso xaafo hiillan xaafo oosoy imettiya wode kifile giddo qaaxotan kifile
oosotanne aaho oosota oothi dandda7aa, Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafotamaaros tamaaretas
de7iya koshshaanne denddetethaa xeellis.

Hayssata oothishe pilgganchchay imettida oyshotas tamaareti immiya zaaruwa, qofa
waaxetethaa, qofa issipetethaa, qofa maaran wosuwa, qaala dooruwa, qawosaa, cachcha
wogaanne isppeelingge suuretethaa ubbaa pilggethaas giigissida kifile giddo yuushshi xeelo
oyshota baasoyidi markkandduwa kunthishe polis.
3.4.3. Qaala Oyshota (Interview)
Gujanne tilla markkanddo shiishanas pilgganchchay 2 asttamaaretas qaala oysho giigissi
shiishshis. Hayssa oothidaykka, tamaareta Goofatho xaafo abbiyara gahettiya tilla
markkanddo demmana koyiya gishossa. Hessanikka: medhoy de7iyaanne (structured) medoy
baynna (unstructured) qaala oyshota go77ettis.
3.5. Markkanddo Paatetha Hiillaa (Methods of Data Analysis)
Pilgganchchay pilggethan shiiqana markkanddota sinth-guye maaran zara giddon wothis.
Kaallidi, demoti qonccidosona koshshiya pilggetha kuushshaykka oosettis. Wurssethan, 11tho
kifile tamaareta Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo abbiya dichchanas maaddiyanne koshshiya
qofisoy (recommendation) demuwanne kuuyethaa baasoyidi oosettis.
3.6. Markkanddo Shiisho Buussa (Data Gathering Procedure)
Markkanddo shiisho buussan, pilgganchchay koyro, dooyonne gorddo oyshati de7iya xuufe
oyshota giigissis. Kaallidi he xuuufe oyshota Galmma nam77anthonne giigiso timirtte keetha
11tho kifile tamaaretappe bessinddo gididi doorettiya 21 tamaaretan kunthissis. Kaallidi
giigida qaala oyshota doorettida 2 asttamaareta oychchis. Hessappe guye, kifile giddo
xeeluwa kifile giddon tamaaro tamarsso oosoy polettishin kifile giddo yuushshi xeelo
oyshota kunthishe polis. Wurssethan, xuufe oyshotan, kifile giddo xeeloninne qaala oyshotan
ekettida markkanddota paattis.

SHEMPPO OYDDA
4. MARKKANDDOPAATETHA BIRSHSHETHANNE DEMOTA
(DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND FINDINGS)
Ha shemppoy markkanddo paatethaa birshshethanne demota qonccisi wothees.
Pilgganchchay Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo metota shaakki eros xuufe oyshota, qaala
oyshotanne kifile giddo xeelo markkanddo shiisho miisheta go77ettis. Pilgganchchay tillanne
suure markkanddo demos bessinddo gididi shiiqida 21 tamaaretanne 2 asttamaareta
markkanddo shiishos hasheyis. Haray qassi ha xinaatiya demoti heni xinaatiya
qoppobaabaara gahettiya hanotan qonccidi aadhdhana.
4.1. Markkanddo Paatethanne Birshshethaa (Data Analysis and Interpretation)
Pilggethan shiiqida markkanddoy hayssappe kaalleyssadan qonccis.
Zara 4.1: Pilggetha Miishetta Polo Markkanddo Qoncciso
M.P Pilggatha Miisheta Qofettiday Polettiday Xeetu kushe (100%)
1 Xuufe oysho 21 21 100%
2 Qaala oysho 2 2 100%
Kumetha 23 23 100%
Ha qommo zaran qonccida mala ha pilggethan bessinddo gididi shiiqida woykko doorettida
tamaaretas imettida xuufe oyshoy, asttamaaretas giigida qaala oyshoynne pilgganchchay pa
baggara oothiya kifile giddo xeeloy ubbay polos qofettida sintha qofaa maaran kumethi
100% polettis. Saundes, (2009) geetettiya pilgganchchay pa pilggethan, pilggethan
markkanddo shiisho polon 50%ppe dugey ziqqa, 50%giddi-giddo, 60% - 70% lo77o gidishin
70%nne iyaappe bollay qassi daro lo77o gis. Hessa gisho ha xinaatiya pilggetha miishetinne
poloy koyettidanne gidiya keena markkanddo demison daro lo77o geetetti akeekettis.
Pilgganchchay qommon qonccida mala heedzu markkanddo shiisho miishetan: xuufe oyshon,
qaala oyshon gujjidika kifile giddo xeelon zaaranchchatappe shiiqida markkandduwa
kaalliyayssadan paattis.

4.1.1. Tamaareta Xuufe Oysho Zaaruwa Paatethaa
4.1.1.1. Dooro Oyshota
Zara 4.2: Asttamaareta timirtte guye esuwa
M.P Oysho Doorota Zaaranchchata
keena
100%
1 Hintte asttamaarey loohidi
keyida timitte qommoy
Goofatho doonanee?
A. Ee 7 33.3%
B. Akkay 14 66.7%
Kumetha zaaranchchata paydo 21 100%
Hayssappe qommon zarabolla qonccida mala, bessinddo gididi shiiqida kumetha
tamaaretappe daro bagga 14 (66.7%) zaaranchchati entta Goofatho doona asttamaarey
loohidi keyiday Goofatho doona timirtte qommona gidonnayssa qonccishin attida 7 (33.3% )
zaaranchchati qassi entta asttamaarey loohida timirtte qommoy Goofatho doonana gidosona.
Gidoppe attin pilgganchchay ha daro bagga tamaareta qofaa asttamaaretappe qaala oyshowan
demmida zaaruwara gahetteyssa gidoyssa xeellidi entta asttamaareti Goofatho doona
loohidayssata kanchche gidonnayssanne hayssikka tamaareta Goofatho doonan adarsso
xaafos meto gideyssakka akeekis.
Zara 4.3: Tamaareta nabbabo meeze
keena
100%
2 Nees hayssappe kase
Goofatho doonan giigida
maxafeta nabbabo
meezey de7ii?
A. Keehi dhoqqa - -
B. Dhoqqa - -
C. Giddi-giddo 2 9.5%
D. Ziqqa 6 28.6%
E. Keehi ziqqa 13 61.9%

Ha qommo zaray bessiya mala, shiiqida zaaranchchatappe daro bagga 13 (61.9%)
zaaranchchati hayssappe kase pannttas ha doonan giigida maxaafeta nabbabo meezey keehi
ziqqa gishin, 6 (28.6%) zaaranchchati ziqqa, attida 2 (9.5%) zaaranchchati qassi giddi-giddo
giidi zaaridosona.pilgganchchay ha daro bagga 13 (61.9%) zaaranchchatanne heni qaala
oyshuwan asttamaaretappe demmida qofaara gathi xeellidi tamaaretes ha doonan giigida
maxaafeta nabbabo meezey keehi ziqqa gidoyssanne ha metoy tamaareta xaafo dandda7ay
dicconna mala udeyssakaka akeekis.
Zara 4.4: Adarsso xafo oosota
keena
100%
3 Hintte asttamaarey hinttes
adarsso xaafora gahettida
oosota immii?
A. Keehi dhoqqa - -
B. Dhoqqa 4 19%
C. Giddi-giddo 6 28.6%
D. Ziqqa 11 52.4%
E. Keehi ziqqa - -
Ha qommo zaran xeelliya mala, shiiqida zaaranchchatappe daro bagga 11 (52.4%)
zaaranchchati entta asttamaarey enttas adarsso xaafora gahettida oosota imo hanotay ziqqa
gishin, 6 (28.6%) zaaranchchati ziqqa, attida 4 (19%) zaaranchchati qassi dhoqqa giidi
zaaridosona. Pilgganchchay oothida kifile giddo xeeluwankka ha hanotay ziqqa gidoyssa
akeekis. Doona asttamaareti tamaareta xaafo hiillaa dichchanaas xaafora gaheetida oosota
imoy keehi koshshiyaba. Xaafoy tamaarettey xaafona gidida gisho daro wode tamareta xaafo
oosotara meezeyo bessees. Haray qassi oona gida oosos woykko hiillas meezetoynne zaari
oothi be7oy I woykka oothiya ooso abbiya gujjesippe attin guye oothenna. Hessa gishossa
meezetoy ase kumethi oothees geetettiday.

Zara 4.5: Tamaareta oosuwa bornnasho
keena
100%
4 Hintte asttamaarey
hintteoosota bornnashidi
hintte balaa bessii?
A. Keehi dhoqqa 2 9.5%
B. Dhoqqa 2 9.5%
C. Giddi-giddo 4 19%
D. Ziqqa 10 47.6%
Kumetha zaaranchchata paydo
21 100%
Hayssappe qommo zaran beetteeyssadan, shiiqida zaaranchchatappe 10 (47.6%)
zaaranchchati entta asttamaarey entta oosuwa bornnashidi entta balaa zaari besoy ziqqa
gishin, 4 (19 %) zaaranchchati giddi-giddo, 2 (9.5%) zaaranchchati dhoqqa, 3 (14.3%)
zaaranchchati qassi keehi dhoqqa gida; attida 2 (9.5%) zaaranchcati keehi dhoqqa gidosona.
Hayssa kaallidi pilgganchchay asttamaaretappe demmida qaala oysho zaaruwan zemppidi
asttamaareti tamaareta oosuwa daro wode kaalli xeellonnayssanne hessasikka gaasoy
wodeguuthatethi gidoyssa akeekis. Heesikka tamaaareta xaafo dandda7ay sinthe boonna
mala udeyssi qoncce.
Zara 4.6: Asttamaare tamarsso abbiya
keena
100%
5 Hinttena Goofatho doona
tamarssiya asttamaariya
Goofatho doona xaafo hiilla
tamarssos de7iya abbey ay
keenee?
A. Keehi dhoqqa 2 9.5%
B. Dhoqqa 2 9.5%
C. Giddi-giddo 4 19%
D. Ziqqa 10 47.6%
Qommo zaran qonccida mala, zaaranchchatappe daro guuxxonna 10 (47.6%) zaaranchchati
entta asttamaarey Goofatho doona xaafo hiilla tamarssos de7iya abbey ziqqa gishin, 3 (14.3)

tamaaretikeehi ziqqa 4 (19%) tamaareti giddi-giddo, 2 (9.5%) zaaranchchati dhoqqaattida 2
(9.5%) zaaranchchati qassi keehi dhoqqa giidi zaaridosona. Pilgganchchay kifile giddo
xeeluwan asttamaare tamarsso abbe guuthatethi de7eyssaakeekis. Hayssikka tamaareta xaafo
dandda7as gita meto gidees.
Zara 4.7: Timirtte kifile wode darotetha
keena
100%
6 Goofatho doona timirtte
saaminttan aappun toho
demmeti?
A. 2 - 19%
B. 3 - -
C. 4 4 -
D. 5 - -
E. 1 17 81%
Hayssappe qommo zaran beetteeyssadan, shiiqida zaaranchchatappe dhoqqa bagga 17 (81%)
zaaranchchati Goofatho doona timirtte saaminttan 1 toho demmos giidi qonccisishin uuga 4
(19%) tamaareti saaminttan 4 toho demmos yaagidosona. Ha qofaa heni asttamaaretappe
demmida qaala oyshuwara gujji xeelliyade tamaareti koyettida keena timirtte wodenne
asttamaare demmonnayssa qonccisees. Xaafoy zaari zaari tamaaron woykko xaafon diccishe
biya gisho wode ekki ooso bessees: hankkoode ha metoy tamaareta xaafo dandda7aa bolla
meto gathees.
Zara 4.8: Tamarsso hiilla
keena
100%
7 Hintte asttamaarey
inttena xaafo
tamarssanaw awssa
tamarsso hiilla
go77ettii?
A. Asttamaare giddoyo 11 52.4 %
B. Tamaare giddoyo 5 23.8%
C. Walaka 5 23.8%
D. Erikke - -

Qommozaran qonccidayssadan, shiiqida zaaranchchatappe daro bagga 11 (52.4%)
zaaranchchati asttamaarey panttana asttamaare giddoyo tamarssohiilla go77ettidi tamarssees
giidi zaarishin, 5 (23.8%) tamaareti walaka tamarsso hiilla go77ettees gidosona. Attida 5
(23.8%) zaaranchchati qassi tamaare giddoyo tamarsso hiilla go77ettees yaagidosona. Ha
qofaara heni pilgganchchay kifile giddo xeelo oothidayssan xeellidayssara woli gahetteyssan
astttamaarey daro wode asttamaare giddoyo go77etteyssi akeekettis. Hessikka tamaareti
cugan gidin waathan qaasikka pantta buzon oothana mala qaadi imettanaw bessees. Ha kifile
dethan ha hanotay beettonnaysi tamaareta xaafo hiilla dichchaas kunddethi kaalethis;
guussaykka tamaareta xaafo hiilay diccona mala dhube gidis guussi.
Zara 4.9: Xaafo metota
keena
100%
8 Hintte Goofatho doonan
adarsso xaafishin hinttena
gakkiya metoti kaalleyssatappe
awssatee?
A. Qofa disho 3 14.3%
B. Qofa issipetethi - -
C. Qaala dooro - -
D. Isppeelingge 3 14.3%
E. Ubbaa 15 71.4 %
F. Haratikka de7ees - -
Hayssappe qommo zaranqonccida mala, bessinddo gididi shiiqida kumetha tamaaretappe
daro bagga 15 (71.4%) zaaranchchati Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafishin ha qommon
qonccida ubba metoti gakkees giidi kuuyishin, 3 (14.3) zaaranchchati qofa disho metoy
de7ees gishin attida 3 (14.3) zaaranchchati qassi isppeelingge meto gidosona. Ha qofay qassi
pilgganchchay asttamaaretappe qaala oyshon demmida qofaa koxxees. Tamaareti xaafidi
shiishiya oosota asttamaarey bornnashidi xeelliya wode ha qommon qonccida qofa disho,
qofa issipetethi, sinth-guye maara, qaala dooro, isppeelinggenne qawosa go77etetha metoti
de7eyssa asttamaareti qonccisidosona. Pilgganchchaykka ha metota kifile giddo xeeluwan
xomoosis.

4.1.1.2. Tamaareta Paatti Xaafo Oyshata Paatethaa
Pilgganchchay Goofatho doonan adrasso xaafora gahetida paatetti zaarettiya oyshota
bessinddo gididi doorettida 21 tamaaaretan kunthissis. Gidoppe attin daro bagga tamaareti
suure zaaro immanas dandda7ibookkona. Saysoppe garssa qoodi de7iya tamaareti kanchchey
oyshotas haniyanne matattiya zaaro immidosona. Hessikka tamaareta Gooofatho doonan
adarsso xaafora gahettidi tamaareta akeekay ziqqa gidoyssi akeekettanaw dandda7ettis.
Gujjidikka pilgganchchay tamaareta adarsso xaafo abbiya yigganaw ooson (practically)
be7anaw tamaareti pantti dosiya issi kaara dooridi he kaaran geloy, gomppinne kuushshi
de7iya issi adarsso xaafana mala adarsso xaafo paace immis. Tamaareti gidiya keena wode
ekkidi xaafana mala oosettikokka daro bagga tamaareti xaafanaw waayettidosona woykko
meteettoosona. Haray qassi entti xaafidi shiishida adarssuwa bornnashiya wode entta
xuufiyan daro qommo xaafo metoti beettoosona. Hessatikka: qofa issipetethi, qofa sinth-guye
maara, qofa maaran woso, siqmetha (qaala dooro), isppeelingge, qawosa, cachcha wogata
suure go77etetha metoynne kushe xaafo metoy beettis. Ubbappekka aathidi entta xuufiyan
qofa disho metoy bertte bessaa oykkees; tamaareti qofa koshshiya keena pulttissidi entti
xaafiya adarssuwa dalggissanaw dandd7ibookkona. Pilgganchchay ha tamaareta paace
warqqatiyan be7ida metota heni kifile giddo xeeluwanikka xomoosis. Ubba timirtte dethan
xaafo tamaaroy keehi deexxiyaba gidikkoka tamaareti ha kifile dethan lo77o yaagetiya daro
bali baynna xuufeta xaafi dandda7o bessees; yo7uwan gidikko tamaareta xaafo abbey daro
ziqqa gididi beettees. Tamaareti dumma dumma xuufeta xaafi meezeton sinthas pantta xaafo
abbiya disho koshshees.
4.1.2. Asttamaareta Qaala Oysho Paatethaa (Teachers interview Analysis)
Ha dethan pilgganchchay qaala oyshos doorettida 2 asttamaareta entti immiya qofay
buqettidabaa gidonna mala koyida gisho enttas malaata (code) immis. Hayssa maaran issi
asttamaariya zaaranchcha “A”giidi hankkuwa qassi zaaranchcha “B” giidi shaakkis.
1. Goofatho doona timirtte tamarssanaw gidiya asttamaare qoodi de7ii?
Ha oyshaas shiiqida 2 (nam77u) zaaranchchati zaaranchcha “A”
nne zaaranchcha “B”gina gididi zaaroo immishe gidayssi: Goofatho
doona timirtte tamarssanaw gidiya asttamaare qoodi de7enna.

Hayssappe denddidayssan Goofatho doonan loohonnawoykko hara
timirtte qommon loohida asttamaareti ha doona tamarssishe
beettoosona. Hayssikka tamaareta xaafo hiilla dandda7aa gidin
kumetha doona hiillata dandda7asmeto gididi beettees yaagiya
zaaro immidosona. Gidiya asttamaare qoodi bayb=nnayssi
tamaareta xaafo bolla gathiya qohy guutha geetettiyaaba gidenna.
Ha qofay heni tamaareta xuufe oyshan pilgganchchay demmida
qofaara gina gididi beettis.
2. Ne tamaaretas Goofatho doona adarsso xaafora gahettiya oosota imaeray?
Zaaranchchatapppe 1 zaaranchchay guussaykka zaaranchcha “A”
gishe daro wode imma erikke; gaasoykka, tamaareti adarsso xaafo
ooso immanaw wode guuthatethi de7ees. Issi ooso immikko he
oosuwa kaalli xeelo bessees gishin nam77antho zaaranchchay
zaaranchcha “B” gishe ee immays gidoppe attin tamaareti
naagetteyssa keena oothidi shiishokkona. Tamaareta xaafo
dandda7ay keehidi leppa. Ha entta qofaappe pilgganchchay akeekey
asttamaareti adarsso xaafora gahettiyaoosota koshshiyayssa keena
immonnayssi tamaareta xaafo dandda7anluxidayssata gidonna mala
ootheyssa.
3. Ne tamaareti panttas imettida xaafo oosota oothi shiishidaappe guye entta
oosuwabornnashada mata woden enttana bessay?
Zaaranchchatappe 1 zaaranchchayzaaranchcha “A” gishe daro
wode bessa erikke, gaasoykka ha doona timirttiyas saamintta giddon
imettida kifile wodey isso gidiya gisho ha oosuwa guutha ooso
woden oothidi poloy dandda7ettonnabaa. zaaranchcha “B” pa
baggara,bessa erays gidoppe attin koyettiya keena gidenna gis.
Tamaareti oothi shiishiya xuufiyan beettiya balata gidin lo77o
oosota guussaykka tamaareta daabura miyyiya gidin mino baggaa
qonccisi besoy tamaareti pantti de7iya bessaa eranawnne iita
loythanaw lo77o oosota qassi sinthe efanaw daro maadees. Hessa
gisho wode guuthatetha metoy bilettin asttamaareti tamaarta oosuwa
kaali xeelo besseyssa qonccisees.

4. Ne tamaareti xaafidi shiishiya adarssuwan ayba ayba metotii beettioonaa?
Ha oyshaas zaaranchcha “A” gishe tamaareta xuufiyan dumma
dumma metoti beettoosona; hessatikka: cachcha wogata suure
go77etetha, qofa disho (pulttiso), qofa issipetethi, qofa sinth-guye
maaraa, qofa maaran woso, siqmetha (qaala dooro) h.h.m. gishin
zaaranchcha “B” pa baggara, tamaareta xuufiyan daro metoti
woykkobalati beettoosona; mallas: isppeelingge meto, wogga pidale
go77etetha meto, qawosa meto, qoncce gidonna kushe xuufeti, qofa
disho metoy, gelo giigisonne kuuyetha xaafo metoykka keehidi
beettees yaagis. Ha metota pilgganchchay kifile giddo xeeluwan
xomoosis; gujjidikka immida adarsso xaafo paaciyan xomoosis. Ha
metotikka bilettanaw besseyssa akeekis.
5. Ha entti xaafidi shiishiya adarsso xaafo metuwas gaasoti aybee?
Ha qommo oyshaas zaaranchcha “A” gida mala hayssappe kase
tamaaretas dalgga xaafo meezey baynnayssanne ha doonan
giigigida maxaafata nabbabo meezey baynnayssa; tamaareti ha
doona timirttiyas immiya bessay, guussaykka ha doonan tamaaroyay
maaddii yageyssanwuda wothidi tamaarokkona yaagis. Nam77antho
zaaranchchay zaaranchcha “B” gujjishe, tamaareti hadoonan xaafo
tamaaranaw de7iya denddetethay keehi ziqqa gidoyssa, saaminttan 1
kifile wode kanchche go77etti tamaaroy, tamaareta guye esuwanne
tamareti hayssappe kase lo77o doonan loohida asttamaaretan
tamaari geeyonnaysi ubbay gaaso gidanaw dandda7eeas
yaagis. Ha qofati tumakka metuwaas gaaso gidanaw dandda7eyssa
pilggganchchay xomoosis.
6. Ne tamaareti adarsso xaafo ubba wode xaafi meezetoona?
Shiiqida nam77u zaaranchchatikka zaaranchcha “A”nne “B” gina
gidida zaaro immidosona. Hessikka, issi issi wode meezetokkona;
gaasoykka tamaareta guye esuwa gidishin daro bagga tamaareti
timirtte keethappe keyidi hara keetha oosotan pantta wodiya
wurssoosona. Haray qassi ha kifile giddon keehi meezetonna mala

saaminttan de7iya kifile wodey isso gididayssa. Pilgganchchaykka
xaafoy xaafon tamaaretteyssanne tamaareti zaari zaarixaafi
mezeteyssan pantta xaafo abbiya gujjanaw dandda7eyssan ha
allalley keehi koshshiyaba gidossakka qonccisees.
7. Ne tamaaretas Goofatho doonan xaafettidagidiyamarkka maxaafeti de7oonaa?
Shiiqida nam77u zaaranchchatikka zaaranchcha “A”nne “B” woli
mala zaaro immidosona. Hessikka, tamaaretas Goofatho doonan
giigida tamaare maxaafay attishin hara ha doonan xaafettida kale
maxaafati de7okkona. Hayssikka tamaareta xaafo dandda7ay
dicconna mala udon gathiya qohey guutha gidenna. Hessa gisho ha
doonan xaafettida dumma dumma maxaafati dalggan giigiyakko ha
metoy birshshettanawdandda7eyssi akeekettis.
8. Tamaareta guye esoy woykko denddo hanotay Goofatho adarsso bolla ehiya
metoy de7ees gaada qoppay? Ee giikko, waanidi?
Goofatho doona tamarssiya nam77u asttamaaretikkazaaranchcha
“A”nne “B” tamaareta guye esoy ha doonan adarsso xaafo
dandda7a metuwas gaaso gidanaw dandda7ees gidosona. Waanidi
giya oyshas zaaranchchatappezaaranchcha “A” gishe ha timirtte
keethan tamaariya daro bagga tamaareti gaxare heerappe
goshshaninne matattiya oosonaqiya keetha asappe yidosona. Ha
tamaareta heeran timirttes imettiya wuday guutha gidishin timirtte
ooso xalla ootthanaw keetha asaa eenotethi metethees. Hessa gisho
xaafos gidin nabbabos wuda immidi qaaxoy meezetibeenna; heesikka
tamaareta timirttiya boola qoha gathees yaagis. Zaaranchcha “B”
gujjidikka, tamaareti de7iya heeran ha doonan gidin hara doona
xaafetti uttida miisheti daro de7onnayssi tamaareta timirttiyas issi
dhube yaagis. Xaafoy asa na7i wuda wothidi gidin coo dumma
dumma allalletas oothiya xafuwankka dicci dicci beysi ubba asas
qoncce hessa gisho meezeto bessees..

9. Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo tamaaranaw ne tamaaretas de7iya
Goofatho doona tamarssiya nam77u asttamaaretikkazaaranchcha
“A”nne “B” ha doona adarsso xaafo gidin hara dumma dumma
hiillata tamaaranaw tamaaretas de7iya denddetethay ziqqa.
Zaaranchchatappe issoy gishe daro bagga tamaareti ha doona
ginatethan akeekibookkona; ha doonaa guuxissi xeelloosona;
hessappe denddidayssan, dumma dumma daabura qofata wolin
laalloosona; ha doonay haathe pinnenna hessa hessa melabaati
entta giddo aqida gisho denddetethay ziqqidi beettees. Nam77antho
zaaranchchay gujjida qofay, tamaareti ta ha doona erays
yaagoosona hessa gisho kawshshisidii xeelloosona. Gidoppe attin
doona go77etethinne doona tamaaroy woli dummatiyssata gidoyssa
eribokkona. Hessa gisho tamaareti ha doonay ay hara doonatara
gina gidoyssa akeekanawnne besse immidi tamaaroy keehi
bessiyabaa.
10. Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo tamarssanaw ne go77ettiya hiillay aybee?
Ha oyshuwas zaaranchchatappe issoyzaaranchcha “A” gishe, ta
aadhdha aadhdha tamaare giddoyo tamarsso hiilla go77ettays;
hayssikka daro wode go77ettanaw bessiyabaa, gidoppe attin wode
xunthatethi de7iya gisho ha hiilla ubba wode daro go77etta erikke.
Nam77antho zaaranchchay zaaranchcha “B” gujjishe, Goofatho
doonan adarsso tamarssos ta go77ettiya tamarsso hiillay daro wode
asttamaare giddoyiya tamarsso hiilla gidishin ha hiillaa ta
go77ettiya gaasoy de7iya wodiw go77ettada tamaaretas timirtte
gede imo koyiyannedumma dumma tamarsso hiillata go77etta
tamarssanaw imetttiya wodey guutha gidiyagisho huupheyo7ota
cuucumissada aadhethi koyiya gishossa.Tamaareti cugan tobbiyaba
gidikko wolis lo77o lo77o qofata pulttisoosona lo77o adrsso
xaafanaw dandda7isiya abbe demmoosna; waathan uttiya wode
qassi issoy issuws yashettonna qofa laameretethasinne buzon haniya
wode qassi pantta buzon ammanetethaa gujjisanaw dandda7isees.

Hessa gisho oona gida asttamaareykka ha hiillata dumma dumma
woden walakki go77etethay keeehi koshshiyaba gidoyssanne ha kifile
dethan tamarssiya asttamaareti ha hanota kunthonnayssa
pilgganchchay xoomoosis.
4.1.3. Kifile Giddo Xeelo Paatethaa (Obsevation analysis)
Pilgganchchay piggetha miishe dethan tamaareta Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo metota
xomoosanaw kifile xeelo tillayo oyshota giigissidi xeeloy oosettiayssan dumma dumma
xaafos meto gidiyabaata xeelettis. Tamaare maxaafan adarsso xaafo hiilla tamarssanaw
giigida kaarati tamaaretas injjetiyanne entta guye esuwappe haakkonnayssa gididi beettis.
Gidoppe attin tamaareti entta asttamaarey enttas immiya xaafo oosota polanaw waayettishin
beettidosona; hessikka tamaareta xaafo abbey ziqqa gidoyssa qonccisees. Haray qassi, entta
asttamaareti daro bagga wodiya asttamaare giddoyo hiilla go77ettis; hessikka tamaareta leppa
(passive) gidana mala oothis. Tamaaretikka daro denddetethi baynna hanotan kifile wodiya
wurssishin xeelettis.
4.2.Demota Kuushshaa (Summary of Findings)
Ha sima shaahuwanha xinaatiya demota qonccisi aadhdhana. Hessatikka: Goofatho
doonan adarsso xaafo hiillan tamaareta gakkiya metota, adarsso xaafo tamarsso hiillaanne
maado miisheta tamaareta guye esuwanne denddetethaa demota gidoosona.
4.2.1. Adarsso Xaafo Hiillan Tamaareta Gakkiya Metota
Ha xinaatiya bertte qoppobay Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo hiillan tamaareta gakkiya
metota xomooso. Ha xinaatiyan tamaareti adarsso xaafishin enttana gakkiya metoti ayba
aybeekko shaakkanaw dandda7ettis. Hayssa maaran, tamaareti adarsso xaafiya wode daro
metoti kaalerettoosona. Entta xuufiyan dumma dumma baleti xomoosettida; qofa issipetetha
meto, qofa sinth-guye maaraa dhayo, siqmetha (cucemettida kiita athiya qaala dooro) meto,
qawosa go77etetha meto, bala isppeelingge, cachcha wogata kaallonna ago, wogga pidaleta
koshshiya besoden go77etetha metoti beettidosona. Ubbaapekka aathidi tamaareta adarsso
xaafo meto giddon bertte bessaa oykkey qofa disho meto; tamaareti xaafidi shiishiya
xuufiyan koshshiya keena qofa pulttisokkona. Hayssi qassi adarsso dethan xeeletiyade
adarssoppe guuxxidi beettees. Ha xinaatiya demoti doona eranchchaa Farood, (2012)

tamaareta xaafo metota bolla oothida xinaatiya metotara shaakon (parcially) gahettees.
Nam77antho detha tamaareta gidin iyaappe bolla timirtte dethan tamaareta gakkiya unddenna
metoti de7oosona; tamaareta xuufiyan daro wode qawosa suure go77etetha metoy, suure
gidonna isppeeligge, qofa sinth-guye maaratikka beettoosona yaagis.
4.2.2. Adarsso Xaafo Tamarssanaw Go77ettiya Tamarsso Hiillanne Maado
Miisheta Paccetetha Meto
Xinaatiya qoppobay adarsso xaafos meto gidiyabaata shaakki ero gididayssi qoncce.
Pilgganchchay oothida dumma dumma pilggetha miishshetan beettida markkandduwa
maaran, Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo tamarssanaw asttamaareti go77ettiya tamaarsso
hiillaydaro wode asttmaare giddoyo tamarsso hiilla; hessikka asttamaareti dalggabaata
tamaares gede qonccisos immiya go77ay attishin tamaareti medho hiilla
(creativity)dichchanaw dandda7issenna; tamaareta hashetethaasikka qaada immenna.
Tamaareti tamaare giddoyo tamarsso hiillan, cugan tobbotan, waatha oosotan, panttarkka
shiishon, didirxxan gakkiya qaadan tamaaroy doona hiillata dishos keehi maaddees.
Asttamaareti beni wode tamarsso hiilla go77etethay tamaareta timirtte oosos lo77o geetetti
ekettokkona. Haray qassi Goofatho doonan xaafettida kale maxaafetinne hara maado miisheti
de7okkona; hessikka tamaareta xaafo hiilla kunddethaas baaso gididi beettis. Gaasoykka,
xaafoy tamaarettey xaafona gidida gisho xaafi meezetonna xaafo hiilla dishoy qofettonnabaa.
4.2.3. Tamaareta Guye Esuwanne Denddetethaa Pacce
Ha xinaatiya qoppobaa ayfissanaw dumma dumma markkanddo shiisho ogeti oosetteyssan
tamaareta guye esoynne tamaaretas de7iya denddetethay ha tamaareta adarsso xaafo hiilla
dandda7a metuwas baaso gididi beeettis. Daro bagga amaareti xaafora gaheettida dumma
dumma oosota meezetishe diccibookkona; hessikaa tamaaretas xaafo gidin nabbabo meezey
de7onna mala oothis. Haray qassi issiba doomethas gidin polos issi uraa buzo denddetethinne
(motivation) koshshi (interest) duussi gita besse oykkees. Hessi hessa gidishin ha xinaatey
oosettiya tamaareti Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo gidin hara doona hiillata tamaaranaw
de7iya amoynne denddetethay ziqqa gidoyssi ha tamaareta xaafo hiillan leppana mala oothis.

SHEMPPO ICHCHASHA
5. KUUSHSHATANNE OGE BESOTA (CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS)
Ha shemppoy xinaatiya kuushshata, oge besotanne sinthas qofisota maaran shiishees.
5.1. Kuushshata (Conclusions)
Ha xinaatey ha piggethaa kuushshata kaalleyssadan shaaketti shiiqidosona.
Koyrottidi, ha xinaatiya demuwa maaran, xaafon tamaareta gakkiya xaafo metoti: qofa disho
(pulttiso) meto, qofa issipetetha meto, qofa sinth-guye maaraa naaganna ago, cucemettida
kiita athiya qaala dooro (siqmetha) meto, qawosa suure go7ettonna ago, bala isppeelingge,
cachcha wogata kaallonna xaafonne kushe xaafo (handwriting) metoti ubbay tamaareta
adarsso xaafo hiilla dandda7as kunddethi kaalethidosona. Lo77o xaafo dandda7i ha ubba
metota nagettidi mooroy baynna polo dandda7ishina (Ahmed, 2010).
Nam77anthora, ha pilggethay bessiya mala, adarsso xaafo tamarsso hiillanne maado
miishetara gahettida metoti xomoosettida. Asttamaareti daro wode asttamaare giddoyo
tamarsso hiilla go77etteyssi tamaaretas issiba gede aasos lo77o; gidoppe attin tamaareta
panttarkka medho meezeto qaadaa guuxisees. Tamaareti issiba panttarkka oothidi he pantta
oosuwa pantta asttamaariyan bornnashissiyaaba gidikko pantta balaa eroosona; sinthas qassi
giigissosona. Ha maado miisheta qofaara gahettidi ha doonan loohida asa shalo (asttamaare
qoodaa) koshshees. Haray qassi koshshiya maado miisheta pacetethay tamaareta xaafo hiillaa
bolla meto gathiyaba gididi beettis (Badger’nne White, 2000).
Wurssethan, tamareta guye esoynne (background), tamaareta tamaaros denddetethay ha
metuwa yara gididayssi hayssappe qommon xinaatiya demotan qonccidayssi akeekettiyaaba.
Tamaareta guye esoy doona timirtten adarsso xaafo hiilla tamaaranas, dalgganne dumma
dumma xaafora gahettiya miisheta demmiya hanotas ubbaas injjeyibeenna. Haray qassi
tamaareti ha doonan adarsso xaafo tamaaranaw denddetethi duussi koshshees. Ha
denddetethinne koshshi baynna oosettiyabaati awdekka ayfe immanaw dandda7okkona.
Hessa gisho, ha qommon qonccida metoti ubbay tamaareta xaafo hiillas kunddethi
kalethidosona.

5.2. Oge Beso (Recommendations)
Hayssape qommon qonccida demo kuushshata maaran (baasoyidi) kiita woso koshshidayssa
ammanettis. Ha kiita wosoti tamaaro tamarsso ooson tamaareta Goofatho doonan adarsso
xaafo hiilla metotas haniya birshshethi beettana mala demota baasoyidi kaalliya oge besoti
oosetteda:
i. Goofatho doona asttamaaretixaafo hiillan tamaareta medho hiilla (creativity)
gujjana mala tamarsso hiillaa laammidi tamaare giddoyo tamarsso hiilla bolla
wuda wothidi oosonne dumma dummatamaaretawalloyisiyabaatan barkkethishe
tamarsso beessees. Hessikka tamaareta mithethanaw dandda7iya gishossa.
ii. Goofatho doona asttamaareti tamaareta dumma dumma kaara immidi zaari zaari
meezeyo koshshees.
iii. Asttamaareti tamaaretas dumma dumma xaafo meeze oosota immidaappe guye
tamaareta oosuwa bornnashidi tamaareta guye beson oothanaw bessees.
Hessikka, tamaareti pantti balidabi de7ikko giigisanaasinne entti qaasi suure
oothida gidikko he hanota sinthe efanaw maaddees.
iv. Timirtte keetha kaappoti gidin hara koshshiya ooso kifileti ha doona timirttiyas
tamaaretas de7iya akeeka laammanaw dumma dumma besoden tamaarsso
koshshees. Hessikka, tamaaretas de7iya koshshona qofaanne akeeka
lammanawnne wuda wothidi tamaarana mala maaddiya gishossa.
v. Timirtte ooso polissiyanne koshshiya kifileti ha doonaas koshhshiya keena asa
shalo (asttamaare) ayfison asttamaare paydo gujo bessees.
vi. Timirtte ooso polisiya asati gidin hara koshshiya asati Goofatho doona
tamarssiya asttamaareta minthetho koshshees.
vii. Tamaareti pantta xaafuwas dhube gidiya xaafo metota shakkidi he metota bolla
zaari zaari meezeto koshshees; Gaasoykka, Heesikka, meezey asa na7a kumethi
kessiya gishossa.
viii. Tamaareti ha doona xaafo hanotata hara doona xaafo hanotatara gathidi
matatethanne dummatethaa shakkidi meezeto koshshees.
ix. Timirtte ooso polisiya asay Goofatho doonas saaminttan imettiya kifile wodiya
gujjidi gidiya keena wode injjeyo bessees.

5.3. Sinthape Oosettiya Xinaatiya Qofisota (Suggestions for Further Study)
i. Ha xinaatey wuda wothiday 2tho dethanne giigiso tinirtte keetha tamaareta
Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo hiillaan tamaareta gakkiya metota bolla.
Gidoppe attin hara timirtte dethatanikka Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo
metota bolla wothi ooso bessees.
ii. Ha timirtte keetha Goofatho doonan gakkiya hara xaafo qommotikka sinthape
qonccanaw bessoosona.

MARKKA MAXAAFETA
Admas and Keen, (2000). Research and Writing across the Disciplines. California: Mayfield
Publishing Company.
Ahmed, A. (2010).Students’ problems with cohesion and coherence in EFL essay writing in
Egypt: Different perspectives. Literacy Information and Computer Education Journal
(LICEJ),Vol.1:219-221.
Atkins, J. et.al. (1996). Skill Development Methodology. Addis Ababa University: Addis
Ababa.
Badger, R. & White, G. (2000). A Processgenre approach to teaching writing. ELT
Jour-nal, Vol.54:153-160
Byrne, D. (1999). Teaching Writing Skills. London: Longman with ESL students in content
based classroom.
Cresswell, John W. (2012). Educational Research: planning, conducing, and evaluating.
qualitative and quantitative research: 4th ed.
Dudley, E. (2007). English for Specific Purpose in the Cambridge Guide to TESOL:
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Galgalo, L. (2009). Loyal English for Preparatory. Addis Ababa University: Addis Ababa.
Gibbons, P. (2003). Mediating Language Learning Skill: Teacher Interaction.
Harmer, J. (2007). The Practice of English Language Teaching. New York: Longman Group.
Konjit, J. (1995). Environment and Education.
Kroll, B. (2003). Exploring the Dynamic of Second Language Writing. New York.
Meyer, V. (2005). College Writer. 2nd ed.

Miles and Humberma, (1994). Educational Research: planning, conducing, and evaluating
qualitative and quantitative research.
Myles, J. (2002). Second Language Writing Research: the Writing Process and Error
Analysis in Students Texts. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language
Journal, 6(2), 1-19.
Negari, O.T. (2012). A study of Strategy Instruction EFL Learners Writing. International
Journal of English Linguisics. Vol.
Nunan, D. (2000), Second Language Teaching and Learning. Boston: Heinle and Heinle
Publishers.
Rao, Z.(20007). Training in Brainstorming and Developing Writing Skills.ELT Journal. 61(2).
Saunders, M. (2009). Research methods. Harlow Essex: Prentice Hall.
Smith, F. (1982). Writing and the Writer. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Tangpermpoon, T. (2000). Integrated Approaches to Improve Students’ Writing Skills.
ABAC Journal, vol. 28, 1-9.

GUJA QONCCISO 1
Tamaaretan Zaarettiya Xuufe Oysha
Bonchcho Tamaareto,
Ha pilggetha oyshota bertte qoppobay Gaammo Goofa zoone Zaala woradan
Galmma nam77antho dethanne giigiso timirtte keethan 11tho kifile tamaareta
Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo metota shaakki erosinne sinthappe haniya
birshshethakko efiya oge mallana mala. Ha pilggethaa demoy intte immiya
zaaruwan zemppidi gidiya gisho, oyshota suure nabbabidi zaarana mala
aadatethan oychchays.
Qofiso:
 Ha oysho warqqatiyan intte suntha xaafoy koshshenna.
 Oyshota hara asara zorettidi gidin hara asabaa duuqo bessenna. Hessikka,
pilggethaa demuwa ayfisonnabaa gidiya gisho, buzon zaaro bessees.
 Oyshotas intte doorida zaaruwa sinthan “X” malaata wothite.
Shaaho 1: Buzo Hanota
1. Maatuma: Attuma Macca
2. Laytha: 15-18 19-24 25-30 35ppe bolla
3. Doona billida doonaGoofatho Haraa

Shaaho 2: Pilggethas giigigida bertte oyshota
Kaaloda I: Doora Oyshota
1. Intte asttamaarey loohidi keyida timirtte qommoy Goofatho doonanee?
A. Ee B. Akkay
2. Nees hayssappekase maxafata nabbabo meezey de7ii?
A. Ee B. Akkay
3. Intte asttamaarey inttes adarsso xaafora gahettida oosotaimmii?
A. Ee B. Akkay
4. Qommo oyshuwas zaaroy “A” gidikko, intte asttamaarey intte oosuwa
bornnashidi intte balaa bessii?
A. Ee B. Akkay
5. Inttena tamarssiya asttamaariya Goofatho doona xaafo hiilla tamarssos
de7iya abbey ay keenee?
A. Keehi dhoqqa B. Dhoqqa C.Gina
D. Ziqqa E. Keehi ziqqa F. Erikke
6. Goofatho doona timirtte saaminttan aappun toho demmeti?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
7. Intte asttamaarey inttena xaafo tamaarisana awssa tamaariso hiilla
go77etti?
A. Asttamaare giddoyo B. Tamaare giddoyo
C. Walaka D. Erikke
8. Oysho 6s ne zaaroy “A” gidikko adarssuwa xaafishin inttena gakkiya
metoti kaalleyssatappe awssate? Issoppebolla dooro dandda7eeta.
A. Qofa disho B. Qofa issipetethi C. Qaala dooro
D. Isppeelingge E. Ubbaa F.Haratikka de7ees

II. Kaalleyssata Paatta
9. Adarssos giddoninne daassagiddon de7iya dummatethay aybee?
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10.Adarssonne daassiissinno udiyabaati de7oona? De7ees giikko paatta.
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11. Adarsso giddon denddo qofa guussay ay guussee?
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12. Qofa sinth-guye guussay ay guussee?
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Entte eenotethaasinne immida zaaruwas keehada galatays!

GUJA QONCCISO 2
Asttmaaretan Zaarettiya Qaala Oyshota
Bonchchettida Asttamaareto!
Ha pilggetha oyshota bertte qoppobay Gaammo Goofa zoonen Zaala woradan
Galmma nam77anthonne giigiso timirtte keethan 11tho kifile tamaareta Goofatho
doonan adarsso xaafo metota shaakki erosinne sinthappe haniya birshshethakko
efiya oge malo. Ha pilggethaa demoy intte immiya zaaruwan zemppidi gidiya
gisho, intte zaaroy ha pilggethaa poluwas immiya go77ay guutha gidenna. Ha
oyshota suure hayzidaappe guye suure zaaro imana mala aadatethan oychchays.
Pilggetha Bertte Oyshota
1. Goofatho doona timirtte tamarssanaw gidiya asttamaare qoodide7ii?
2. Ne tamaretas Goofatho doona adarsso xaafora gahettida oosota imma
eray?
3. Ne tamaareti panttas imettida oosota shiishidaappe guye entta oosuwa
bornnashada mata woden enttana bessay?
4. Ne tamaareti xaafidi shiishiya adarssuwan ayba ayba metotii
beettiwonaa?
5. Ha entti xaafidi shiishiya adarsso xaafo metuwas gaasoti aybee?
6. Ne tamaareti adarsso xaafo ubba wode meezetoona?
7. Ne tamaaretas gidiya Goofatho doonanxaafettida maxaafeti de7oonaa?

8. Tamaareta guye esoy woykko denddo hanotay Goofatho adarsso bolla
ehiya metoy de7ees gaada qoppay?Ee giikko, waanidi?
9. Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo tamaaranaw ne tamaaretas de7iya
10. Goofatho doonan adarsso xaafo tamarssanaw ne go77ettiya hiillay
aybee?
Intte eenotethaasinne immida zaaruwas keehada galatays!

GUJA QONCCISO 3
Adarsso Xaafi Beso Paace
Imettida wodey 1:00 Saate
Oysho: Issi nena lo77ida kaara doorada he kaaran geloy, gomppinne kuushshi
de7iyaqantha adarsso xaafa bessa.
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