The document discusses various topics related to mining, energy, industry, and industrialization. It begins by covering mining resources and areas, as well as the environmental effects of mining. It then discusses types of energy sources, including renewable and non-renewable sources. Next, it addresses the historical development of industry through industrial revolutions powered by different energy sources. It also covers classifications of industrial activities, factors in industry location, industrial areas and landscapes, and the current industrialization crisis and transformation. The document aims to provide information on these interrelated topics for educational purposes.

1. UNIT 7
MINING AND INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES:
PRODUCTTRANSFORMATION

2. INTRODUCTION Observe and answer:
 Describe the activities that
are being practised in the
observed pictures.
 What relation would you set
between all the pictures?
 In what areas of the world
would you locate them?
 What do you know about
deforestation? How would
you related it to the
pictures?

3. Unit diagram
INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY
1. Mining
resources
2. Energy
sources
3. Industry
and
construction
4. Industrial
areas
CONCEPT
MINERAL RESOURCES
CLASSIFICATION
MINING AREAS
MINING PRODUCTION AND ITS
ENVIRINMENTAL EFFECTS
TYPES OF ENERGY SOURCES:
Renewable and non-renewable
PRODUCING COUNTRIES AND
CONSUMING
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
CONSTRUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL
ACTIVITIES
INDUSTRIAL AREAS
GREAT INDUSTRIAL AREAS
NEW INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPES
PRODUCTION AND POLLUTION
5. The industrialisation
crisis
FACTORS FOR INDUSTRY
LOCATION

4. ENERGY SOURCES CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
They are those that can
provide light, heat and
force to move all kinds of
machines. Energy is the
basis of technological
development.
It provides dwellings,
communication
routes and other
essential
constructions to the
inhabitants of any
place.
It transforms, through
the use of energy, the
raw materials into
products, made for
other companies or to
the final consumer.
SECONDARY SECTOR
It occupies the activities dedicated to the
transformation of the raw materials into
manufactured products or the construction of
houses and infrastructures. It requires the use
of various energy sources

5. Mining consists of the extraction of minerals from the Earth’s crust,
transforming the landscape.
Mining resources are raw materials of mineral or vegetable origin (coal, oil). They
belong to the primary sector but form the foundation of the secondary because they
provide the minerals and energy sources that it needs.
Concept
1. Mining resources

6. Classifying mineral resources
1. Mining resources

7. Classifying mineral resources
1. Mining resources

8. • Its presence depends on the geological formation of the areas:
• Coal: (formed about 300 million years ago) Appalachian, Urals, China, Europe,
Australia ...
• Oil: Persian Gulf, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Guinea, Venezuela, Russia, Alaska,
Texas ... often associated with natural gas.
• Europe, rich in minerals, has exhausted most of the deposits since Roman times.
Mining areas
1. Mining resources

9. Mining areas
1. Mining resources
Mining
map

10. “La tragedia del humo”
• LABORAL RISKS
“Los 33 de atacama”
• WARS and EXPLOITATION “El infierno del coltán”
Problems related to mining activity
1. Mining resources

11. Mining production and its environmental effects
1. Mining resources
LANDSCAPE CHANGES
POLLUTION
HEALTH RISKS

12. ACTIVITY: “Mining activity around the world”
Observe the map:
• How are the
mining resources
distributed? What
is the cause of
that?
• How does this
affect the world
economy?

13. REVIEW & PRACTICE
• OUTLINE PAG 46-47

14. Types of energy sources
2. Energy sources
Energy sources are largely those that come from
the sun, either directly or indirectly, or form rocks
and minerals.
RENEWABLE
NON-
RENEWABLE

15. Types of energy sources
2. Energy sources
Non-renewable sources of energy
•Coal
•Petroleum Fossil fuels
•Natural gas POLLUTANT
•Nuclear energy Uranium

16. Types of energy sources
2. Energy sources
Renewable energies•Solar Photovoltaic
•Wind Eolian
•Water Hydroelectric Non-contaminant
•Heat inside the Earth Geothermal
•Tides Tidal and waves
Organic materials Biomass Pollutant

17. ACTIVITY: “The energy use”
Observe and explain the characteristics of the 4 bigger pictures expressing how the energy is
produced, the use of each one and its consequences, making difference between them:
• Regarding to the central picture,What do you think it shows? How do you think it has happened?
Bring up some ideas that can solve this kind of problems.

18. Energy producers
2. Energy sources

19. Energy consumers
2. Energy sources

20. Petroleum production and cosume
2. Energy sources

21. REVIEW & PRACTICE
• OUTLINE PAG 48 (2.1.Types of energy sources)

22. Historical development of industry
3. Industry (evolution and present condition)
• It started with the handcrafted production
• Changes produced with the industrial revolutions:
STAGE CHARACTERISTICS ENERGY SOURCES
1st Industial revolution (end of
XVIII century – end of XIX century)
Technology: vapour machine
- wool for cotton substitution
- Steel production and iron smelting
in blast furnaces
- Increase in the number of industrial
workers
- Railway development and steam
navigation
- Coal
2nd Industial revolution (end of
XIX century – 2º/3 of XX century)
Technology: electric motor and
combustion engine
- Assembly line
- Bigger companies (multinationals)
- Electricity
- Petroleum
3rd Industial revolution (from
the 2º/3 of XX century)
Technology: robotics, electronics,
biotechnology, information technology
- Nuclear
- Renewable energy

23. Current situation
3. Industry (evolution and present conditions)
• It plays a base role in the economy Developed countries automation
technology
• It’s an indicator of the level of development:
Underdeveloped countries more pollutant
cheaper
Types of industries
Metallurgy
Consumer
goods industries
High technology
Chemistry
Cement and
construction

24. Active population in the secondary sector
3. Industry (evolution and present condition)

25. ACTIVITY: “Historical
development of industry”
Observe the pictures:
• Why is the industrial
transformation produced?
• Observing the pictures, How is
the evolution that shows?
Think and explain why.
• What are your economic
conclusions of what is shown
in the last image?Why is it?

26. 3. Construction inSpain
• Before the economic crisis It occupied more than 10% of active population
Causes of the great
increase
Industrial growth
Population increase
Urban growth
Coastal tourism expansion
Public infraestructures
It reached to represent the 50%
of the total activity in the
secondary sector in Spain
This was also
produced because
of the investment
activity
(speculation)
REAL STATE
BUBBLE

27. Classification of industrial activities
3. Industry
• BASE INDUSTRIES: first changes to the raw material. Heavy industries
Steel and iron, energetic, chemicals…
• CAPITAL GOODS INDUSTRIES: prepare products that supply tools companies
Machinery, electrical equipment, technology, robotics…
• CONSUMER GOODS INDUSTRIES: manufacture products that are to be sold directly to the
consumer. Light industries
• Pharmaceutical, textile, footwear, food…

28. Classification of industrial activities according to the volume of raw materials
3. Industry
HEAVY
LIGHT OR
CONSUMER
GOODS
INDUSTRIES
BÁSIC
CAPITAL
GOODS
- Steel and iron
- Metal
- Base chemicals
- Petrochemicals
- Cement
- Mechanics
- Construction
equipments
- Food
- Altered metals
- Textiles
- Furniture
- Footwear
- High technology
Classification of
industrial activities

29. Factors for industry location
3. Industry
Proximity to raw materials, energy sources and other industries.
Workforce: number, qualification, salary.
Proximity to urban areas (market centres).
Transportation infraestructures.
Political and social factors (conectivity, pollution…).
Business owner point of view.

30. REVIEW & PRACTICE
• OUTLINE PAG 52
• 1- Classification of the industrial activities
• 2- Factors for industry location
• Glossary: iron and steel industry, metallurgy.

31. Industrial areas and landscapes
4. Industrial areas
PORT INDUSTRIAL AREAS
- Great industrial concentration.
- Activities: linked to maritime
goods traffic, steel and iron,
shipyard, petrol refinery or
chemical industry.
MINING INDUSTRIAL AREAS
- Electricity production, steel and
iron and chemical coal.
URBAN INDUSTRIAL AREAS
- Electrical appliance, motorcar,
textile or food.
DISPERSE INDUSTRIAL
LANDSCAPE
- Tight to rural areas: mineral
deposits or agrarian
production.

32. Industrial landscapes
4. Industrial areas

33. Great industrial areas
4. Industrial areas

34. Industrial áreas in Spain
4. Industrial areas

35. ACTIVITY: “Industrial
location”
Observe:
• What is an industrial park?
• Why have these companies
gathered in the same area?
• In what type of area are located?
What are the advantages of that
location?
• Are they light or heavy
industries? Observing the
picture…give reasons for your
answer.
• What is the main observed
problem that the industries are
having? Name other problems
that they could be provoking.

36. REVIEW & PRACTICE
• OUTLINE PAG 54-53
• ACTIVITY: 23
• Glossary: industrial park.

37. 5. Industrialisation crisis and transformation
The industry has been the biggest engine of the socioeconomical change produced since the XIX
century until over the half of the XX century. Meaning the strongest revolution from the Neolithic.
NOWADAYS:
Deindustrialisation
Abandoning industrial activity,
sometimes replacing the
industries with others through
reconversions.
Relocation
To move the industry, low
technology companies mostly,
from the traditional developed
places to new locations with
lower labour cost.

38. Industrial relocation
5. Industrialisation crisis and transformation

39. Salvados- 'Para la Industria es más fácil producir fuera de España'
5. Industrialisation crisis and transformation

40. REVIEW & PRACTICE
• Glossary: deindustrialisation, industrial relocation, industrial reconversion.

41. END OF UNIT ACTIVITY: “Debate of Current Events”
SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT?
The term sustainable development appeared for the first time in 1980 in the publication World Conservation
Strategy to explain how to support an economy that improves the quality of life of people without destroying Earth's
ecosystems. To carry this approach out, governments are developing environmental laws and people should
maintain an ecological mindset in their daily life.
One of the best-known environmental agreements is the Kyoto Protocol, established at the World Climate
Conference (1997). It is a commitment by the industrialized countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions
during the period 2008-2012.
This agreement has not had the same response from all industrialized countries. The EU approved it, although it
does not comply rigorously. On the other hand, the United States and Australia, countries with a very high level of
emissions, have refused to ratify it.
In addition, the development of industrial economies and the idea of sustainability usually do not go well together.
In the case of Spain, GDP per capita in 2004 increased, but greenhouse gas emissions, land degradation and energy
consumption also increased.
On the other hand, it is difficult for the world to demand that developing countries, where the industry causes
serious problems to the environment, conserve their forests and biodiversity. Usually developing countries have no
qualms about sacrificing his environment because they need their economy to grow.

42. Debate: Is sustainable
economic development
possible?
- Group 1: You must defend that economic
development is possible, while preserving the
environment.
- Group 2: You must defend that the economic
development requires an increase of the
industrialization; in order to have that development,
you can not limit the emission of gases to the
atmosphere.
-There must be a moderator, who will be the teacher.
Before starting the debate you must expand your knowledge
on the subject in order to be able to correctly argue the
positions you defend. In the debate you must agree on issues
such as:
- Advantages and disadvantages of using
alternative energy to fuels.
- Imposition of the Kyoto agreements.
- Role of developing countries, such as India,
China or Brazil, to achieve greater economic
development
http://www.un.org/en/sections/priorities/economic-growth-
and-sustainable-development/index.html
http://thediplomat.com/2013/01/is-environmentally-
sustainable-economic-growth-possible-in-china/
https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/talk-point-
systemic-solutions-change
https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/is-the-concept-of-sustainable-
development-still-relevant

43. GLOSSARY
• Iron and steel industry
• Metallurgy
• Industrial park
• Deindustrialisation
• Industrial relocation
• Industrial reconversion

44. • FranciscoJavier Montaño Fernández
Geography and History teacher