1) The document discusses an interview with Indian media personality and election analyst Yogendra Yadav about the 2014 Indian parliamentary elections. 2) Yadav analyzes voter trends and the performance of political parties in the elections. He notes that the results were unexpected and traditional voting patterns were disrupted. 3) Yadav believes the elections marked a shift in how voters engage with politics in India, with more importance placed on governance and policy over ideological affiliations to parties.

1. xur÷fkuBÞwrLkfuþLkLke
fk÷, yks
yLku
ykðíkefk÷
fðh Mxkuhe
Media
a Personality
Creator in 2014
Indian
Parliamentary Elections
økwshkíkLke yiríknkrMkf
Ähkunh
ÃkkxýLke hkýfeðkð Special
Feature
yiríknkrMkf økkihð
edition 3
issue august 14

3. Mk{ÞLke MkkÚku MkkÚku xufLkku÷kuS{kt ½ýku MkwÄkh ykðíkku hÌkku Au.
suLku fkhýu yksu rðïLkkt fkuEÃký ¾wýu çkuMku÷ ÔÞÂõík yLÞ
søÞkyu hnu÷k ÔÞÂõík MkkÚku y{wf økýíkheLkkt ûkýku{kt ðkík fhe
þfu Au yLku íkuLku Mkk{u òuE Ãký þfu Au. òu yk «fkhLke ðkík
fkuEyu yøkkWLkkt ð»kkuo{kt fkuE ðze÷Lku fne nkuík íkku íkuyku
Mkk{uðk¤e ÔÞÂõíkLku {wtøkuhe÷k÷ íkhefu MktçkkuÄðkLkwt [wfíkk Lknª.
xur÷fkuBÞwrLkfuþLk ûkuºku ykðu÷e ¢ktríkLke þYykík fE heíku ÚkE
yLku fkuýu fhe íku{u rðþu»kYwÃku yk ytf{kt yksLkkt ÞwðkLkku Mk{ûk
hsq fhe hÌkkt Aeyu. yk WÃkhktík yksLkkt ÞwðkLkkuLkkt MktçktÄku
ytøkuLkkt rð[khku yLku MktçktÄku yLÞ ÔÞÂõík Ãkh ÃkkuíkkLke
{kr÷feÃkýwt ËþkoððkLke EåAk fu xuð ytøku Ãký ík{Lku ðkt[ðk
{¤þu. ¼khík{kt nk÷{kt s Mk{kó ÚkÞu÷e [qtxýe çkkË Mkk{u
ykÔÞwt fu, yk ð¾íku MkkiÚke ðÄw ô{h Ähkðíke ÷kufMk¼k h[kÞ
Au. MkktMkËkuLke Mkhuhkþ ô{h 59 ð»ko sux÷e Au. yuðk{kt
yksLkkt ÞwðkLkku hksfhý yLku ô{hLkkt MktçktÄ rðþu þwt rð[khu Au
? yu ytøku Ãký ík{Lku yk ytf{kt ðkt[ðk {¤þu. ytøkúuS
rð¼køk{kt ík{Lku ¼khíkeÞ {erzÞkLke [qtxýe Ëhr{ÞkLk hnu÷e
¼qr{fk òýðk {¤þu. ßÞkhu ½ýe hkn òuÞk çkkË ykðLkkhk
ðhMkkËLke ÉwíkwLkwt þkÂçËf ðýoLk Ãký {kýðk suðku ¾hku. yk
WÃkhktík ½ýwt Au ÞwðkLkkðLkkt ºkeò ytf{kt. ÞwðkLkkðLkkt ºkeò
ytfLku ðktåÞk çkkË ík{khk Mkq[Lkku yLku «ríkr¢Þkyku {kuf÷ðkLkwt
¼w÷íkk Lknª.
- y÷e yMkøkh Ëuðòýe
íktºke :
y÷e yMkøkh yu{. Ëuðòýe
Mkníktºke :
©wrík ©ehk{Lk,
hknw÷ Ãkxu÷
xe{ :
fku{÷ þkn,
hrð ¼è,
ytrfíkk ®Mkn,
{ríkf {u{ý,
Mkkihð [¢ðíkeo,
{iºke ðkuhk,
yLkðe rºkðuËe,
swøk÷®Mkn suXðk,
rËÃk Ãkt[k÷
VkuxkuøkúkVh :
økkuÃkk÷ Äkhu[k
rzÍkELkh :
ÃkkÚko ¾ºke
aliasgar1290@gmail.com
creativerahul1991@gmail.com
shrutisreeraman@gmail.com
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/YuvaNow.mag
Follow us on

4. {Lk{kunLk®Mkn
ðzk «ÄkLk
íkhefu
MkV¤ fu rLk»V¤ ?
xur÷fkuBÞwrLkfuþLkLke
fk÷, yks
yLku
ykðíkefk÷
økwshkíkLke yiríknkrMkf
Ähkunh
ÃkkxýLke hkýfeðkð
*
!Z
Z!

5. MktçktÄkuLkk Mk{efhý
MkwÄhkðk
÷køkýe ðnuíke hk¾ku
Lku ÓËÞ ¾k÷e
Z$
økwshkík{kt xurLkMk,
Vqxçkku÷Lkku Ãký
ðÄíkku ¢uÍ
Media
a Personality
Creator in 2014
Indian
Parliamentary Elections
Z^
#Z

6. fkuR™k …h
{kr÷fe…ýw
fux÷wt
ÞkuøÞ ?
yk…ýe yksw-ƒksw ½ýe y÷„-y÷„ «fkh™k {ký‚ku òuðk {¤u Au.
yk…ýu Ëwr™Þk™k „{u Œu ¾wýk{kt sRyu Œuyku yk…ýe ‚kÚku s nkuÞ Au.
ykx÷k ƒÄk {ký‚ku™e ðå[u …ý yk…ýu yk…ýe òŒ™u yuf÷k {k™eyu
Aeyu. ykx÷k ƒÄk {ký‚ku™k xku¤k{kt yk…ýu nkuRyu Au Œku yuf÷k s.
fkuR ½™½kuh st„÷™u Ëwh Úke òuRyu Œku yk…ý™u „e[ ÷k„u Au. …htŒw
yk…ýu yu st„÷™e ytËh sR™u òuRyu íÞkhu yk…ý™u ¾ƒh …zu Au fu
yuf ð]ûk ðå[u fux÷e søÞk Au. yk st„÷Y…e Ëwr™Þk{kt …ý {™w»Þku ðå[u
ykðw s ftR Au. ÷k„u fu yu ¾wƒ s ™Sf ™Sf Au …htŒw ƒt™u {ký‚ku
ðå[u yu ð]ûkku™e su{ ¾wƒ s ytŒh nkuÞ Au. su{ yuf ð]ûk ô[w ÚkŒw òÞ
Œu{ Œu{ Œu yuf÷w ÚkŒw òÞ Au. Œuðe s heŒu fkuR ÔÞrfŒ Þwðk™e{kt yk„¤
ðÄu Au Œu{ Œu{ Œu™u yuf÷Œk ‚kÕðu Au. y™u fkuR™k «íÞu ykf»kkoÞ Au.
{kun{kÞk ¼hu÷e yk Ëwr™Þk{kt fÞktf ™u fÞktf zwƒŒku òÞ Au. yu™e …ý
yuðe RåAk nkuÞ fu fkuR yu™e ÷k„ýeyku™u {k™ yk…u, fkuR yu™u ‚{su,
ƒ‚ yuðe s ½u÷Ak{kt ™u ½u÷Ak{kt yu y÷„ y÷„ ÔÞrfŒykuÚke
ykfŠ»kŒ ÚkŒku òÞ Au. y™u ÷k„ýeyku{kt ðnuŒku òÞ Au.
sÞkhu yk…ýu fkuR ÔÞrfŒ™u …nu÷eðkh {¤eyu. su™k rðþu
yk…ýu ftR s òýŒk ™Úke, su™k rðþu ftR ¾ƒh s ™Úke. ƒ‚ Œu™k Úkkuzk
‚khk ðŒkoðÚke y™u W…h[Õ÷k Mð¼kðÚke yk…ýu Œu™k …h {kurnŒ ÚkR
yk…ýu Œu™k …h ™k™ku y{Úkku rðïk‚ {wfe ËuŒk nkuRyu Aeyu. yk…ýwt
{™ yu™u rðï‚™eÞ {k™e ÷u Au. y™u rðï‚™eÞŒk™e ‚kÚku ‚kÚku
yk…ýu Œu ÔÞrfŒ «íÞu yuf ÷k„ýe …uËk ÚkkÞ Au. su{ su{ yk…ýku yu™e
‚kÚku™ku ‚tƒtÄ yk„¤ ðÄu Au Œu{ Œu{ Œu™e «íÞu yk…ýk {™{kt
„{ku-yý„{ku Wí…Òk ÚkkÞ Au. y™u yk{ ™u yk{ yuf 𾌠yuðku
ykðu Au sÞkhu yu ÔÞrfŒ yk…ýk {kxu ¾wƒ s rðïk‚w ƒ™e òÞ Au. y
™u Œu™k ðŒo™Úke yk…ý™u y‚h Úkðk {ktzu Au. yk Ëhr{Þk™ yu ÔÞrfŒ™
k fkuR ™k „{Œk ðŒo™Úke Œu™k «íÞu™e yk…ýe ÷k„ýe y[k™f
ƒË÷kððk ÷k„u Au. Œu™k «íÞu ¼÷u yk…ý™u …kuŒefe ÷k„ýe™ku
ynu‚k‚ ÚkŒku nkuÞ …htŒw Œu™k fkuR yuf ™k „{Œk ðŒo™Úke Œu™k «íÞu™e
yk…ýe rð[kh‚hýe ƒË÷ðk ÷k„u Au. «u{{kt …ý yk heŒ™wt ‚{efhý
nkuÞ Au. «u{ yus rðïk‚ Au y™u rðïk‚ yus «u{ Au. fkuR yuf Akufhk
Akufhe{kt «u{ nkuÞ Œku yk…kuyk… yu ÔÞrfŒ{kt rðïk‚ ykððk ÷k„u Au.
«u{ yu ƒesw ftR ™Úke, ƒ‚ rðïk‚™ku yk…-÷u Au. «u{ yux÷u yu ÔÞrfŒ
{kxu „{u Œu fhe sðk™e ¼kð™k nkuðe. y™u yuf yuðe {kLÞŒk nkuðe fu
yus Au fu su™k …h nwt Ëwr™Þk{kt fkuR…ý ÔÞrfŒ fhŒk ðÄkhu rðïk‚ fhe
þfw Awt. yk s ÔÞrfŒ Au su {khk {kxu ftR…ý fhe Awxþu. yks {khk
{kxu Ëwr™Þk™ku ‚kiÚke {níð™ku ÔÞrfŒ Au. yk ÔÞrfŒ™u nwt su fneþ yu s
fhþu. rƒ÷fw÷ yuðe s rð[kh‚hýe ‚khk r{ºkku ðå[u …ý nkuÞ Au. «u{
y™u r{ºkŒk ðå[u yuf ™k™e ¼uËhu¾k nkuÞ Au. «u{{kt …ý yuðw s nkuÞ
Au fu yu ‚k{uðk¤k ÔÞrfŒ™u nwt su ftR fneþ yu s fhþu. {khk ÄkÞko
{wsƒ™wt s ðŒo™ fhþu. yk…ýu yuðw rð[khe hk¾eyu Aeyu fu yu ÔÞrfŒ
{khk ðŒo™™ku sðkƒ yk{ s yk…þu y™u yu …ý yk{ s ðŒo™ fhþu.
{khk yk{ fnuðkÚke yk ÔÞrfŒ yk{ ‚{sþu. …htŒw sÞkhu yu ÔÞrfŒ
yk…ýk ðŒo™™ku ÄkÞkuo «íÞk½kŒ ™ yk…u y™u yk…ý™u ™ ‚{su íÞkhu
yk…ý™u Ëw:¾ ÚkkÞ Au. yuðwt yuf ƒu 𾌠™ne …htŒw y™uf 𾌠ÚkkÞ
^
yLðe rºkðuËe
anvi.trivedi10@gmail.com

7. Au íÞkhu yk…ýku ¼hku‚ku Œu™k …hÚke z„{„ðk ÷k„u Au. yk…ýe ÷k„ýe
™e {òf ÚkŒe nkuÞ yuðw ÷k„ðk ÷k„u Au. yk…ýu Œu™k rðïk‚ Œwxðku
fneyu Aeyu fu rðïk‚½kŒ fneyu Aeyu. ½ýk ƒÄk ÷kufku yk yk
rðïk‚½kŒ ™u y÷„ y÷„ ™k{Úke ƒku÷kðu Au. …htŒw yu™e ¾ƒh Œku yu
™u s …zu fu su™k …h rðŒe nkuÞ. su{ su{ ‚{Þ …‚kh ÚkŒku òÞ Au Œu{
Œu{ yk…ýu Œu ÔÞrfŒ «íÞu ÷„kð ykuAku ÚkŒku òÞ Au. y™u {ký‚ «íÞu
¼hku‚ku …ý WXðk ÷k„u Au. yk…ýe ™sh{ktÚke Œu {ký‚ WŒhŒku òÞ
Au. yk…ý™u ÚkkÞ Au fu yu {ký‚ yk…ýk {kxu ÞkuøÞ ™Úke y™u ƒt™u
ðå[u™k ‚tƒtÄku{kt rŒhkz ykðu Au.
…htŒw þwt Œ{u su rð[kÞwo fu fkuR ÔÞrfŒ «íÞu ykx÷w rðïk‚…ýwt
‚kY Au ? fux÷u ytþu ? ¾k÷e Œ{khk rðïk‚ y™u ¼hku‚k {kxu yu ÔÞrfŒ
Œ{kY „{Œw, Œ{kY ÄkÞwo ðŒo™ fhu ! þwt Œ{khk {™u ykðe fkuR þhŒku ™
nkuŒe {wfe ? ykx÷e nË ‚wÄe fkuR…ý ÔÞrfŒ …h {kr÷fe fux÷e ÞkuøÞ
Au ? yk…ýu nt{uþk yuf ðkŒ ÞkË hk¾ðe òuRyu fu yk…ýu fkuR ðMŒw
…h {kr÷fe…ýwt sŒkðe þfeyu Aeyu …htŒw fkuR ÔÞrfŒ …h ™ne.
‚k{uðk¤k™u su{ ÞkuøÞ ÷k„u yu{ y™u yuðku «íÞw¥kh yk…ðk™ku nf Au.
‚kh : fkuR…ý ÔÞrfŒ™u yk…ýk ðŒkoð fu rðïk‚ Úke ƒktÄe hk¾ðk™e
sYh ™Úke. yu ÔÞrfŒ™u …ý yk {wfŒ ðkŒkðhý{kt Sððk™ku y™u {wfŒ
ðŒo™ fhðk™ku nf Au. Œku Œu{™u …ý yk {wfŒ ðkŒkðhý{kt su{ Sððwt
nkuÞ Œu{ Sððk Ëku.
X X

8. {Lk{kunLk®Mkn
ðzk «ÄkLk
íkhefu
MkV¤ fu rLk»V¤ ?
MkV¤ yÚkoþk†e : {Lk{kunLk®Mkn MkV¤ yÚkoþk†e hÌkkt Au. yÚkoÔÞðMÚk-
kLku økrík ykÃkðk íku{Lkk {wfkçk÷k{kt ¼khíkLkkt yLÞ fkuE hksfhýe MkV¤
hÌkwt LkÚke.
{LkhuøkkÞkusLkk : 2007{kt ßÞkhu {Lkhuøkk ÞkusLkk [k÷w ÚkE íkku
{LkhuøkkLke {sqhe 60 YrÃkÞk ònuh fhðk{kt ykðe níke. çkuhkusøkkhkuLke
MktÏÞk ¾qçks {kuxe níke íÞkhu {w~fu÷eÚke fux÷kf ÃkrhðkhkuLkkt yuf MkÇÞLku
100 rËðMkLkkt hkusøkkhLke økuhtxe níke. ÞwÃkeyuLkkt þkMkLk{kt rðhkuÄ
Ãkûk{kt hnuLkkh Lkðe yuLkzeyuLke Mkhfkhu Ãký nk÷{kt MðefkÞwO níkwt fu,
økúk{eý ÷kufkuLkwt þnuhku íkhV MÚk¤ktíkh ½xâwt Au yLku íkuLkwt fkhý {LkhuøkkLku
fkhýu {¤íkwt 100 rËðMkLkkt hkusøkkhLke økuhtxe Au.
Ãkh{kýwt fhkh :
{Lk{kunLk®Mknu y[kLkf ¼khík-y{urhfk Ãkh{kýwt fhkhLku «ríkckLkku {wÆku
çkLkkðe ík{k{Lku y[tçkeík fhe LkktÏÞk níkk. Ãkh{kýwt fhkh Mk{Þu {Lk{kunLk
Mkhfkhu MktMkË{kt yrðïkMk «MíkkðLkku Mkk{Lkku fhðkLkku ðkhku ykÔÞku níkku. òu
fu Mkhfkh yk yrðïkMk «MíkkðLku ÃkAkzðk{kt MkV¤ hne níke.
ykhxeykE, ¾kãMkwhûkk yLku {Vík rþûký :
{Lk{kunLk®MknLkkt fkÞofk¤ Ëhr{ÞkLk ËuþLke sLkíkkLku hkEx xw ELVku{uoþLk
yuõx nuX¤ ÃkkuíkkLkkt n¬ MkkÚku òuzkÞu÷e {krníke ytøku òýðkLkku yrÄfkh
yLku økheçkkuLku ¾kãMkwhûkkLkku fkÞËku {éÞku. {Lk{kunLk®MknLkkt þkMkLkfk¤{kt
s ËuþLkkt çkk¤fkuLku {Vík rþûkýLkku yrÄfkh ykÃkðk{kt ykÔÞku.
ËuþLku Ãkkur÷Þku{wõík çkLkkÔÞku : {Lk{kunLk®Mkn MkhfkhLke MkkiÚke {kuxe WÃk÷çÄe
økýkðe þfkÞ íkku yu Au fu, {Lk{kunLk®MknLkkt þkMkLk{kt s Ëuþ Ãkkur÷Þku {wõík
ÚkÞku.
Mkå[h Mkr{ríkLke h[Lkk :
¼khíkeÞ {wÂM÷{kuLke ykŠÚkf Mkk{kSf yLku þiûkrýf ÂMÚkrík þwt Au, íku òýðk
{Lk{kunLkLkkt þkMkLk{kt Mkå[h Mkr{ríkLke h[Lkk fhðk{kt ykðe. fkhý fu,
Mkhfkh {wÂM÷{kuLku {wÏÞÄkhk{kt Mk{kððk {køkíke níke.
fwËhíke ykVík Mkk{u Mkßs :
yktÄú «Ëuþ yLku ykurzþk{kt [¢ðkík fnuh {[kÔÞku, Ãkhtíkw Mkhfkhu
*
swøk÷®Mkn suXðk
jethvajugalsinh650@gmail.com

9. ykøk{[uíkeLkkt Ãkøk÷k ÷E ÷kufkuLku Mkwhrûkík MÚkkLku ¾MkuzÞk níkk. ¼khíkLkkt
EríknkMk{kt yk «Úk{ fwËhíke ykVík níke su{kt yufÃký ÔÞÂõíkyu Sð
økw{kÔÞku Lknkuíkku.
yktíkhef Mkwhûkk :
{Lk{kunLk Mkhfkh{kt ykíktfðkËe ½xLkkyku ½ýe ykuAe çkLke. ÞqÃkeyu-1{kt
ykíktfðkËe ½xLkkyku ðÄkhu níke, òu fu ÞqÃkeyu-2{kt yk «fkhLke ½xLkkyku
ykuAe çkLke níke.
rðLk{ú ÔÞðnkh :
ßÞkhu Mkhfkh ÃkkMku MÃkü çknw{ík Lk nkuÞ A[kt ËuþLku 10 ð»koMkwÄe Lkuík]íð
ÃkwÁt Ãkkzðwt íku yuf {kuxe rMkØe Au. {Lk{kunLk®Mknu MÃkü çknw{ík Lk nkuðkAíkkt
ËuþLku ÂMÚkh Mkhfkh ykÃke níke.
{Lk{kunLk®MknLku 10 ð»koMkwÄe Lkçk¤k ðzk«ÄkLk økýkðLkkh
¼ksÃku Ãký fÌkwt fu, {Lk{kunLk®Mkn ÔÞrfíkøkík heíku ½ýkt
rLkckðkLk Au. íkku {Lk{kunLk®Mknu sýkÔÞwt fu, ‘{kÁt {wÕÞkt-
fLk yksLkwt {erzÞk fu rðÃkûk Lknª, Ãkhtíkw ykðLkkhku Mk{Þ
s Lk¬e fhþu.’ {Lk{kunLk®Mkn 10 ð»koLkkt økk¤k{kt ½ýkt
{nTíkðÃkqýo fkÞkuo fÞko nkuðkÚke íku{Lku íku çkkçkíku [ku¬Mk ÞkË
fhðk{kt ykðþu. {Lk{kunLk®MknLkkt þkMkLk{kt Mkhfkhu sux÷e
«þtMkk {u¤ðe íkuLkk fhíkk ¼úük[kh, {kU½ðkhe suðe økt¼eh
Mk{MÞkykuyu {Lk{kunLk®MknLke Vsuíke fhe.
¼úük[kh :
{Lk{kunLk Mkhfkh{kt ¼úük[kh íkuLke [h{Mke{kyu Ãknkut[e økÞku níkku, 2S
Mfu{ yLku fku÷Mkkfktz suðk fki¼ktzkuLku fkhýu {Lk{kunLk®Mkn Ãkh Ãký Ëkøk
÷køÞk níkk. òu fu yk Ëkøk íku Mk{Þu {Lk{kunLkLke hksfeÞ EåAkþÂõíkyku
Ãkh WXíkk Mkðk÷ku níkk.
Lkçk¤k ðzk«ÄkLk :
{Lk{kunLk®Mkn nt{uþk rðÃkûkLkkt rLkþkLku hÌkkt Au. rðÃkûkLkku ykûkuÃk níkku
fu, Mk¥kkLke yMk÷e [kðe {Lk{kunLk®MknLkkt nkÚk{kt Lknª, Ãkhtíkw MkkurLkÞkLkkt
nkÚk{kt Au.÷kufMk¼kLke [qxýeyku Mk{Þu ykðu÷k Wå[ yrÄfkheykuLkkt
ÃkwMíkfkuyu yk {k{÷u ¾w÷kMkku fhe rðÃkûkLku Mkk[ku XuhÔÞku níkku. yk
yrÄfkheyku «{kýu {níðLke VkE÷ku Ãknu÷k MkkurLkÞk økktÄe ÃkkMku síke
níke.
{kU½ðkhe :
{Lk{kunLk®MknLkkt 10 ð»koLkkt þkMkLk{kt {kU½ðkhe{kt Mkíkík ðÄkhku Úkíkku
hÌkku, ÞqÃkeyu-2Lkkt þkMkLk{kt {kU½ðkhe {wÏÞ {wÆku çkLke økÞku níkku.
{kU½ðkhe yLku ¼úük[khLku fkhýu ËuþLke sLkíkkyu ÞqÃkeyuLku Mk¥kk{ktÚke
fkZe {wfðkLkku rLkýoÞ fÞkuo níkku.
{qf ðzk«ÄkLk :
½ýkt {k{÷u [qÃk hnuðkLku fkhýu rðÃkûk íku{Lku Lkçk¤k ðzk«ÄkLk íkhefu
MktçkkuÄíkwt níkwt. íkuyku rðÃkûk yLku {erzÞkLkkt ykûkuÃkku Ãkh fkuEÃký «ríkr¢Þk
ykÃkíkk Lknkuíkkt.ÞqÃkeyu-2Lkkt Mk{Þ{kt íku{Lkkt Ãkh ½ýkt ykûkuÃkku fhkÞk Ãký
íku nt{uþk [qÃk s hÌkkt.

10. rðfkMkËh ½xâku :
¼khík ykŠÚkf {tËe{kt ÂMÚkh hÌkku. Ãkhtíkw rðfkMkËh W¥khku¥kh Mkíkík ½xíkku
hÌkku níkku. suLkkÚke {Lk{kunLk®Mkn nt{uþk rðÃkûkLkkt rLkþkLkk Ãkh hÌkkt
níkk.
LkfMk÷ðkË :
¼khík{kt yktíkhef Mkwhûkk Lkçk¤e fne þfkÞ íkuðe Au. Ëuþ{kt
LkfMk÷ðkËLku fkhýu ½ýk ÷kufku nku{kÞk Aíkk Mkhfkhu fkuE {nTíkðÃkqýo
Ãkøk÷kyku ÷eÄk Lknkuíkkt. yk s fkhýkuMkh LkfMk÷eykuLke ®n{ík ðÄe yLku
íkuykuyu ½ýkt LkuíkkykuLku Ãký {kuíkLku ½kx WíkkÞko níkk.
rðËuþLkerík:
ÃkkrfMíkkLk ðkhtðkh ÞwØrðhk{Lkku ¼tøk fhíkku ykÔÞwt yLku Ãkkf. sðkLkku
¼khíkeÞ MkhnË{kt «ðuþe ¼khíkeÞ MkirLkfkuLkkt {kÚkk ÷E sðkLkwt f]íÞ fhu,
íÞkhu ¼khíkeÞ Mkhfkhu fkuEÃký fzf Ãkøk÷k ÷eÄk Lknkuíkkt. yk WÃkhktík
Mkhfkh [eLkLke ½wMký¾kuhe Ãkh Ãký yk¢{f sðkçk ykÃkðk{kt rLk»V¤
hne níke.
Lkuík]íð :
{Lkku{nLk®MknLku Lkuík]íkð fhðkLke çkkçkík{kt rLk»V¤ økýðk{kt ykðíkk
níkk, íkuykuLkkt {tºkeykuLku fkhýu íku{Lke ½ýeðkh Vsuíke Úkíke níke. suLku
fkhýu rðÃkûkLkkt rLkþkLku {Lk{kunLk s ykðíkk níkk.
y{÷efhý :
{Lk{kunLk®MknLkkt þkMkLk{kt Mkhfkhu ½ýe çkÄe ÞkusLkkyku çkLkkðe Ãkhtíkw
yk ÞkusLkkykuLkwt MktÃkqýo y{÷efhý fhðk{kt Mkhfkh rLk»V¤ hne níke.
{Lkhuøkk suðe MkV¤ ÞkusLkkyku{kt Ãký y{wf «Ëuþku{kt y{÷efhý
ÞkuøÞ Lk Úkíkwt nkuðkLkku ¾w÷kMkku ÚkÞku níkku.
Mk¥kk rðLkkLkkt ðzk«ÄkLk :
{Lk{kunLk®Mkn ¼÷u ðzk«ÄkLk çkLÞk nkuÞ Ãkhtíkw íku{Lku nt{uþk rh{kuxÚke
[k÷íkk ðzk«ÄkLk íkhefu s yku¤¾ðk{kt ykðíkk níkk. hknw÷ økktÄeyu
¼úü LkuíkkykuLku çk[kððk {kxuLkku yæÞkËuþ Vkze Lkkt¾íkk Mkhfkhu
yæÞkËuþ ÷kððkLkku rLkýoÞ Ãkhík ÷uðku Ãkzâku níkku. ßÞkhu hknw÷ økktÄe
MkhfkhLkku rnMMkku Lknkuíkkt.
yuf heíku {Lk{kunLk®Mkn rLk»V¤ hÌkkt nkuðkLkkt Ëkðk rðÃkûku ½ýeðkh
fÞko níkk. Ãkhtíkw rðÃkûk Ãký Mðefkhu Au fu {Lk{kunLk®Mkn yuf E{kLkËkh
ÔÞÂõík Au.

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12. ‘r{. ðkuxMkLk, f{ rnÞh, ykEðkuLxxwMkeÞw.’ykMktðkËÚke s xur÷fkuBÞwrLkfuþLkLkeþYykíkÚkEníke. xur÷VkuLkLkktþkuÄføkúunk{ çku÷u 10 {k[o , 1876
hkusÃkkuíkkLkkMknkÞfLku «Úk{ VkuLkfku÷ fÞkuoníkku. xur÷VkuLkLkktþkuÄfíkhefuøkúunk{ çku÷uÃkuxLxyrÄfkh {u¤ÔÞkníkk. ½ýk ÷kufkuyuxur÷VkuLkLkktþkuÄfíkuykuÃk-
kuíkunkuðkLkkuËkðkufÞkuoníkku. økúunk{ çku÷Lku {¤u÷eMkV¤íkkçkkË Mk{Þktíkhuxur÷fkuBÞwrLkfuþLkûkuºkuLkðeþkuÄkuÚkíkehne. xur÷VkuLkÚkeÃkush,{kuçkkE÷ yLku
M{kxoVkuLkMkwÄeLkeykMkVh Ëu¾kÞ Au íkux÷eMkh¤ LkÚkehne.
xur÷fkuBÞwrLkfuþLkLke fk÷, yks yLku ykðíkefk÷
xur÷VkuLk :
xur÷VkuLkLke þkuÄ ¼÷u rððkËkMÃkË hne nkuÞ, òu fu íkuLkk þkuÄf økúunk{ çku÷Lku s
økýðk{kt ykðu Au yLku íku{ýu s ykLkkt ÃkuxLx yrÄfkh «kó fÞko níkk. økúunk{
çku÷u 10 {k[o 1976Lkkt hkus Mkki «Úk{ fku÷ {kxu su xur÷VkuLkLkku WÃkÞkuøk fÞkuo
níkku, íku{k çkku÷ðk yLku Mkkt¼¤ðk {kxu yuf s ¼køkLkku WÃkÞkuøk fhðk{kt
ykðíkku níkku. (swyku íkMðeh)íÞkhçkkË Mk{Þktíkhu xur÷VkuLkLkkt {kuz÷ku{kt
VuhVkh Úkíkku hÌkku níkku.
fuLz÷ ÂMxf VkuLk:
xur÷VkuLkLkku yk {kuz÷ 1890 Úke 1930Lkkt Mk{Þøkk¤k{kt ¾kMMkku ÷kufr«Þ
ÚkÞwt níkwt. fuLz÷ ÂMxf VkuLkyu çku xwfzk{kt ðnU[kÞu÷wt níkwt. yk xur÷VkuLk{kt
÷køku÷k {kWÚkrÃkMk{kt ík{u çkku÷e þfku, ßÞkhu rhMkeðhLku fkLku ÷økkzeLku
Mkk{uðk¤e ÔÞÂõíkLke ðkíkkuLku Mkkt¼¤e þfku. òu fu yk xur÷VkuLk {kuz÷e
÷kufr«Þíkk 1930Lkkt ð»koÚke ½xðk ÷køke níke, fkhý fu xur÷VkuLk WíÃkkËf
ftÃkLkeykuyu rhMkðeh yLku {kWÚkÃkeMkLku yuf MkkÚku òuzu÷k xur÷VkuLk {kuz÷
çkLkkððk{kt MkV¤íkk {u¤ðe ÷eÄe níke.
fðh Mxkuhe!Z
y÷e yMkøkh yu{. Ëuðòýe
aliasgar1290@gmail.com

13. hkuxhe VkuLk :
½ýk ÷kufkuyu yk VkuLkLku ÃkkuíkkLkkt çkk¤Ãký{kt yÚkðk sqLke çkkur÷ðwz
rVÕ{ku{kt òuÞk nþu. Su íku LktçkhLkkt ykfzkLku zkÞ÷h{kt ykÃku÷k ykfzk
«{kýu hkuxux fhe VkuLk fku÷ fhðkLkku hnuíkku níkku. yk {kuz÷ Ãký ½ýkt
Mk{Þ MkwÄe [÷ý{kt hÌkku níkku. 1960-70Lkkt ËkÞfk{kt Ãkwþ çkxLk
VkuLkLkkt ykøk{Lk çkkËÚke s hkuxhe VkuLkLke ÷kufr«Þíkk ½xðk ÷køke
níke.
Ãkwþ-çkxLk VkuLk :
1963 {kt yuxe yuLz xe ftÃkLke îkhk Mkki«Úk{ yk «fkhLkwt xur÷VkuLk
{kuz÷ ÷kuL[ fhðk{kt ykÔÞwt níkwt. yk «fkh{kt VkuLk ÷ økkððkLkwt fkÞo
½ýw Mkh¤ ÚkE síkwt níkwt, ÷kufkuyu su íku VkuLk LktçkhLkkt ykfLku xur÷VkuLk
hnu÷k çkxLkLku ËçkkðeLku VkuLk fhðkLkku hnuíkku níkku. y{wf VuhVkh MkkÚku
yk su Ãký yk xur÷VkuLkLkku ykÃkýu WÃkÞkuøk Úkíkku òuE þfeyu Aeyu.
ykLkþhªøk {þeLk :
ík{u fkuE ÔÞÂõíkLku VkuLk fhku Aku yLku íkuLke çkË÷u ík{Lku {þeLkLkku yðks
Mkkt¼¤ðk {¤u Au fu, ík{khku MktËuþ hufkuzo fhku. yk fkÞo ykLkþhªøk {þeLk
fhíke nkuÞ Auu. ykLkþhªøk {þeLk 1960 MkwÄe ÷kufku{kt fkuE ¾kMk WíMkkn
søkkðe þfe Lknkuíke. òu fu ÷kufku{k íkuLkwt [÷ý ðÄðk ÷køkíkk íkuLkk Lkðk
Lkðk {kuz÷ku çkòh{kt ykðíkk hÌkkt níkk. yksLkkt M{kxoVkuLk Þwøk{kt Ãký
yk MkuðkLkku WÃkÞkuøk íkku ÚkkÞ s Au. Vfo yux÷ku s fu ík{khk {kxuLkkt
MktËuþkyku ykLkþhªøk {þeLkLku çkË÷u M{kxoVkuLkLkkt ðkuEMk{u÷{kt s Mkuð
ÚkE síkk nkuÞ Au.
Ãkkuxuoçk÷ VkuLk :
ÃkhtÃkhkøkík xur÷VkuLk {kuz÷Lke MkkiÚke {kuxe Mk{MÞk yu níke fu, ðkík
fhíke ð¾íku ÔÞÂõíkyu xur÷VkuLkLke çkksw{kt s çkuMke hnuðw Ãkzíkw níkw. òu
fu Ãkkuxuoçk÷ xur÷VkuLk ykððkLku fkhýu ÷kufkuLku yu Mk{MÞk{ktÚke {wÂõík
{¤e økE níke. yk VkuLkLke þYykík 1980Lkkt ËkÞfk{kt ÚkE níke.
yk VkuLkLke þkuÄ çkkË ÷kufku ½h fu ykurVMkLkkt fkuEÃký ¾wýuÚke ðkík fhe
þfíkk níkk.

14. {kuxkuhku÷k zkÞLkkxuf(DynaTac) :
MkkiÚke Ãknu÷k fku{ŠþÞ÷ {kuçkkE÷ VkuLkLkwt rçkÁÆ {kuxkuhku÷k
zkÞLkkxuf {kuçkkE÷Lku «kó ÚkÞwt níkwt. çkòh{kt Mkki«Úk{ fku{orþÞ÷
ðu[ký yÚkuo çkòh{kt ykðu÷k {kuxkuhku÷k zkÞLkkxuf 8000x
1983{kt ÷kuL[ ÚkÞku níkku. yk VkuLk MkkÚku 30 r{rLkxLkku xkufx-
kE{ yLku 8 f÷kfLke MxuLz çkkÞ çkuxheLke ykuVh ftÃkLke îkhk
ykÃkðk{kt ykðíke níke. íku Mk{Þu yk VkuLkLke ®f{ík 3,995
zku÷h hk¾ðk{kt ykðe níke. {kuxkuhku÷kyu zkÞLkkxuf rMkheÍLkkt
{kuçkkE÷ 1984 Úke 1994 MkwÄe çknkh Ãkkzâk níkk. 1973{kt
Mkki «Úk{ðkh {kuçkkE÷ fku÷ fhLkkhk {kŠxLk fqÃkhu {kuxkuhku÷k ftÃkLke
MkkÚku òuzkELku zkÞLkkxuf {kuçkkE÷ «kusuõxLke þYykík fhe níke.
Ãkush :-
yksLkkt ÞwðkÃkuZe{ktÚke ½ýk ykuAkyu ÃkushLku õÞkhuÞ òuÞku nþu. ÃkushLke
ðíko{kLk ÂMÚkrík MkkurþÞ÷ Lkuxð‹føk MkkEx ykuhfwx suðe Au. su þYykík{kt
½ýe ÷kufr«Þ ÚkE Ãký Mk{Þ MkkÚkuLkkt íkk÷{u÷Lkkt y¼kðu íkuLku çktÄ fhðkLke
ÂMÚkrík ykðe økE Au. yksuÃký ÃkushLkku WÃkÞkuøk íkku ÚkkÞ s Au, Ãkhtíkw yk
WÃkÞkuøkûkuºk ½ýwt s {ÞkorËík ÚkE økÞwt Au. Ãkush yuf «fkhLke rzðkEMk Au su{kt
su –íku ÔÞÂõík MkwÄe xuõMkx {uMkus Úkfe MktËuþku {kuf÷e þfkÞ Au. ðLk-ðu Ãkush{kt
MktËuþku {u¤ðLkkhe ÔÞÂõík ÃkkMku sðkçk {kuf÷ðkLke MkwrðÄk Lknkuíke. òu fu yk
MkwrðÄk xw-ðu ÃkusMko{kt W{uhðk{kt fhkððk{kt ykðe níke. 1962{kt çku÷
rMkMx{ ftÃkLkeyu hurzÞku ÃkuStøk rMkMx{ þY fhe níke. íÞkhçkkË y÷ økkuMkuo
xur÷VkurLkf ÃkushLke þkuÄ fhe níke. y÷ økkuMko îkhk xur÷VkurLkf Ãkush ¾kMk
zkufxhku {kxu íkiÞkh fhðk{kt ykðe níke, òu fu zkufxhkuuyu Ëëeoyku yLku ÃkkuíkkLku
íkuLkkÚke Mk{MÞk Úkþu íkuðw fkhý sýkðe íkuLkku WÃkÞkuøk fÞkuo Lknkuíkku.

15. yks :
MkkurþÞ÷ Lkuxð‹f øk MkkExTMk yLku M{kxoVkuLk søkík :-
yksLkkt Mk{Þ{kt {kuxk¼køkLkkt ÞwðkLkku MkkurþÞ÷ Lkuxð‹føk MkkExku MkkÚku òuzkÞu÷k
Au. yk WÃkhktík ÞwðkLkku{kt M{kxoVkuLkLkwt [÷ý Ãký ½ýwt s ðÄe hÌkwt Au. yksu ¼khík
M{kxoVkuLkLkwt ºkesw MkkiÚke {kuxw çkòh økýkÞ Au yLku yk {kxu s ½ýe rðËuþe
{kuçkkE÷ ftÃkLkeyku ¼khík{kt {kuxkÃkkÞu hkufký fhðk {kxu íkiÞkhe Ëþkoðe hne Au.
yuf Mkhðu «{kýu ÞwðkLkku hkus Mkhuhkþ 95 r{rLkx sux÷ku Mk{Þ M{kxoVkuLk ÃkkA¤
økk¤íkk nkuÞ Au.
¾[o fhku, Mk{Þ çk[kðku :-
yksLkkt Mk{Þ{kt økqøk÷ ÃkkMku ík{u su {ktøkku íku {¤u yuðe ÂMÚkrík fnuðkÞ Au. òu fu çkÄw nkuðkAíkkt yksu ÷kufku ÃkkMku çkÄw s òíku fhðk {kxuLkku Mk{Þ
LkÚke. ELxhLkux Ãkh yksu {krníkeykuLkku ¾òLkku Au, ík{khe Ëhuf Mk{MþkLkku n÷ ík{Lku {¤e òÞ Au. òu fu ík{u Ëhuf ûkuºk{kt rLk»ýktík LkÚke nkuíkk
íkuÚke ík{khu yu {krníke ÃkhÚke ÞkuøÞ íkkr÷{ ÷ELku Mk{MþkLkku E÷ks fhðku Ãkzu Au. òu fu Mk{ÞLkkt y¼kðu yk fk{ ÷kufku yLÞ «kuVuþLkÕMkLku ykÃke
Ëuíkk nkuÞ Au yLku yk rLk»ýktíkku ÃkkuíkkLkkt ûkuºk{kt rLkÃkwý nkuðkÚke fkÞo ÍzÃke ÚkE òÞ Au yLku yk {kxu íkuyku {kuxw {nuLkíkkýw Ãký ÷uíkk nkuÞ Au.
rþûký, hkusøkkhe yLku {LkkuhtsLk yktøk¤eLku xuhðu :-
M{kxo VkuLk, xuçk÷ux yLku RLxhLkuxLke MkuðkLkku ÞwðkLkkuLku ½ýku ÷k¼ ÚkE hÌkku Au. ÞwðkLkku yksu ½hçkuXk rðrðÄ ðuçkMkkExku Úkfe rþûký {u¤ðe þfu Au.
yksu ½ýe fku÷us, ÞwrLk. ykuLk÷kELk fkuŠMkMk [÷kðu Au. íkku çkeS çkksw ¾kLkøke MktMkÚkkyku Ãký ykuLk÷kELk ÂMf÷ zuðÕÃk{uuLxLkkt fkuŠMkMk [÷kðíkk nkuÞ
Au. yk fkuMkoLkku ÷k¼ rðïLkkt ík{k{ ÞwðkLkku ÷E þfíkk nkuÞ Au. ½ýkt fkuMko rLk:þwÕf nkuÞ Au íkku ½ýk{kt ÃkuEz fkuMko nkuÞ Au.
ÞwðkLkku {kxu çkeòu {níðLkku {wÆku hkusøkkh Au. yksLkkt Mk{Þ{kt ÞwðkLkku y{wf hkusøkkh MktçktrÄík ðuçkMkkEx Ãkh ÃkkuíkkLkku çkkÞkuzuxk yÃk÷kuz fhe þfu
Au, suLkktÚke íku{Lku ftÃkLkeyku Mkk{uÚke ELxhÔÞw {kxu fku÷ ykðíkku nkuÞ Au. yk WÃkhktík ®÷fzELk suðe «kuVuþLk÷ MkkurþÞ÷ Lkuxð‹føk MkkEx ÃkhÚke
½ýeðkh ÞwðkLkkuLku ðÄw Mkkhe ftÃkLkeyku îkhk LkkufheykuLke ykuVh fhðk{kt ykðíke nkuÞ Au. yk ðuçkMkkExku Ãkh ÞwðkLkkuLku ÃkkuíkkLke ûk{íkk yLku yøkkW
fhu÷k fkÞkuoLke {krníke ykÃkðk{kt Ãký Mkh¤íkk hnuíke nkuÞ Au. yksLkkt Mk{Þ{kt RLxhLkuxLkkt fkhýu ykuLk÷kELk ELxhÔÞw yLku rðzeÞku çkkÞkuzuxkLkwt Ãký
[÷ý ðÄíkwt òuðk {¤e hÌkwt Au.
{LkkuhtsLkyu ÞwðkLkkuLke {wÏÞ sYrhÞkíkku{kt ykðe økÞwt Au. òu fu nðu {LkkuhtsLkLke ËwrLkÞk xeðe fu rMkLku{k MkwÄe rMk{eík hne LkÚke. yk çktLku {kæÞ{ku
nðu M{kxoVkuLk{kt ykðe økÞk Au. nðu ík{u fkuEÃký MÚk¤u hne ÷kEð rMkheÞ÷, r¢fux fu yLÞ «Mkkhý òuE þfku Aku. ðuçkMkkExTMk yLku yuÃMk ík{Lku
{qðeÍ ykuLk rz{kLzLke Mkuðk ykÃku Au. íkku çkeS çkksw ½ýe ðuçkMkkExTMk £e MkkUøMkLke Mkuðk ykÃku Au. yk su ½ýk ykuLk÷kELk hurzÞku Ãký òuðk {¤e
hÌkkt Au. {LkkuhtsLkLke ËwrLkÞk{kt hkus ½ýe Lkðe ðuçkMkkExku yLku yuÂÃ÷fuþLkkuLkku W{uhku Úkíkku hnu Au.

16. økuBMk {ò fu ðuÃkkh ? :-
M{kxoVkuLkLkkt fkhýu yksu Võík çkk¤fku s økuBMkLkkt þkur¾Lk LkÚke hÌkkt, Ãkhtíkw
yk þku¾ ÞwðkLkku yLku yLÞ ðÞLkkt ÷kufku{kt ðÄíkku òuðk {¤e hÌkku Au. yk su
M{kxoVkuLkLkkt yuÃMk Mxkuh{kt ík{Lku nòhku £e økuBMk Mkuðk {¤íke nkuÞ Au yLku
yu s heíku MkkurþÞ÷ MkkExTMk{kt Ãký £e økuBMk WÃ÷çÄ nkuÞ Au. Ãkhtíkw, þw yk
økuBMk ¾hu¾h £e Au yLku òu nkuÞ íkku çkLkkðLkkh ftÃkLke íku{ktÚke fE heíku
f{kýe fhu Au íkuðku «&™ ½ýkt ÷kufkuLku Úkíkku nkuÞ Au. ½ýe ÷kufr«Þ økuBMk{kt
þYykíke íkçk¬k ÷kufkuLku {Vík{kt h{ðk Ëuðk{kt ykðu Au yÚkðk øku{ h{ðk
{kxu «rík rËðMkLkku {ÞkorËík Mk{Þ ykÃkðk{kt ykðíkku nkuÞ Au. su ÷kufkuLku yk
øku{Lke ðík ÷køke økE nkuÞ íkuyku {kxu ftÃkLke {ÞkorËík Mk{Þ fhíkk ðÄkhu
Mk{Þ ykÃkðkLke ykuVh ykÃkíke nkuÞ Au. òu fu yu {kxu øku{ h{Lkkhu y{wf
YrÃkÞk ¾[o fhðk Ãkzíkk nkuE Au. yk heíku {kuxk¼køkLke ftÃkLkeyku f{kýe
fhíke nkuÞ Au. MkkurþÞ÷ MkkExTMk ÃkhLke økuBMk{kt Ãký ykðwt s òuðk {¤u Au.
íku{kt ½ýeðkh rðþu»k Mkuðk su{fu, fkuELk, økuBMkLkkt Lkðk MkkÄLkku yLku yLÞ
ðMíkwyku {kxu øku{ h{Lkkhk ÷kufku ÃkiMkk ¾[oíkk òuðk {¤u Au.
ðkuxTMk yuÃk yLku yLÞ yuÃMk :-
ðkuxTMk yuÃk suýu ÃkkuíkkLkkt ykøk{Lk MkkÚku s rðï¼hLkkt ÞwðkLkkuLkkt rË÷
Síke ÷eÄk níkk. yk yuÃk îkhk ÞwðkLkkuLku {Vík MktËuþkyku,rðzeÞku yLku
Vkuxku {kuf÷ðkLke Mkuðk ykÃke níke. suLku fkhýu íku ¾kMMke ÷kufr«Þ ÚkE
níke. òu fu ðkuxTMkyuÃkLku {¤u÷e MkV¤íkkykuLku fkhýu yuÃMk {kfuox{kt ½ýe
Lkðe yuÂÃ÷fuþLk ykðe níke, òu fu yk yuÃMk ðkuxTMkyuÃk sux÷e MkV¤
hne Lknkuíke. ðkuxTMkyuÃkLke MkV¤íkkLku òuE MkkurþÞ÷ Lkuxð‹føk MkkEx
VuMkçkwf íkuLku 19 yçks zku÷h{kt ¾heËe ÷eÄe níke. yk ze÷Úke VuMkçkw-
fLku yu VkÞËk Úkþu fu íkuLku yufMkkÚku fhkuzku ÷kufkuLkku zuxkçkuÍ {¤e sþu
yLku MkkÚku íkuLku fkhýu VuMkçkwf ÞqÍMkoLke MktÏÞk{kt Ãký ðÄkhku Úkþu.
yksLkkt Mk{Þu ½ýe {kuxe ftÃkLkeyku yk heíku s ÷kufr«Þ ÚkÞu÷e yuÂÃ÷-
fuþLkkuLku ¾heËðk{kt hMk Ëk¾ðíke nkuÞ Au, suÚke íku{Lku íkiÞkh zuxkçkuÍ
{¤e hnu. yuÂÃ÷fuþLkkuLke {kuxk¼køkLke f{kýe ònuhkíkkuÚke s Úkíke nkuÞ
Au.
E-fku{Mko MkkÚku yu{-fku{Mko :-
{kuçkkE÷ xufLkku÷kuS{kt ½ýkt VuhVkhku yLku M{kxoVkuLkLkkt ykøk{Lk çkkËÚke ½ýkt ðuÃkkheykuyu R-fku{MkoLke MkkÚku yu{-fku{MkoLku Ãký {níð ykÃkðkLkwt
Lk¬e fÞwO. Ëhuf E-fku{Mko MkkEx î khk ÃkkuíkkLke Lkðe yuÂÃ÷fuþLk ÷kuL[ fhðk{kt ykðe, xur÷VkuLk ÷kELMk yLku ðuçkMkkEx rðfÕÃk íkku ÷kufku {kxu
Ãknu÷kÚke s WÃ÷çÄ níkkt. R-fku{Mko ftÃkLkeyku ÷kufkuLku {kuçkkE÷ fku{Mko {kxu «kuíMkknLk ykÃkðk {kxu òíkòíkLke ykuVhku ÷kufkuLku ykÃkíke nkuÞ Au.
E-fku{Mko yLku yu{-fku{Mko ftÃkLkeyku{kt Úkíke nheVkELkku ÷k¼ [ku¬Mk ÷kufkuLku {¤e hÌkku Au. yøkkW fkuE ðMíkw ík{khk MkwÄe ÃknkU[kzðk{kt 4-5
rËðMkLkku Mk{Þ ÷køkíkku níkku, nrhVkELku fkhýu ftÃkLkeyku yuf rËðMk{kt Mkk{kLk ík{khkMkwÄe ÃknkU[kze ykÃkðkLke økuhtxe ykÃku Au. E-fku{Mko yLku
yu{-fku{MkoLkkt ðÄíkk [÷ýLku fkhýu ½ýe Lkðe hkusøkkheLke íkfkuu Ãký Mkòoþu. økúknf çkòhLkku hkò Au yu ðkíkLku E-fku{Mko yLku yu{-fku{MkoLke
ftÃkLkeyku ÏÞk÷ hk¾íke nkuÞ Au. ykÚke íku{ýu økúknfkuLke ðkík íku{Lkk MkwÄe ÃknkU[kzðkLkku {køko ðÄw Mkh¤ fhe ËeÄku Au. yk WÃkhktík MkkurþÞ÷ MkkExTMk
Ãkh ftÃkLkeyku økúknfkuLke «ríkr¢Þk Ãkh íkhík s yufþLk ÷uíke òuðk {¤u Au. Lkðe xufLkku÷kuSLku fkhýu E-fku{Mko yLku yu{-fku{Mko ftÃkLkeykuLke Mkuðk
ykÃkðkLke ÃkØrík{kt Ãký LkðeLkíkk òuðk {¤e hne Au. rðËuþe ftÃkLke yu{uÍkuLk.fku{u zÙkuLk rð{kLk îkhk Mkk{kLk ÃknkU[zkðkLke þYykík fhe Au. ¼khík{kt
Ãký yuf rÃkÍTÍk ftÃkLkeyu zÙkuLk îkhk rÃkÍTÍk ÃknkU[kzâwt níkwt. ykðLkkhk Mk{Þ{kt yk xufLkku÷kuSLkku WÃkÞkuøk ðÄu íkku LkðkE Lknª.

17. Mkk{kSf ÞkuøkËkLk : -
M{kxo VkuLk yLku MkkurþÞ÷ Lkuxð‹føk MkkEx îkhk rðï¼hLkkt ÞwðkLkku yufçkeò MkkÚku òuzkE þfu Au. yk ÞwðkLkku nðu Mkk{kSf çkkçkíkku{kt MkkurþÞ÷
MkkExTMk Úkfe ÞkuøkËkLk ykÃkíkk nkuÞ Au. yksLkkt ÞwðkLkkuyu MkkurþÞ÷ MkkExTMkLku ÃkkuíkkLkku yðks çkLkkðe ÷eÄe Au yLku ßÞkhu yk ÞwðkLkku fkuE çkkçkíku
ÃkkuíkkLkku ykðks Wxkðu Au íkku su íku Mkhfkh, Ãkûk yLku MktMÚkkyu íkuLke [ku¬Mk LkkUÄ ÷uðe Ãkzu Au. ykÃkýu WËknhý íkhefu ¼khíkLke MkhfkhLke ðkík fheyu,
íkku AuÕ÷k 10 ð»koLkkt ÞqÃkeyuLkkt þkMkLkLku òuLkkhk ÞwðkLkkuLkku økwMMkku MkkurþÞ÷ MkkExTMk Ãkh òuðk {¤íkku níkku yLku ytíku ÃkrhðíkoLk Ãký òuðk {éÞwt. Lkðe
Mkhfkh {kxu ÞwðkLkkuLke yÃkuûkk ¾hk Wíkhðw Ãkzþu, fkhý fu yk ÞwðkLkku MkkurþÞ÷ MkkExTMk Ãkh Lkðe MkhfkhLkkt Ëhuf Mkkhk yLku ¾hkçk rLkýoÞku ytøku
ÃkkuíkkLkku rð[khku yLku rðhkuÄ ÔÞfík fhíkk hnu Au. ÞwðkLkku yLku yLÞ W{hLkkt ÷kufku MkwÄe MkhfkhLkkt fkÞkuo TyLku rLkýoÞkuLke {krníke ÍzÃke ÃknkU[u yLku
÷kufkuLke VrhÞkË íku{Lke MkwÄe ÍzÃke ÃknkU[u yu {kxu Ãkeyu{yku, {tºkeyku yLku {tºkk÷ÞkuLkkt VuMkçkqf Ãkus çkLkkððk{kt ykÔÞk Au. yk WÃkhktík ½ýkt {tºkeyku
ÂxTðxh Ãkh Ãký Mkr¢Þ òuðk {¤u Au. íkuÚke nðu ÷kufkuLke ðkík rËÕne MkwÄe ÍzÃke ÃknkU[u Au. ÞwðkLkku Mk{ks{kt Ëhuf Mkkhe yLku ¾hkçk ðkíkLku MkkurþÞ÷
MkkExTMk Ãkh ÷kðe íkuLke [[ko fhíkk nkuÞ Au. íkuyku Mkkhe ðkíkLku ÷k¾ku ÷kufku MkwÄe ÃknkU[kze yk Mkkhk fkÞo fhLkkhkykuLku «kuíMkknLk yLku sYhe {ËË
ÃknkU[kzíkk nkuÞ Au. çkeS íkhV íkuyku ¾kuxw fhLkkhkykuLku yxfkððk {kxu ykuLk÷kELk yr¼ÞkLk [÷kðíkk nkuÞ Au yLku sYh nkuÞ íkku hMíkkyku Ãkh
ykðeLku Ãký ÃkkuíkkLkku rðhkuÄ fhðkLkwt [qfíkk LkÚke.
÷kufku «{kýu yu {kLke
þfkÞ fu ÔÞrfík xkuE÷ux{kt
Ãký VkuLk ðkÃkhe þfu.
÷kufku ÃkkuíkkLkkt {kuçkkE÷Lku
Mkqíke ð¾íku MkkÚku hk¾u Au.
÷kufku zu®xøk fhíke ð¾íku
Ãký {kuçkkE÷ ðkÃkhíkk
nkuÞ Au
÷kufku ELxhÔÞq Mk{Þu
Ãký ÃkkuíkkLkku {kuçkkE÷
ðkÃkhu Au.
÷kufku rËðMk{kt yufðkh ¼kusLk
Mk{Þu {kuçkkE÷ [uf fhíkk s
nkuÞ Au.

18. 1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
1965-70 : xeðe fku{uze
þku{kt {kuçkkE÷ suðk ÞtºkLkku
WÃkÞkuøk fhe ¼rð»ÞLkkt
xur÷fkuBÞwrLkfuþLkLkkt
MkkÄLkkuLke Mkki«Úk{ðkh
fÕÃkLkk fhðk{kt ykðe níke.
1966-69 : {kŠxLk fqÃkhLku
Mxkf xÙuf fkuBÞwrLkfuxh Úkfe
{kuçkkE÷ VkuLk íkiÞkh
fhðkLke «uhýk {¤e.
1973 : {kŠxLk fqÃkhu
{kuçkkE÷ VkuLkLke þkuÄ fhe. 1983 : {kuxkuhku÷kLkkt
zkÞLkkxuf 8000x Lkwt
çkòh{kt ykøk{Lk, çku
ÃkkWLzLkwt ðsLk Ähkðíkk yk
{kuçkkE÷Lke ®f{ík 4,000
zku÷h sux÷e níke.
1992 : «Úk{ xufMx {uMkus
{kuf÷ðk{kt ykÔÞku, su{kt
÷ÏÞwt níkwt ‘nuÃÃke r¢Mk{Mk’.
1995 : rVÕ{ f÷q÷uMk{kt
Þwðk f÷kfkhLku {kuçkkE÷Lkku
WÃkÞkuøk fhíkk Ëþokððk{kt
ykðe níke, suLku fkhýu
Þwðkyku{kt {kuçkkE÷ fÕ[hLkwt
«{ký ðæÞwt.
1996 : «Úk{ Â^÷Ãk
{kuçkkE÷ VkuLk ‘{kuxkuhku÷k
Mxkhxuf’ ÷kuL[ ÚkÞku.
1998 : ç÷wxqÚkLkwt çkòh{kt
ykøk{Lk Úkíkk s
{kuçkkE÷Lkk WãkÞkuøk{kt
Mkh¤íkkLkku «kht¼ ÚkÞku.
1999 : ‘ð‹føk ðw{Lk
çkkçkeo’Lku {kuçkkE÷ VkuLk MkkÚku
÷kuL[ fhðk{kt ykðe.
1999 : ç÷uf çkuheLkku
Mkki«Úk{ {kuz÷ 850 ÷kuL[
fhðk{kt ykÔÞku.
2000 : þkÃko
fkuBÞwrLkfuþLk yLku su-VkuLk
îkhk «Úk{ fu{uhk VkuLk
÷kuL[ fhðk{k ykÔÞku.
2001 : rVÕ{ Íq÷kLzh{kt
{wÏÞ fuhufxhLku LkkLkfzk
{kuçkkE÷ VkuLk MkkÚku
Ëþkoððk{kt ykÔÞku
2002 : y{urhfLk ykEz÷
ykuLk yuh ÚkÞwt, yk MkkÚku
{kuçkkE÷ fkuMk yÚkðk
{uMkusÚke ðkuxªøkLke Ãký
þYykík ÚkE.
2003 : LkkurfÞk 1100
÷kuL[ ÚkíkkLke MkkÚku ¾kMMkku
÷kufr«Þ ÚkÞku.
2004 : {kuxkuhku÷kyu
huÍh {kuçkkE÷ VkuLk
÷kuL[ fÞkuo, su rðrðÄ
htøkku{kt WÃ÷ç½ níkku.
2005 : ®høkxkuLkLkk
rðïÔÞkÃke ðuÃkkhLke ðkŠ»kf
f{kýeLkku yktf ðÄeLku 2
yçksLku Ãkkh ÚkÞku.
2005 : nkur÷ðwz
yr¼Lkuºke ÃkurhMk rnÕxLkLkku
‘MkkEz rff’ {kuçkkE÷ nuf
Úkíkk, {kuçkkE÷ WíÃkkËfkuLkwt
VkuLkLke Mkwhûkk çkkçkíku æÞkLk
økÞwt yLku íkuLkk Ãkh fk{
fhðkLke þYykík ÚkE.
2007 : rðrðÄ
yuÂÃ÷fuþLkkuÚke Mkßs yLku
x[ rM¢Lkðk¤ku «Úk{ yuÃk÷
{kuçkkE÷ ÷kuL[ ÚkÞku.
2008 : Mkki«Úk{ yuLzÙkuEz
{kuçkkE÷ VkuLk yu[xeMke rzÙ{
÷kuL[ ÚkÞku.
2008 : ykEVkuLku yuÃkT Mxkuf
÷kuL[ fÞkuo.
2011 : økqøk÷ yLku rðÍkyu
{kuçkkE÷ ðku÷ux MkuðkLkku «kht¼
fÞkuo.
happy
Christmas
xur÷fkuBÞwrLkfuþLkLkexkE{÷kELk

19. ykðíkefk÷:-
ðkEVkE þnuh yLku økk{ :-
M{kxoVkuLkLkkt ðÃkhkþfkhkuLke MktÏÞk Mkíkík ðÄe hne Au yLku yuðk{kt
M{kxoVkuLk ÞqÍMko ßÞkt òÞ íÞkt íkuLku ELxhLkux yÚkðk ðkEVkE MkuðkLkku
÷k¼ {¤u íkuðwt EåAíkk nkuÞ Au. {kuxk¼køkLkkt ÞwðkLkku yuðk {ku÷{kt fu
ònuh MÚk¤u ðÄkhu síkk nkuÞ Au, ßÞkt {Vík ðkEVkE Mkuðk {¤e hnuíke
nkuÞ Au. ¼khíkLkkt y{wf þnuhku{kt «khtr¼f Äkuhýu ðkEVkE rMkxeLkku
«Þkuøk þY fhðk{kt ykÔÞku níkku. su ykøkk{e ¼rð»Þ{kt çkLkLkkhk
ðkEVkE þnuhLkku yuf Mktfuík ykÃku Au. yk WÃkhktík 2014Lkkt fuLÿ
MkhfkhLkkt çksux{kt Ãký økk{kuLku Ãký ðkEVkE Mkuðk ykÃkðk {kxu
Vk¤ðýe fhðk{kt ykðe Au. suÚke ËuþLkkt økk{ku Ãký rzSx÷ ûkuºku
ykøk¤ ðÄþu. yksLkkt Mk{Þ{kt yuðwt fnuðkÞ Au fu..‘hkuxe, fÃkzk,
{fkLk yLku ELxhLkux’yu {kýMkLke {q¤¼qík sYrhÞkík çkLke økE Au.
M{kxo xufLkku÷kuS :-
ykðLkkhk Mk{Þ{kt Võík xur÷fkuBÞwrLkfuþLk MkkÄLkku s Lkrn Ãký yLÞ
MkkÄLkku Ãký ðÄkhu M{kxo çkLkíkk òuðk {¤þu. òu fu xur÷fkuBÞwrLkfuþLk
MkkÄLkku íku{k {wÏÞ ¼qr{fk{kt òuðk {¤þu. su{fu, ykðLkkhk Mk{Þ{kt
ík{khk ½hLkkt Ëhuf R÷ufxÙkurLkf WÃkfhýkuLku ík{u ½hÚke ½ýkt Ëwh hneLku Ãký
ÃkkuíkkLkkt M{kxoVkuLkÚke rLkÞtºkeík fhe þfþku. yk xufLkku÷kuS nk÷
«kÞkurøkf Äkuhýu rðfMkkððk{kt ykðe hne Au. òu fu íkuLkku MktÃkqýoÃkýu
WÃkÞkuøk Úkðk{kt nsw Úkkuzku Mk{Þ ÷køkþu.
økusuxTMk : -
ykðLkkhk Mk{Þ{kt xur÷fkuBÞwrLkfuþLk{kt ½ýk «fkhLkkt Lkðk økusuxTMk
òuðk {¤þu. suLke þYykík nk÷ økqøk÷ ø÷kMk yLku M{kxo ðku[Úke ÚkE
økE Au. økqøk÷ ø÷kMk nk÷ MktÃkqýoÃký ÷kufku MkwÄe ÃknkUåÞw LkÚke yLku
ftÃkLke íkuLku {ÞkorËík «{ký{kt çkòh{kt Wíkkhe hne Au. ßÞkhu
Mku{Mktøku M{kxoðku[{kt VuhVkh fhe íkuLkku çkeòu ðÍoLk ÷kuL[ fÞkuo níkku.
nðu ykøkk{e Mk{Þ{kt {kE¢kuMkku^x, VuMkçkqf yLku yLÞ ftÃkLkeyku
Ãký yk rðÞhuçk÷ økusuxTMkLkkt çkòh{kt fqËðkLke íkiÞkhe fhe hne Au.
yk ftÃkLkeykuLku rðÞhuçk÷ økusuxTMk{kt s ¼rð»Þ Ëu¾kíkk íkuyku íku{kt
fhkuzku zku÷hLkwt hkufký fhe hne Au yÚkðk fhðk íkiÞkh Au. suÚke
ykøkk{e Mk{Þ{kt rðÞhuçk÷ økusuxTMk Lkðk MktþkuÄLkku MkkÚku ÷kufku ÃkkMku
ÃknkU[þu.
{kLkðe yLku {þeLk :-
ykðLkkhk Mk{Þ{kt {kLkðe yLku {þeLk çktLku ðå[uLke nrhVkE ðÄe sðkLke
Mkt¼kðLkkyku ½ýk rLk»ýktíkku yíÞkhÚke ÔÞfík fhe hÌkkt Au. yk rLk»ýktíkku
«{kýu {kLkðeyu çkLkkðu÷k fkuBÃkÞwxh yLku yLÞ {þeLk s {kuxk¼køkLkkt
fkÞkuo fhíkk òuðk {¤þu. òu fu òu {kLkðe ÃkkuíkkLku yk {þeLkku fhíkk ðÄkhu
þÂõíkþk¤e yLku M{kxo Mkkrçkík fhu Au íkku íku yk {þeLkkuLku rLkÞtrºkík
fhðkLkwt fkÞo fhþu. {kLkðeyu Mk{Þlke MkkÚku yÃkzux Úkíkw hnuðwt Ãkzþu. Òu fu
rLk»ýktíkku îkhk ÔÞõík fhðk{kt ykðu÷ku yk ¼Þ fux÷ku Mkk[ku Ãkzþu yu íkku
ykðíke fk÷ s sýkðþu.
ELxur÷suLx ELxhLkux :-
xur÷fkuBÞqrLkfuþLk MkkÄLkku{kt ykðLkkhk MkwÄkhk MkkÚku ELxhLkux{kt Ãký
¼rð»Þ{kt ½ýkt MkwÄkhk Úkíkk òuðk {¤e þfu Au. RLxhLkux Ãkh yksu
ík{Lku ík{khk fkÞo MktçktrÄík {krníke Ëhuf ð¾íku LkðuMkhÚke Mk[o fhðe
Ãkzíke nkuÞ Au. ßÞkhu ykðLkkhk Mk{Þ{kt ík{Lku RLxhLkux Ãknu÷k
ík{khk fkÞo MktçktrÄík ðuçkMkkExTMk Mkq[ðþu yLku òu ík{khu fkuE yLÞ
rð»kÞLke {krníke {u¤ððe nkuÞ íkku íku ík{khu þkuÄðe Ãkzþu. suÚke
ík{khku ½ýku Mk{Þ ykÃk{u¤u s çk[e sþu. yk ELxur÷suLx RLxhLkux
ykøkk{e Mk{Þ{kt ðÄkhu ÍzÃke çkLkþu. ¼khík{kt nk÷ íku 4S yLku
5S íkhV ykøk¤ ðÄe hÌkwt Au. òu fu yLÞ Ëuþku ðíko{kLk ÂMÚkrík
íkuLkk fhíkk ykøk¤ Au.
yLÞ :-
ykðíkefk÷{kt ½ýw çkÄw Lkðw òuðk {¤e þfu Au. su{fu Ëhuf xufLkku÷kuS-
Lkwt MÚkkrLkfefhý ÚkÞu÷w òuðk {¤þu. ykðLkkhk Mk{Þ{kt òu ík{Lku
økwshkíke fkuBÃkÞqxh òuðk {¤u íkku LkðkE Lknª. yk WÃkhktík ykðLkkhk
Mk{Þ{kt zÙkEðh÷uMk fkh yLku ÃkMkoLk÷uMk nku{ rz÷eðhe (zÙkuLk xufLkku÷k-
uS) òuðk {¤e þfu Au. ykðLkkhk Mk{Þ{kt suMx[h xufLkku÷kuSLkku Ãký
½ýku rðfkMk ÚkðkLke Mkt¼kðLkkyku Au. yk WÃkhktík yLÞ ½ýw çkÄw Au su
ykðíkefk÷u òuðk {¤e þfu Au.

20. Úke ðÄkhu ðkÞhMk 2013{kt rzxuõx ÚkÞk níkk,
su {kuçkkE÷ VkuLkLku xkøkuox fhíkk níkk.
1,43,211
{kuçkkE÷ Úkfe ÃkiMkk [kuhe fhðk
ík{khk ðLkxkE{ ÃkkMkðzo {u¤ððk su ík{u {kuçkkE÷ çku®Lføk yÚkðk
yLÞ Ãku{uLx [qfðýe {kxu ðkÃkhíkk nkuð Aku.
ík{khk {kuçkkE÷ ðku÷ux{ktÚke ÃkiMkk [kuhe fhðk.
rçkxfkuELk ðku÷ux nkuÞ íkku íku{ktÚke rzSx÷ fhLMkeLke [kuhe fhðk.
zuxk [kuhe fhðk {kxu
M{kxoVkuLk{kt hnu÷k ykuLk÷kELk yufkWLxMkLke [kuhe fhðk
Vkuxku yLku zkuõÞw{uLxMLke [kuhe fhðk
Lktçkh yLku E-{u÷ ykEzeLkku zuxk [kuhe fhðk
f{kýe fhðk {kxu
- {kuçkkE÷ yuz Mfu{
ík{khk M{kxoVkuLkÚke MÃku{ {uMkuSMk yLku E-{uE÷ {kuf÷ðk
òMkqMke yLku yLÞ
ík{khw ÷kufuþLk òýðk
fku÷ ÷kuøk yLku {uMkus îkhk ík{khk Ãkh Lksh
yLÞ
MkkÞçkh r¢r{Lk÷Lku
ík{khk M{kxoVkuLkLke sYh fu{ Au ?

21. ÃkkxýLke «¼wíkk......
Mk{Mík rðïLkk Mknu÷kýeykuLkwt xwrhMx zuÂMxLkuþLk
økwshkíkLke yiríknkrMkf Ähkunh – ÃkkxýLke hkýfeðkð ...
‘hkýfe ðkð y{h «u{Lkwt «ríkf’
Mk{økú rðïLkwt ½huýwt yLku økkihð çkLke Au... hký fe ðkð...
rþÕÃk-MÚkkÃkíÞ-ðkMíkwLkku çkuòuz Mktøk{ yux÷u hkýfe ðkð...
økwshkíkLke MkktMf]ríkf Mk{]rØLke Í÷f: hkýfe ðkð
çkuLk{qLk Lkshkf»kof rþÕÃk Mk]rü¼ÞwO yiríknkrMkf Lkshkýwt yux÷u hkýfe ðkð...
***
Z!
hknw÷ Ãkxu÷
creativerahul1991@gmail.com
yiríknkrMkf økkihð

22. Au÷kS hu {khu nkxw ÃkkxýÚke Ãkxku¤kt {kU½kt ÷kðòu...yu{kt Yzkt hu {kuhr÷Þk r[íkhkðòu ÃkkxýÚke Ãkxku¤kt {kU½kt ÷kðòu yk ÷kuføkeík Ëhuf ÔÞÂõíkyu
Mkkt¼éÞwt nþu...yk ÷kuføkeíkLkku ¼kðkÚko yuðku Au fu ÃkíLke ÃkkuíkkLkk Ãkrík ÃkkMku ÃkkxýÚke {kU½k Ãkxku¤kt {tøkkðu Au... Ãkhtíkwt nðu ÃkíLke ÃkríkLku fnuþu fu {Lku Ãký
ík{khe òuzu Ãkkxý hkýfe ðkð òuðk ÷E sòuhu...
‘Ãkkxý’Lkwt Lkk{ Mkkt¼¤íkkt s ykÃkýLku Ãkxku¤ktLke ÞkË ykðe òÞ Au. yk{, Ãkkxý yLku Ãkxku¤kt çktÒku Ãkqhf þçË çkLke økÞk Au. ÃkkxýLke MkkiÚke {kuxe
yku¤¾ yLku ÷kufr«Þíkk yuLkkt Ãkxku¤ktÚke Au. Ãkxku¤kt Mk{økú rðï{kt «ÏÞkík Au. Ãkhtíkw nðu íku{kt yuf ðÄkhu økkihðLkku Mk{kðuþ ÚkÞku Au. 22{e sqLkLkk hkus
ÞwLkuMfkuyu hkýfe ðkðLku ðÕzo nurhxus MkkEx íkhefu {kLÞíkk ykÃke. fíkkhLkk þnuh Ëkunk{kt ykÞkuSík 38{kt MkºkLke çkuXf{kt yk rLkýoÞ ÷uðk{kt ykÔÞku
níkku. íku {kxu ÞwLkuMfkuuyu hkýfe ðkðLku ¼qøk¼o s¤Lke ò¤ðýe {kxuLkk xufLkku÷kursf÷ zuð÷Ãk{uLxLkwt yuf {níðLkwt WËknhý økýkðeLku hkýfe ðkðLku
ðirïf ÄhkunhLkwt çknw{kLk ykÃÞwt Au. hkýfe ðkð Íeýðx¼ÞwO MkkIËÞo yLku rLk{koýLke ykùÞosLkf ÃkæÄrík f÷kLkku yuf yLkku¾ku Ëk¾÷ku Au.
¼khík{kt yíÞkhu fw÷ 30 ðÕzo nurhxus MkkExTMk (rðï rðhkMkík) Au. íku{ktÚke 24 MkktMf]ríkf yLku
Ãkkf]ríkf MÚk¤ Au. hkýfe ðkðLku Ãký ykðwt MkL{kLk {éÞk ÃkAe yk ÞkËe 31Lke ÚkE økE Au.
yLkuf ¾krMkÞíkku Ähkðíke ðkð ÷k¾uýe çkLke økE Au.
ÃkkxýLkku EríknkMk...
Mkíkík 650 ð»ko MkwÄe økwshkíkLke hksÄkLke çkLke hnu÷wt Ãkkxýyu yiríknkrMkf Ëorüyu ykøkðwt {níð Ähkðu Au. økwshkíkLke «Úk{ hksÄkLke çkLkðkLkwt
çknw{kLk ÃkkxýLku {éÞwt níkwt. økwshkíkLkku ÃkkÞku su{ýu LkkÏÞku yuðk ðLkhks [kðzkyu E.Mk. 745-46{kt ÃkkxýLke MÚkkÃkLkk fhe níke. økwshkíkLkk ¼ÔÞ
hksÃkqík ÞwøkLkku «kht¼ Ãký ðLkhks [kðzk MkkÚku ÚkÞku níkku. yu ÃkAe Mkku÷tfe yLku ðk½u÷k ðtþLkwt þkMkLk ykÔÞwt. E.Mk. 942 Úke 1244 MkwÄeLkkt 300
ð»ko Ëhr{ÞkLk Mkku÷tfe hkòykuyu þkMkLk fÞwO, su økwshkíkLkku Mkwðýofk¤ hÌkku su{kt ÃkkxýLke {n¥kk, MkðkOøke yLku MktÃkqýo Mk{]rØ hÌkkt níkkt. Mkku÷tfe hkò
rMkØhks sÞ®MknLkk þkMkLk{kt íkku økwshkík{kt MkwðýoÞwøk òBÞku níkku. ÃkkxýLkk ¾hkçk rËðMkku íÞkhu þY ÚkÞkt ßÞkhu y÷kWÆeLk ¾e÷Syu ÃkkxýLku æðMík
fÞwO yLku yuLkk ÃkAe yn{Ëþknu økwshkíkLke hksÄkLke yn{ËkçkkË (yksLkwt y{ËkðkË) ¾Mkuze níke. yuLke Ãknu÷kt, ÃkkxýLkk Mkku÷tfe ðtþLkk MÚkkÃkf
{q¤hksLkk Ãkqºk ¼e{Ëuð Ãknu÷kyu E.Mk. 1021 Úke Mkíkík 42 ð»ko MkwÄe hks fÞwO níkwt. ¼e{Ëuð Ãknu÷kLke hkýe WËÞ{ríkyu rðÄðk ÚkÞk ÃkAe ÃkríkLke
ÞkË{kt «òLku Ãkkýe {¤e hnu íku {kxu íku{ýu f÷kí{f ðkðLkwt rLk{koý fhkÔÞwt níkwt. hkýfe ðkð yu y{h yLku yMke{ «u{Lkku yuf W¥k{ Lk{qLkku Au, íku
y{h «u{Lkwt «íkef Au. yuf yuðe {kLÞíkk «ðíkuo Au fu ðkðLkk rLk{koýLke þYykík hks fýoËuð Ãknu÷kyu E.Mk. 1022{kt fhe níke yLku íkuLkwt çkktÄfk{
hkýeyu E.Mk. 1063 {kt Ãkqýo fhkÔÞwt níkwt.
ðkðLke rðþuu»kíkk...
yk ðkðLke rðþu»kíkk yu Au fu ðkðLkk íkr¤Þu rºkMkuf rf÷ku{exh ÷ktçke xLk÷ (¼qøk¼o {køko) Au su Auf rMkØÃkwh MkwÄe òÞ Au. ðkð{kt ÃkkýeLkk MíkhLke
rðøkíkku Ëþkoðíkkt {k‹føMk (orËþkrLkËuoþ) Ãký Ëþkoððk{kt ykÔÞk níkkt.
ðkðLkwt yiríknkrMkf {níð íkÚkk MðYÃk
Ãkqðo-Ãkrù{ 64 {exh ÷ktçke, W¥kh-Ërûký 20 {exh Ãknku¤e yLku 23 {exh Ÿze 7 ÍY¾k{kt rLk{koý fhkÞu÷e yk f÷kí{f ðkð{kt 800Úke Ãký ðÄw
çkuLk{qLk rþÕÃk MÚkkÃkíÞku Au. ðkð{kt ykðu÷k fw÷ Mkkík ÍY¾k{ktÚke [kuÚkku ÍY¾ku MkkiÚke {kuxku Au. Ãkhþwhk{Úke ÷E ðhkn yðíkkh yLku økkiík{ çkwØÚke ÷E
f÷fe yðíkkhLkk rþÕÃk ynª òuðk {¤u Au. Ãkhtíkwt {kuxk ¼køkLkk rþÕÃkku ¼økðkLk rð»ýwLkk ËþkðíkkhLke fÚkk ðýoðu Au. MkkÚku MkkÚku MkkÄw, çkúkñýku,
rfÒkhku, øktÄðkuo yLku nkuX htøkíke íku{s þýøkkh Mksíke yÃMkhkykuLke {qŠíkyku Au. ÃkkýeLke MkÃkkxeyu ÃknkU[íkk þu»kkþÞe rð»ýwLku fkuíkhu÷k Au, su{kt rð»ýw
nòh Vuýðk¤k þu»kLkkøk Ãkh ykzk Ãkzâk Au. yuðwt fnuðkÞ Au ynª íkuyku Þwøkku ðå[uLkk yLktíkfk¤{kt þkïík ykhk{ fhu Au. MkhMðíke LkËeLkku «ðkn
Ãk÷xðkÚke ðkð WÃkh {kxeLkk Míkh ò{ðkÚke íku ËxkE økE níke. íÞkhçkkË ð»ko-1980{kt Ãkwhkíkíð¾kíkk (ykŠfyku÷rsf÷) îkhk Wí¾LkLkwt fkÞo fhðk{kt
ykÔÞwt níkwt, suLkkÚke ðkðLkwt f÷kí{f fkuíkhfk{ {¤e ykÔÞwt níkwt.
ðkðLkwt ykæÞkÂí{f {níð:
økwshkík{kt ykðu÷e ðkð fuð¤ s¤Mktøkún {kxu s LkÚke Ãkhtíkw íku ykæÞkÂí{f {níð Ãký Ähkðu Au. {q¤¼qík heíku íkuLkwt MðYÃk Mkkð MkeÄw-MkkËw níkwt. Ãkhtíkw
ð»kkuo síkkt sxe÷ Úkíkwt økÞwt. fËk[ ÃkkýeLke ÃkrðºkíkkLkk yk rð[khLku Ãkk»ký ËuðkuLkk MðYÃkku fkuíkheLku ðÄw {níð ykÃkðkLkku nuíkw níkku.
økwshkíkLkk økkihðMk{e hýfe ðkð Mkðkhu 8 Úke Mkktsu 6 MkwÄe «ðkMkeyku {kxu ¾wÕ÷e hnu Au. ¼khíkeyku {kxu ðkð òuðk {kxu Ãkkt[ rÃkÞk sux÷e xkufLk Ve
íkÚkk rðËuþeyku {kxu yk Ve çku y{urhfLk zku÷h ðMkq÷ðk{kt ykðu Au.
ðkðLke rðþu»kíkkyu Au fu ðkðLkk íkr¤Þu rºkMkuf rf÷ku{exh ÷ktçke
xLk÷ (¼qøk¼o {køko) Au su Auf rMkØÃkwh MkwÄe òÞ Au.
hkýfe f÷kí{f ðkð{kt 800Úke
Ãký ðÄkhu çkuLk{qLk rþÕÃk MÚkkÃkíÞku Au.

23. økwshkík hkßÞLkk {wÏÞ þnuh y{ËkðkËÚke ÃkkxýLkwt ytíkh hMíkk {køkuo 129 rf{e ÚkkÞ Au, su {kxu Mkðk çku f÷kfLkku Mk{Þ ÷køku Au ßÞkhu huÕðu {køkuo
110 rf{e ÚkkÞ Au. ÃkkxýÚke LkSf ykðu÷ {wÏÞ þnuh {nuMkkýkÚke ÃkkxýLkwt ytíkh hkuz {køkuo 51 rf{e íkÚkk huÕðu {køkuo 40 rf{e ÚkkÞ Au.
Ëuþ-rðËuþLkk «ðkMkeyku rð{kLk {køkuo sðk EåAíkk nkuÞ íkku LkSfLkwt rð{kLk {Úkf y{ËkðkË ¾kíku ykðu÷wt MkhËkh Ãkxu÷ yktíkhhk»xÙeÞ yuhÃkkuxo Au.
yLÞ òuðk÷kÞf MÚk¤ku
Mkn†®÷øk ík¤kð, Ëhçkkh [kuf, nLkw{kLk Äkufk, BÞwrÍÞ{, Ãkt[kMkhk ÃkkïoLkkÚk siLk ËuhkMkh.
ÃkkxýLke ykMkÃkkMkLkk «ðkMkLk MÚk¤ku
MkqÞo {trËh-{kuZuhk, rfŠík íkkuhý, þŠ{ck ík¤kð, íkkLkkheheLke Mk{krÄ, nkxfuïh {nkËuðLkwt {trËh- ðzLkøkh, Yÿ {nk÷Þ, Ônkuhðkz- rMkØÃkwh, ytçkkS
{trËh-ytçkkS, çknw[hkS {trËh- çknw[hkS, rn÷MxuþLk- íkkhtøkk, siLk ËuhkMkh- {nwze (rðòÃkwh) .
rðï, ¼khík yLku økwshkík{kt rðï rðhkMkík...
ÞwLkuMfku îkhk ðÕzo nurhxus MkkExLku MkktMf]ríkf yLku fwËhíke yu{ çku rð¼køk{kt ðnU[ðk{kt ykðu Au. Mk{økú rðï{kt nurhxus MkkEx{kt fw÷ 992 M{khfku
Au. MÃkuLkLkk 44 MÚk¤ku, s{oLkeLkk yLku £kLMkLkk 39 MÚk¤kuLkku Mk{kðuþ fhðk{kt ykÔÞku. Exk÷eLkk MkkiÚke ðÄw 50 MÚk¤ku ðÕzo nuhexus{kt Au. ¼khík{kt
hkýfe ðkðLkku Mk{kðuþ Úkíkkt nðu 25 MkktMf]ríkf yLku 6 fwËhíke nurhxus MkkExTMkLkku Mk{kðuþ ÚkkÞ Au.
hkýfe ðkð ðÕzo nurhxus MkkEx{kt MÚkkLk {u¤ðLkkh ¼khíkLkwt 31{wt yLku økwshkíkLkwt çkeswt MÚk¤ çkLke økÞwt Au. økwshkík{kt yk yøkkW ð»ko-2004Lkk
ð»ko{kt Ãkt[{nk÷ SÕ÷k{kt ykðu÷wt [ktÃkkLkuh ÃkkðkøkZ ykŠfyku÷rsf÷ ÃkkfoLkku Mk{kðuþ ðÕzo nurhxus MkkEx{kt ÚkÞku níkku.
ÞwrLkMfkuLke {tsqhe
nurhxus MkkExLke ykMkÃkkMkLkk 100 {exhLkk rðMíkkh{kt fkuEÃký «fkhLkwt ¾kuËfk{ fhe þfkíkwt LkÚke. {ík÷çk fu yuf ÃkÚÚkh Ãký ¾Mkuzðku nkuÞ íkku Ãký
ÞwLkuMfkuLke {tsqhe ÷uðe Ãkzu Au.
• ÞwLkuMfku- ÞwLkkExuz LkuþLMk yußÞwfuþLk÷, MkkÞÂLxrVf yuLz fÕ[h÷ ykuøkuoLkkEÍuþLk
• ðÕzo nurhxus MkkEx- rðï rðhkMkík
Ãkkxý Mkíkík 650 ð»ko MkwÄe økwshkíkLke
«Úk{ hksÄkLke çkLkðkLkwt økkihð Ähkðu Au.

24. MktçktÄkuLkk Mk{efhý MkwÄhkðk
÷køkýe ðnuíke hk¾ku
Lku ÓËÞ ¾k÷e
fku÷usfk¤Lke ðkík fheyu íkku yk íkçk¬ku yuðku nkuÞ Au su{kt ykÃkýLku
fux÷kf ÷kufku MkkÚku Vkðíkwt nkuÞ Au, fux÷kf øk{íkk nkuÞ Au yLku fux÷kf
ykÃkýe LkSf nkuÞ íkuðwt Ãký ÷køkíkwt nkuÞ Au. fku÷us{kt «ðuþíkkLke MkkÚku
s MkknMk ík{k{ Mke{kzkuyku ¾ku÷eLku ÞkiðLkLke hý¼q{e Ãkh ykðe òÞ
Au. yk yuf yuðku WL{kË Au suLku hkufðku yþõÞ Au. Ëhuf ÔÞÂõíkLku
ÞwðkLkeLkk ôçkhu ykðeLku rðrðÄ ÷køkýeykuLkku yLkw¼ð Úkíkku s nkuÞ Au.
yk Ëhr{ÞkLk yLkuf MktçktÄku çkLkíkk nkuÞ Au, íkqxíkk nkuÞ Au. MktçktÄku yuf
yuðe çkkçkík Au ßÞkt þõÞíkkyku hk¾ðk{kt ykðu íkku õÞkhuÞ MkV¤ Úkðkíkwt
LkÚke. MktçktÄku yuf «r¢Þk Au, yuf fðkÞík Au su{kt Mkíkík {nkðhku
ykð~Þf Au.
fku÷us fk¤{kt r{ºkíkkLkk MktçktÄku çktÄkÞ Au, yLkuf r{ºkku {¤u Au yLku
yLkuf Aqxk Ãký ÚkkÞ Au. yk Ëhr{ÞkLk {kºk økýíkheLkk ÷kufku fu r{ºkku
yuðk nkuÞ Au su ykÃkýk ¼kðsøkík MkkÚku íkk÷{u÷ MkkÄeLku ÷ktçkkøkk¤k MkwÄe
ykÃkýe MkkÚku hnu Au. íkuðe s heíku øk{íke ÔÞÂõíkyku {¤íke nkuÞ Au yÚkðk
íkku Aqxe Ãký Ãkzíke nkuÞ Au. fku÷usfk¤{kt Úkíkk «u{ ÃkrhýÞ{kt Ãkrhýk{u s
íkuðwt LkÚke nkuíkwt. fku÷usfk¤Lkku «u{ øk¼koÄkLk suðku nkuÞ Au. fux÷kfLkk «u{Lkwt
çkk¤{hý Úkíkwt nkuÞ Au íkku fux÷kf çkk¤{hý fhíkk nkuÞ Au. fux÷kfLkku «u{
Ãkktøkhu íkku Au Ãký íkuLku ÞkuøÞ Ãkku»ký Lk {¤ðkLkk fkhýu r«{uåÞkuh hneLku
r¢rxf÷ ÚkE òÞ Au. ykðk Mktòuøkku{kt Ãký íkuLku Ãkqhku fhðku Ãkzu Au yÚkðk
íkku fkuE yuf Ãkûk íkuLku «ký Ãkqhðk {Úkk{ý fhíkku hnu Au. fux÷kf «u{ yuðk
nkuÞ Au su MktÃkqýo heíku Ãkktøkhu Au Ãký yLkðkuLxuzLke su{ íkuLke sðkçkËkhe
Mðefkhðk çku{ktÚke fkuE íkiÞkh nkuíkwt LkÚke. íkuLku hͤíkku Akuze Ëuðku Ãkzu Au.
{kºk økýíkheLkk MktçktÄku LkMkeçkËkh nkuÞ Au su{kt «u{ yLku rðïkMkLkku «ký
ÃkqhkÞ Au yLku Lkðku MktçktÄ ykfkh ÷u Au.
Z$
hrð ¼è
bhatt.ravibhatt@gmail.com

25. ykðk yLkuf íkçk¬k ÃkMkkh Úkðk Aíkkt ykÃkýwt SðLk [k÷íkwt hnu Au fkhý fu ykÃkýu ½xLkkykuLku ¼w÷e sEyu Aeyu. fux÷kf ÷kufkuLku íkf÷eV Ãkzíke nkuÞ
Au íkuLkwt yuf s fkhý nkuÞ Au fu íkuyku ½xLkk ¼w÷e síkkt nkuÞ Au Ãký MktçktÄkuLku Akuzðk íkiÞkh LkÚke nkuíkk. ÞwðkLkku rVÕ{ku òuíkk nkuÞ Au, íkuLkku ykLktË
{kýíkk nkuÞ Au Ãký õÞkhuÞ íku{ktÚke çkkuÄÃkkX ÷uíkk LkÚke.
½ýk ð»kkuo Ãknu÷kt rVÕ{ ykðe níke, íku{kt yr{íkk¼ çkå[Lk yLku sÞk çkå[Lk {wÏÞ Ãkkºk níkk. ÷øLk Mk{Þu yr{íkk¼ íkuLke ÃkíLke sÞkLku {kºk Mkns
ðkík fhu Au fu íkwt yuf Mkkhe ÃkíLke ÚkðkLkku «ÞkMk fhsu yLku nwt yuf Mkkhku Ãkwhw»k ÚkðkLkku «ÞkMk fheþ. yk yuf s ðkõÞ ÷øLk MktçktÄLke ÂMÚkrík MÃkü fhe Ëu
Au. íÞkhçkkË íku{Lkk MktçktÄ{kt yLkuf Wíkkh[Zkð ykðu Au Ãký sÞk yr{íkk¼Lke Mk÷knLku ð¤øke hnu Au yLku yk¾hu íku{Lkku MktçktÄ rðfMke òÞ Au.
çkeS íkhV ðÄw yuf rVÕ{Lke ðkík fheyu íkku íku{kt ¾qçk s MkwtËh zkÞ÷kuøk Au, ‘ík{w {wÍu ÃÞkh fhíke nku ykih {U EMku ÃÞkMk fhíkk nwt... ÄuxTMk Ex...
õ÷eÞh ni...’
yk ÂMÚkrík sýkðu Au fu, ík{u ßÞkhu fkuELku «u{ fhíkk nkuð fu ík{Lku fkuE ÔÞÂõík øk{íke nkuÞ íkku íkuLke MÃküíkk fhe Ëku. yuf ð¾ík ðkík MÃkü ÚkE sþu íkku
ÂMÚkrík ykÃkku ykÃk MÃkü Úkðk ÷køkþu. MktçktÄku rfzLke xÙkLMkÃ÷kLx suðk Au, yuf ð¾ík òu «u{Lkwt ç÷zøkúwÃk Mkux ÚkE økÞwt íkku ykÃkkuykÃk yk¾e ®sËøke Mkux
ÚkE òÞ yLku òu õÞktÞ Mknus VuhVkh ÚkÞku íÞkt VheÚke ®sËøke z[fkt ¾kðk ÷køku. MktçktÄkuLku õÞkhuÞ þõÞíkkLkk ykhu Lk Akuzðk òuEyu. þõÞíkkyku
nt{uþk çku ½khe nkuÞ Au yLku fkuE Wfu÷ ykðíkku LkÚke.
MktçktÄku çkktÄðk {kxu ykÃkýu sux÷k Mkknrsf nkuEyu Aeyu íkux÷k s Mkknrsf Lkðk MktçktÄku çkkçkíku Ãký nkuðk òuEyu. MktçktÄku ßÞkhu Ãkqhk ÚkkÞ íÞkhu íkuLku
ÍzÃkÚke ¼w÷e sðk òuEyu yÚkðk íkku íku{ktÚke çknkh ykððk «ÞkMk fhðku òuEyu. yk Mk{s ykÃkýLku íknuðkhku ÃkkMkuÚke Ãký {¤u Au. rËðk¤eLke s ðkík
fheyu íkku íknuðkh LkSf ykðíkk s ykÃkýu Lkfk{ku Mkk{kLk çknkh fkZeyu Aeyu yLku íkuðe ðMíkwyku ÷kðeyu Aeyu. ½h{kt òu Ãknu÷kLke ðMíkwyku {wfe
hk¾eyu yLku søÞk Lk fheyu íkku þwt ÚkkÞ. ßÞkt MkwÄe søÞk ¾k÷e Lk nkuÞ íÞkt MkwÄe Lkðe søÞk Úkíke Lkíke. Lkðe ðMíkw ÷kððk Ãknu÷kLke søÞk ¾k÷e
fhðe Ãkzu Au. yk ¾k÷e søÞk s Lkðe ðMíkwLku ykðfkh ykÃku Au.
MkttçktÄku Ãký ykðk s Au ßÞkt MkwÄe sqLkk MktçktÄku yÚkðk íkku Ãkqhk ÚkÞu÷k MktçktÄkuLkku Akuzeþwt Lknª íÞkt MkwÄe ykÃkýu Lkðk MktçktÄkuLku Mðefkhe þfeþwt Lknª. Lkðe
ÔÞÂõíkLku ÓËÞ{kt MÚkkLk ykÃkðk {kxu «u{Lkwt MÚkkLk ¾k÷e hk¾ðwt Ãkzþu. nrffík{kt MktçktÄku rfzLke suðk s nkuÞ Au. yuf ð¾ík òu íku fk{ fhíkk çktÄ ÚkkÞ
íkku íkuLkwt xÙkLMkÃ÷kLx fhðwt Ãkzu Au, fkhý fu çkøkzu÷k MktçktÄkuLku fkhý ðøkh ÷ktçkk Mk{Þ MkwÄe ¾U[ðk{kt ykðu íkku ®sËøke ¾hkçk s ÚkðkLke Au. ykðk Mk{Þu

26. Mk{økú ¼khík{kt LkkLkktÚke ÷ELku {kuxuhkt ík{k{ ÷kufkuLke høkuhøk{kt r¢fux
Mk{kÞu÷wt òuðk {¤u Au Ãkhtíkw AuÕ÷kt fux÷ktf ð»kkuoÚke ¾u÷kzeyku yLÞ
h{íkku suðe fu, xurLkMk, Vqxçkku÷, çkuzr{LxLk{kt Ãký fkhrfËeo çkLkkððk
íkhV økt¼ehíkkÚke ykøk¤ ðÄe hÌkk Au.
Ãknu÷kt yLÞ h{íkkuLku MÚkkLku r¢fuxLku ½ýwt {n¥ð ykÃkðk{kt ykðíkwt níkwt
yíÞkhu Ãký r¢fuxLkwt {n¥ð Au Ãkhtíkw Lkðe ÃkuZeLkkt çkk¤fku çkuzr{LxLk,
xurLkMk yLku Vqxçkku÷{kt Ãký É[e Ëk¾ðe hÌkk Au. ¼khík{kt xurLkMk
¾u÷kzeyku r÷ÞuLzh ÃkuMk yLku {nuþ ¼wÃkÚke suðk Mxkh ¾u÷kzeyku níkk
Ãkhtíkw ÷kufkuLku xurLkMk íkhV ykf»koðk{kt MkV¤ hÌkk Lknkuíkk. Ëhr{ÞkLk
niËhkçkkËLke MkkrLkÞk r{Íkoyu xurLkMk{kt Lkk{Lkk {u¤ÔÞk çkkË ½ýk
÷kufku xurLkMk íkhV ykf»kkoÞk Au yLku xurLkMk{kt fkhrfËeo çkLkkððk {kxu
økt¼ehíkkÚke ykøk¤ ðÄe hÌkk Au. ¼khík{kt xurLkMk ûkuºku MkkrLkÞk r{Íko,
hkunLk çkkuÃkÒkk, Mkku{Ëuð Ëuð çk{oLk MkrníkLkk ¾u÷kzeykuyu Lkk{Lkk
{u¤ðe Au. çkuzr{LxLk{kt MkkÞLkk Lknuðk÷, Ãke.ðe. rMkÄq yLku ßðk÷k
økèk suðe {rn÷k ¾u÷kzeykuyu ÃkkuíkkLke fkhrfËeo çkLkkðe Au.
økwshkík{kt Ãký ½ýe xurLkMk yufuz{eyku ¾w÷e Au su{kt Mkkhk ¾u÷kzeyku
çknkh ykðe hÌkk Au su Ãkife ytrfíkk hiLkkyu yíÞkhu xurLkMk{kt ½ýe
ykøk¤ ðÄe Au yk WÃkhktík ðiËune [kiÄhe, rðrËík ðk½u÷k suðk
¾u÷kzeyku Ãký LkuþLk÷ ÷uð÷u h{e hÌkk Au.
Vqxçkku÷{kt ðkík fheyu íkku Ãkrù{ çktøkk¤ suðk hkßÞLku çkkË fhíkkt
¼khík{kt nsw ¢uÍ ½ýku ykuAku Au. íku{ Aíkkt AuÕ÷k çku ð»koÚke økwsh-
kík{kt Vqxçkku÷{kt ¾u÷kzeyku ðÄw hMk ÷uíkk ÚkE hÌkk Au. økwshkík{kt
[k÷e hnu÷e rðrðÄ Vqxçkku÷ yufuz{e{kt Mkkhk ¾u÷kzeyku íkiÞkh ÚkE hÌkk
Au. íkksuíkh{kt y{ËkðkËLke hkR®Íøk Mkkufh yufuz{e îkhk Vqxçkku÷
[uÂBÃkÞLkrþÃk ÞkuS níke su{kt xku[Lkk ¾u÷kzeykuLku ðÄw «uÂõxMk {kxu
rðËuþ{kt [k÷e hnu÷e xqLkko{uLx{kt h{ðkLke íkf yÃkkE níke su Ãkife
sw÷kRLkk «Úk{ yXðkrzÞk{kt rVLk÷uLz ¾kíku Þkuòíkk nu÷rMkLfe fÃk{kt
¼køk ÷uðk økÞk níkk. yk WÃkhktík MÃkkuxoTMk ykuÚkkurhxe ykuV økwshkík îkhk
yLÞ h{ík{kt Mkkhk ¾u÷kzeyku çknkh ykðu íku {kxu rðrðÄ h{íkLkk Ãkqðo
{nkLk ¾u÷kzeLkykuLke Mkuðk ÷E hÌkwt Au. su{kt nkufe{kt økwshkíkLkk
¾u÷kzeyku ÃkkuíkkLkwt Lkk{ hkuþLk fhu íku {kxu nkufeLkk r÷suLz ÄLkhks
rÃkÕ÷ELku {køkoËþof íkhefu rLkBÞk Au. yk WÃkhktík çkuzr{LxLk{kt ¾u÷kzeyku
ÃkkuíkkLke fkhrfËeo çkLkkðu íku {kxu Ãkw÷u÷k økkuÃke[tË MkrníkLkk rËøøks
¾u÷kzeyku Ãký {ËËYÃk çkLke hÌkk Au.
økwshkík{kt yLÞ h{ík{kt ¾u÷kzeyku ykøk¤ ykðu íku {kxu økwshkíkLkk
íkífkr÷Lk {wÏÞ{tºke LkhuLÿ {kuËe îkhk Ãký yøkkW ¾u÷kzeykuLku «kuíMkknLk
Ãkwhw Ãkkzâwt níkwt. yíÞkhu LkhuLÿ {kuËe ¼khíkLkk ðzk «ÄkLk Au íÞkhu Mk{økú
Ëuþ{kt r¢fux rMkðkÞ yLÞ h{íkku{kt ¾u÷kzeyku ÃkkuíkkLke fkhrfËeo ðÄkhu íku
{kxu «ÞkMkku nkÚk ÄÞko Au su{kt ÷kufMk¼kLkk çksux{kt h{ík ûkuºku 562 fhkuz
YrÃkÞk ðÄkhðk{kt ykÔÞk Au. ÞwÃkeyu Mkhfkh îkhk økík ð»kuo h{íkûkuºku
1207 fhkuz YrÃkÞk ykÃÞk níkk su{kt yk ð¾íku fuLÿ{kt ykðu÷e
yuLkzeyuLke Mkhfkh îkhk 1769 fhkuz YrÃkÞk yÃkkÞk Au. yk WÃkhktík
MÃkkuxoTMk ykuÚkkurhxe ykuV RÂLzÞkLkk çksux{kt Ãký 85Lkku ðÄkhku fhkÞku Au
ßÞkhu hk»xÙeÞ h{íkkuLkk rðrðÄ Mkt½kuLku 160 fhkuzLkk çkË÷u 185 fhkuz
Vk¤ÔÞk Au. Mkhfkh îkhk Ãký ËuþLkk ¾u÷kzeyku yLÞ h{íkkt ykøk¤ ykðu
íku {kxu «ÞkMk nkÚk ÄhkÞk Au suLkk fkhýu ¼rð»Þ{kt r¢fuxLke MkkÚku yLÞ
h{íkku{kt Ãký ¾u÷kzeyku ËuþLkwt Lkk{ hkuþLk fhþu íku{ sýkE hÌkwt Au.
økwshkík{kt xurLkMk, Vqxçkku÷Lkku Ãký ðÄíkku ¢uÍ Z^
XZLO X[B
sharif_shekh@yahoo.com

27. h{ík Lkef¤u Au
«ýÞðuþ Ãnuhe h{ík Lkef¤u Au,
òu zøk÷u Lku Ãkøk÷u þhík Lkef¤u Au.
½ýeðkh ¼kÏÞwt øk÷ík Lkef¤u Au,
fu hu¾kyku Ãký f{çkg Lkef¤u Au.
yu þçËkuLku nkuXkuLkwt MkhLkk{wt ykÃkku,
su ykt¾ku Úkfe Ëhð¾ík Lkef¤u Au.
«ýÞLkku ÚkÞku ytf «kht¼ çkeòu,
nðu yktMkwykuLke ¾Ãkík Lkef¤u Au.
fhe ÷k¾ fkurþþ, Lk ¼uËe þfkÞwt,
yk ‘þnuhe’ Ãký íkku Mk¾ík Lkef¤u Au.
- ¼kðuþ þkn ‘þnuhe’.
swyku íkku shk
y÷rðËk fne swyku íkku shk,
yk{ çkMk, sE swyku íkku shk.
ÕÞku rð[khe nsw Au Mk{Þ,
VUMk÷ku ÷E swyku íkku shk.
nkt, ÃkAe Ëkuzþwt W{ú¼h,
ÍktÍðw ÚkE swyku íkku shk.
[kLMk Au çkËËwykuLkku ¾hku,
yuf çku ËE swyku íkku shk.
ÞkËLkku hkus {u¤ku ¼he,
yuf÷k hne swyku íkku ¾hk
- ÃkkÁ÷ ¾Ï¾h
fnkýe Au
y½he h[Lkk «u{Lke õÞkt fkuELku Mk{òýe Au,
Íuh {ehk Ãkeyu íkkuÞu hkÄk rË÷Lke hkýe Au.
ð»kkuo swLke ðkík Aíkkt, õÞkt fkuELkktÚke yòýe Au,
yuf swðkLk rË÷Úke Mkkhku yuLke yk fnkýe Au.
«u{ fhíkku rLk:MðkÚkuo fkuELku Ãký rLk:þçË yuLke ðkýe
Au,
ftE ÃkqAðkLke VwhMkík fÞkt, MkkiÚke MkwtËh yuýu òýe
Au.
Ãký LkMkeçk Lkkt ¾u÷ yuðk fu ÃkíÚkh WÃkh Ãkkýe Au,
yýMk{sw yuLkk Mk{S fu fkuLkk rË÷Lke yu hkýe Au.
yuf rËLk Akuze síke hne fXkuh Lkkhe yu,
þçËku ¼÷u íkkhk ‘rfhý’ , íkkhk yufLke õÞkt yk
fnkýe Au.
- rfhýfw{kh ËkVzk
òuÞku yuLku
{eýLke su{ Ãkeøk¤íkk òuÞku yuLku,
Éwíkw çkË÷e Lku MkkÚk çkË÷íkk òuÞku yuLku.
su fktxkLku Ãký W»{kÚke yzíkku níkku,
y{u Vq÷kuLku {Mk¤íkk òuÞku yuLku.
òýu õÞk Ëw:¾Lku AwÃkkððkLke ík{Òkk Au yuLku ?
yksu çkÄe ðkík Ãkh nMkíkk òuÞku yuLku.
Lk òýu yu {ktøkðk EåAu Au Ëwðkyku{kt fkuLku ?
nkÚk WXkðíkk s ÄúwMkfu hzíkk òuÞku yuLku.
- rËÃkuLk WÃkkæÞkÞ
Z&

28. ¼khík{kt y{wf Mk{Þ Ãknu÷k s ÷kufMk¼kLke [qtxýeyku Ãkwhe ÚkE, ÷kufkuyu ÃkkuíkkLkkt «ríkrLkrÄ íkhefu MkktMkËkuLku [tqxe MktMkË{kt {kufÕÞk yLku Lkðe
MkhfkhLke h[Lkk ÚkE. yk ÷kufMk¼k{kt MkkiÚke ðrhc MkktMkË yu÷.fu.yzðkýe Au, su{Lke ô{h 86ð»koLke Au. ßÞkhu MkkiÚke Þwðk MkktMkË 26 ðŠ»kÞ
Ëw»Þtík [kixk÷k Au. 16{e ÷kufMk¼kLke Mkhuhkþ ô{h 59 ð»ko nkuðkLkwt çknkh ykðíkkLke MkkÚku hksfhý yLku ô{hLkkt MktçktÄLkku {wÆku VheÚke [[koLkku
rð»kÞ çkLke økÞku níkku. ÞwðkLkkðLkk yk ytf{k y{u rðrðÄ ûkuºkLkkt ÞwðkLkkuLku «&™ fÞkuo fu, þwt hksfhý yLku ô{h ðå[u fkuE MktçktÄ Au ¾hku ? yLku
òu nkuÞ íkku hksfhý{ktÚke rLkð]r¥k ÷uðkLke ÞkuøÞ ô{h fE nkuðe òuEyu ?
hksfhýLkkt {kÃkËtzku «{kýu ô{h fhíkk yLkw¼ð ÞkuøÞ økýkÞ Au. øk{u íku ô{h nkuÞ,
Ãkhtíkw yLkw¼ð Lk nkuÞ íkku rLkýoÞ ÷E þfkÞ Lknª. ßÞkhu hksfhý{kt rLkýoÞku yLku yu
Ãký Mkkhk rLkýoÞku ÷uðk ½ýkt sYhe nkuÞ Au.
- f]íkkÚko Ë÷k÷ («kuVuþLk÷)
Z*

29. ¼khík{kt yksu {kuxk¼køkLkkt ûkuºkku{kt 60 ð»koLke ô{h rLkð]r¥k {kxuLke ô{h økýðk{kt ykðu Au.
fkhý fu yk ô{hu {kýMkLke ykðzík yLku ûk{íkk{kt ½xkzku Úkíkku nkuðkLkwt {kLkðk{kt ykðíkwt nkuÞ
Au. òu fkuE Mkhfkhe f{o[khe 60-62 ð»kuo rLkð]¥k Úkíkku nkuÞ íkku ÃkAe fkuE Lkuíkk fu{ Lknª ? Lkðk
÷kufku {kxu sqLkk ÷kufkuyu MÚkkLk ¾k÷e fhðwt òuEyu, Lkuíkkykuyu 60 ð»kuo rLkð]r¥k ÷E ÷uðe
òuEyu.
- LkkiþkË ðkLkðe (r¢yuxeð rzhufxh)
hksfhý{kt ô{h {níðÃkqýo LkÚke, fkhý fu hksfhý{kt ðÄkhu ð»kkuo ÃkMkkh fhðkÚke
yLkw¼ð{kt [ku¬MkÃkýu ðÄkhu Úkíkku nkuÞ Au. hksfhý{kt Lkðk «ðuþLkkhkuyu yLkw¼ðeyku
ÃkkMkuÚke {køkoËþoLk ÷uðwt òuEyu. ßÞkhu ð»kkuoÚke hksfhý{kt hnuLkkhk yLku íku{Aíkkt ÞkuøÞ
fkÞo Lk fhe þfLkkhkykuyu rLkð]r¥k ÷E s ÷uðe òuEyu.
- økkihuÞk þu÷uLÿ (rVÕ{{ufh, rMkLku{uxÙkuøkúkVh)
Age does not matter in politics, but one’s level of maturity does. I
believe that there is no fix age to quit politics but when mind is
not able to take proper decisions and when you don’t have
proper energy, it’s the right age to quit politics.
- Matik Memon (PR Executive)
Yes it does and the right age to quit politics is 75yrs. One has
to be hale and hearty. If found with any sickness or problem
then they should retire by 65.
- Kimberly Fernandez (photographer)
In my opinion age should not be of importance as still it’s tough to
decide on whom as a person you can call mature or immature. We
have seen many politicians who don’t understand current genera-
tion and MPs who gives statement without proper thought. Age
didn’t play much crucial role during kingdoms as well.
- Binit Patel (Restaurateur)

30. ‘Time to
get
nostalgic again’
The Rainy Season starts in India when the
South West Monsoon winds begin to blow over
this country. The season is experienced in the
months of Asaadha and Shravana as per the
Indian calendar. But in India, it lasts from the
second week of June till the end of September.
Yes, the rainy season is back. Rains bring with
them old memories with a tinge of freshness in
them! They make us laugh, smile, cry, think,
and look back at some special moments of our
lives. Rains have the power to make the busi-
est person on this earth, stop and make him
ponder over his life. No doubts rains are beau-
tiful, and create more beautiful memories for
us, they also mean differently to different
people.
#)
Of all the seasons in India, the rainy season is
the most beautiful and favorite one. How uncom-
plainingly and anxiously the people wait for its
arrival. And if unfortunately the rains are delayed,
the people go to temples, mosques and church-
es to pray for the rains to come soon. Some-
times they perform “yajnas” to please Indra- the
God of rains.
In a hot country like India where the summer is
very hot,it is natural for the people to wish for
rains. The earth gets hot and parched. The
ponds and lakes run dry. The water level in the
wells drops low. There is shortage of water
everywhere. The hot winds and dust storms
make life miserable. The whole land beards a
awful look.
ytrfíkk ®Mkn
ankita.1806@gmail.com

31. And then the rains begin. The dark and rolling clouds cover the burning sun. They bury from the
weary looks of the people. A wave of delight fills the atmosphere. It is filled with a deep feeling of
joy. There is singing and dancing and merry making everywhere. The young ladies swing from a
neem or peepal tree. They sing songs of love and voyages. The children bathe in the spell of rain.
They swim in the little pool of rain water.
The nature is at her best in the rainy season. The old earth becomes youthful. Her wrinkles
change into green and long grasses. Her looks become quite bright and young. The dry and sandy
beds are again active with flowing water. The buzzing sound of water fills the Earth with pleasure.
The Rainy Season is also not without difficulties. It also brings us some hassles. As roads become
dirty, people face difficulty in going from one place to another. If it rains for days together, the work-
ing class people experience from starvation. They do not get any work anywhere. Roads are
cleansed away. Traffic is disturbed. Prices of essential supplies go up due to pause in supply of
goods to the market. Many diseases break out. Malaria, dysentery and diarrhea are quite wide-
spread. Impure water is the main reason of the spread of diseases. Floods arise and brings heavy
damage to crops, thus increasing the food crises.
X X

32. Media a Personality Creator in 2014
Indian Parliamentary Elections
India is the largest democracy in the World. Elect-
ing the representatives of the people is the fore-
most feature of the country. The World again
witnessed this mammoth exercise, when people of
India elected their representatives for the 16th Lok
Sabha. The total electorate in the country as per
final published E-rolls in reference to 01.01.2014 is
approximately 814.5 million compared to 713
million in 2009. This marks an increase of more
than 100 million electors. There has been a
remarkable increase in the enrollment of electors
in the age group of 18 to 19 years. Over 23 million
electors are in this age group. Electors in the age
group of 18 to 19 years now constitute 2.88% of
total electors, against 0.75% in 2009.
The Polling period for elections 2014 was spread
over nine separate dates ranging from April 7 to
May 12. All results were to be announced on 16th
of May. Elections 2014 were primarily a contest
between Narendra Modi, prime ministerial candi-
date for the main opposition Bharatiya Janata Party
(BJP), and Rahul Gandhi, vice-president of the
governing Congress Party. The leader of the
anti-corruption Aam Aadmi Party (AAP), Arvind
Kejriwal too was there in the fray. There were many
others trying to project themselves in the election
period, but these personalities have not being
considered here; based on the minimum weightage
given to them by the media as per a present
research.
Specifically; the last five years have been a witness
to negative as well as positive aspects of growth
and development in India. The Jan Lokpal Bill,
2013, has been a primary turnaround, which made
the situations change specifically in capital of India.
People had already witnessed Anna Hazare’s Fast
(face of India’s fight against corruption) and the
emergence of short term governance of AAP. The
last ten years have revealed big scams/ scandals
like 2G, CWG and Coalgate & Railgate to the
knowledge of the citizens. The 16th December,
#Z
fku{÷ þkn
komalvorashah@gmail.com
Special
Feature

33. 2012 case of Nirbhaya and several rape cases
registered at various places of country, especially
Delhi have tremendously questioned the prevailing
security aspects in the nation. Foreign Direct
Investments (FDI) and nose diving unemployment
has been debated in the last few years. The intro-
duction of Ford & Nano projects and Metro Rails in
certain states like Gujarat and Tamil Nadu has been
a case of referential importance to the electorates.
Population explosion and the rising Inflation in the
market are the other issues of worry. The problem
facing the voters in the 16th Lok Sabha elections
were somewhat similar to the problems faced by
investors while choosing the stocks between differ-
ent companies.
Introduction to Media & Politics in India
Media has been playing a key role in ensuring free
and fair elections in India ever since the country
attained independence. With free media, democrat-
ic polity and a federal structure of government,
India has experienced a long evolution of electoral
practices which has enriched its democratic ethos.
The total number of registered publications, as on
31st March, 2013: 94,067; of which the Newspaper
category:12,511; & Periodicals category: 81,556.
India is home to large and increasing number of
public and privately owned television channels.
Doordarshan operates 21 channels – two All India
channels - DD National and DD News, 11 Regional
language Satellite Channels (RLSC), four State
Networks (SN), an International channel, a Sports
Channel DD Sports and two channels Rajya Sabha
TV & Lok Sabha TV for live broadcast of parliamen-
tary proceedings. List of permitted Private Satellite
TV channels as on 20-03-2013: 828; of these 406
are News and 422 are Non News channels.
The media and the Election Commission of India
have been playing an important part in introducing
reforms to improve the election process and ensure
free and fair elections in the country. Both print and
electronic media have been playing the role of
watchdog of democracy, while enjoying almost
unlimited access to information and without major
regulations imposed upon their operation.
During the elections, The Election Commission of
India issues guidelines to, the almost unregulated
media and tries to prevent it from influencing the
voters directly or indirectly. In recent times the politi-
cal parties and candidates are prominently attracted
towards the mass media due to its influential nature.
Blatant misuse of print and electronic media by
parties and candidates contesting the general elec-
tions came to light during elections in 2004 and
2009. The practice used areas such as business
news to institutionalize paid news in print and elec-
tronic media to influence public opinion especially
during the elections. The journalists became news
“managers” succumbing to pressure from media
executives. There are two major media traditions in
modern India- the older tradition of a diverse, plural-
ist and relatively independent press and the younger
tradition of the manipulated and misused broadcast-
ing media, state controlled radio and television.
First there is a media bias which we can feel while
comparing the number of news stories targeting a
particular politician, with the happenings in the
country around. The amount of air time / space
being allotted to these personalities is a clear indica-
tion that the media in India is moving towards the
spin doctoring of news in order to project a particular
personality, which ultimately results in a new busi-
ness model for these media houses.
Secondly the run up to the elections 2014 in India
and the coverage of the same in the media is indica-
tive enough to show what’s being played up and
what isn’t. The way programmes are being designed
and news bent in order to have a particular person-
ality hogging the limelight for maximum hours of the
day.
All throughout the media was trying to sideline a
particular party by giving out the analogy that the;
leadership vacuum, the policy paralysis, anti incum-
bency, spiraling inflation & economic slowdown;
created by the current government will surely bring
the frustrated electorates on the opposition’s lap, as
the op@gmaposition had the right leadership to
steer the country ahead towards ‘Development’. The
media had tried to fix the issue once and for all by
repeating the same again and again on behalf of the
major middle class who is attracted towards a
particular ‘model’ in the country. This ‘model’ has
mostly gone unquestioned in the television media as
it was busy promoting the heavy weight loaded
personalities for the Elections 2014.
This attitude of the media suited the major political
parties and it left no chance in playing with the
sentiments of the electorate with the help of this

34. ‘TRP driven media’. Their choice of news was
totally based on the propaganda model of the
western media where the objectivity rule of report-
ing can be questioned time and again. The best
examples of the same are: innumerable coverage
of political rallies for a few political heavy weights,
dishing out interview after interview to pit one
major party against the other, popularizing party
slogans by its use in various commercials directly/
indirectly and broadcasting the same etc. There-
fore what we can conclude here is that the media
has set out an agenda of searching “A strong
leadership” for the elections 2014 and is voicing
the same on behalf of the masses. The public is
exposed to these persuasive messages and the
media is able to garner consent for a particular
personality/ party gradually.
Though the above view can be argued as well
keeping in mind the vastness and diversity of the
country. To get a better understanding of the
influence of media by carrying out a further
research on the regional media and comparing it
with the 2014 elections outcome of the particular
region.
The repetition of party slogans on the channels
were so impactful that even a toddler could
remember and follow it. The progressive front of
major national institutions like Sensex, banks etc. was
attributed to the change in political wave all over the
country by the national news channels. Researchers
at CMS Media Lab, an independent, non-partisan
media arm of the research organisation CMS, found
that Mr. Modi got 2,575 minutes, or 33.21 per cent, of
the prime-time news telecast. His closest competitor
was Aam Aadmi Party leader Arvind Kejriwal (10.31
per cent). Rahul Gandhi, who is leading the campaign
of the Congress, came a distant third (4.33 per cent).
The maximum air time which was being allotted to a
particular candidate was more in to bash this candi-
date. A negative publicity is also a welcome in politics
and it is beneficial to the media as well. Since this
tactic is cheap to implement and easy to sell. The
newspapers were giving off detailed analysis on a
particular model of governance but the electronic
media had no space for the same to be included for
the benefit of the non reading audiences. The national
parties were building up the campaigns not only on
the mass and social media but a lot of ground work
was involved too, to boost the image of political
personalities.
All the aspects of creating political personalities, at
social, political and emotional level were well played
in these elections.

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#5

36. ‘Citylights’ is a Story of a family, who due to some tragic circumstances moves to a metro city with expecta-
tions of earning for better living. It’s an intense drama presented by the bunch of talented Director Hansal
Mehta, again collaborating with Actor Rajkumar Rao (National Award Winner) and debut actress Patrale-
kha. CityLights is an official Hindi remake of the BAFTA-nominated drama Metro Manila, naturally creates
sky high expectations being a blend of flawless team and concept.
The Story reflects the hardships faced by the rural migrants to the urban. Here the story is of Deepak
Singh who lives in Rajasthan with his wife and daughter. His diminishing work forces him to migrate to
Mumbai with his wife and daughter. But as soon as they enter the city they get cheated by people who
falsely tend to help them.
Rakhi helplessly reaches a dance bar for a job with no other option left for survival while Deepak grabs a
job in security agency. The scene where rakhi asks the bar manager for job, shows the cruelty of the city
towards poor where he checks her all over and tells her to dance on a song disappointing viewers to the
core. And more over their situations worsen with every step they take, showing the darker side of the city.
The Film is a masterpiece delivered being backed up by vishesh films and worked upon by talented lot of
director and actors. Rajkumar’s performance is wonder as every time his suffering in the movie reaches
audience’s heart and Patralekha on the other side delivers splendid performance rendering all support to
the actor-director duo.
Music although failed to make much noise, but a track showcasing family love could still gather remarkable
popularity having voice of arijit singh and Lyrics by Rashmi singh.
All over film is a must watch with right things placed in a right way. Citylights is a story which relates to
most of the viewers as Mumbai being city of dreams has a big part of devastated dreams too, thus provid-
ing a reality check.
Director :- Hansal Mehta
Actors :- Rajkumar Rao,
Patralekha
MOVIE Review#^
vr.maitri@gmail.com
{iºke ðkuhk

37. A little Bumpy ride…..
Movie: Humpty Sharma ki Dulhania
Director: Shashank Khaitan
Cast: Varun Dhawan, Alia Bhatt, Siddharth Shukla, Ashutosh Rana
Stars: 2.5
The rom com begins by showcasing Rakesh aka Humpty Sharma’s (Varun) Casanova character. Movie
that is promoted as a tribute to DDLJ has many sequences inspired by the classic Bollywood love story.
Kavya (Alia) a bubbly girl hailing from Ambala, Punjab is to be married, in a match arranged by her father
(Ashutosh Rana). It’s a delight to watch Ashutosh after a long time. He portrays the character of Kavya’s
dad in a very natural way. Humpty and Kavya meet accidentally in delhi on her sabbatical from her mar-
riage which she took to buy a very expensive designer Lehenga for her wedding. Angad (Siddharth
Shukla) the guy marrying Kavya, doesn’t have much role to play but still manages to sweep you away
with his innocent smile and well-toned body.
Story revives many memories of DDLJ but fails to connect emotionally like the classic did. It has a funny
and fresh twist to the classic Bollywood saga but doesn’t justify it properly. The chemistry is wonderful
between the leads. Their cute Jodi steals away the screen and makes you overlook the jumpy plot.
Songs are forcefully placed in the movie and music is mostly forgettable except ‘Samjhawan’ which is
recreated and gives you a soothing feel in the movie.
Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania is a bumpy ride but still you can enjoy it once. For those who would love to
see a twist in DDLJ should watch it and for those who loved DDLJ should skip it.
#&
©wrík ©ehk{Lk
shrutisreeraman@gmail.com

38. The Orange Hangover
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#* book Review
deepenu@gmail.com
rËÃkuLk WÃkkæÞkÞ

39. Photo Gallery
MUNIR MANSURI