3. 3. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRY
• It started with the handcrafted production
•Changes produced with the industrial revolutions:
STAGE CHARACTERISTICS ENERGY SOURCES
1st Industial revolution (end of
XVIII century – end of XIX century)
Technology:vapour machine
- woolfor cotton substitution
- Steelproduction and iron smelting in
blast furnaces
- Increase in the number of industrial
workers
- Railway developmentand steam
navigation
- Coal
2nd Industial revolution (end of
XIX century – 2º/3 of XX century)
Technology:electric motor and
combustion engine
- Assembly line
- Bigger companies (multinationals)
- Electricity
- Petroleum
3rd Industial revolution (from the
2º/3 of XX century)
Technology:robotics, electronics,
biotechnology,information technology
- Nuclear
- Renewable energy
4. WHAT OTHER REVOLUTION IS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION USUALLY COMPARED
WITH? WHAT WERE THE CHANGES THAT EACH OF THE REVOLUTIONS BROUGHT
ABOUT?
5. WHAT WERE THE
FACTORS OR
DRIVING FORCES
THAT MADE THE
INDUSTRIAL REV.
POSSIBLE IN GREAT
BRITAIN?
8. WHICH WERE THE SERIES OF PARALLEL REVOLUTIONS THAT TRIGGERED
INDUSTRIALISATION?EXPLAIN WHAT EACH OF THEM LED TO.
• Agricultural => increase in food production
• Demographic => increase in population
• Technological => new machinery and energy resources for industry
• Transport and trade => bigger markets
• Financial => new systems for financing companies and facilitating
payments
9. THE BIRTH OF INDUSTRY WAS LINKED TO 3 FACTORS: THE FACTORY SYSTEM,
MECHANISATION AND THE USE OF ENERGY SOURCES. FILL IN THE TABLE.
Before the
Industrial Rev.
During the
Industrial Rev.
Mechanisation Manual production Use of machines
Energy sources Human, animal,
wind and water
Hydropower and
steam power
Factory system Low productivity High productivity
10. NAME THE CHANGES THAT CAUSED AN INCREASE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
11. NAME THE CHANGES THAT CAUSED AN INCREASE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
14. • LANDOWNERS WANTED TO INCREASE PRODUCTION BY
INTRODUCING NEW TECHNIQUES AND THEN SELL EVERYTHING
IN THE MARKET. BY ENCLOSING THE FIELDS, THEY PREVENTED
FARMERS FROM GETTING FOOD.
PARLIAMENT WAS CONTROLLED BY THE LANDOWNERS
(GENTRY AND BOURGEOISIE), THUS BENEFITING THE MOST.
WHY DID LANDOWNERS DECIDE TO START CONTROLLING COMMON LAND AND ENCLOSE
THEIR PROPERTY? WHY DID THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT LEGALISE THIS PROCESS? WHICH
SOCIAL CLASSES BENEFITED MOST FROM THIS PROCESS?
15. THEY LOST THEIR WAY OF LIFE. MOST OF THEM DECIDED TO
MIGRATE TO THE CITIES, TO WORK IN FACTORIES.
POOR FARMERS WEREN´T HAPPY AT ALL WITH THE ENCLOSURE ACTS. WHY? WHAT DID
MANY OF THEM DECIDE TO DO WITH THEIR LIVES AS A RESULT?
16. THE NORFOLK SYSTEM
WHY DOES THE NORFOLK SYSTEM HAVE AN ADVANTAGE OVER THE THREE-FIELD
SYSTEM?
17. NEW MACHINES
EXPLAIN WHAT IMPROVED THANKS TO A) THE JETHRO TULL METHOD, B)THE
ROTHERHAM PLOUGH AND C) THE STEAM ENGINE
28. WHY WAS THE USE OF COTTON SO WIDESPREAD IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY?
29. EXPLAIN WHAT IMPROVED THANKS TO A) JOHN KAY´S FLYING SHUTTLE, B) SPINNING
MACHINESAND, C) CARTWRIGHT´S POWER LOOM
30.
31. FILL IN THE TABLE:
Iron Coal Steel
Uses Ships,
munitions,
machines
and tools
Energy Constructing
machinery, tools,
buildings, public
works
32. MAKE A CHART TO SHOW WHAT EFFECTS EACH OF THESE LED TO: INCREASE IN
AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, THE STEAM ENGINE, MARKET
ECONOMY, IMPROVED TRANSPORT.
• The steam engine helped increase agricultural and industrial
production
• All these products, thanks to improvements in transport, led to a
market economy.
33. ORGANISE THE FOLLOWING PHENOMENA LISTED INTO THE PROPER HISTORICAL
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS:
• Population growth
• Agrarian society
• Increase in food supply and better
nutrition
• Industrialisation
• Urban growth
• Industrial and urban society
• End of famines
• Agrarian society
• End of famines
• Increase in food supply and better
nutrition
• Population growth
• Industrialisation
• Urban growth
• Industrial and urban society
37. PISARRO: POSH DISTRICT (BOURGEOISIE)
DORÉ: WORKING CLASS DISTRICT.
WHAT PART OF TOWN DID CAMILLE PISSARRO USE TO DEPICT IN HIS PAINTINGS? AND
GUSTAVE DORÉ?
42. NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
1) Worker
associations (set up
to fight bad labour
conditions)
Luddites
Relief societies
PAGE 62
Inequalities caused by the industrial system led to social unrest and protest:
Early 19th century in Britain
Textile workers
Form of protest: destruction of
machinery…why?___
Brutally suppresed
Help for workers in case of illness or
unemplyment
First strikes
Contingency funds for emergencies
43. NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
1) Workers’
associations (set up
to fight bad labour
conditions)
First oficial TRADE UNIONS
First nationwide trade unions
PAGE 62
Inequalities caused by the industrial system led to social unrest and protest:
1824
Joint action of workers from same
industry
1834
Workers from different industries
Goals:
1. Right of association
2. Reduction of working hours
3. Higher salaries
4. Regulation of child labour
53. NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
2) Social solutions
according to ideology
A. Opposition to
industrial capitalist
conditions led to:
B. Solutions
PAGE 62
Inequalities caused by the industrial system led to social unrest and protest:
1. Critique of “capitalism” (it causes inequalities)
2. Proposals of new models of social organisation
UTOPIAN SOCIALIST
MARXISM and ANARCHISM
CATHOLIC SOCIAL IDEAS
Analysis: private ownership as main cause of
inequalities
Solution: collective ownership
Analysis: capitalism is the problem. Only
benefit the wealthy
Solutions: - Revolution to end capitalism
- Collective ownership
- Classless society based on
cooperation
Condems BOTHS: capitalism & socialism
In favour of improving conditions and laws
56. NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
3) Impact of
anarchism and
marxism on
workers’ movement
Proletariat internationalism (need of workers around the world
to unite)
1864. First international
1876. Split between anarchist and socialist
1889. Second international.
Symbolsof working movement:
a) Anthem “the internationale”
b) 1st of May
PAGE 63
Inequalities caused by the industrial system led to social unrest and protest:
Marxist
Anarchist
Trade Unions
58. ANTHEM OF THE WOKERS SINCE THE SECOND
INTERNATIONAL (1889)
59. NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
ANARCHISM
Starting point: NO participation in politics
How to destroy the capitalist system
2 types:
I. Individual anarchism
II. Social anarchism
Main thinkers
PAGE 63
Inequalities caused by the industrial system led to social unrest and protest:
1. General strike
2. Revolution
3. Destruction of the State
4. Egalitarian society
Bakunin
kropotkin
61. NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
MARXISM
Starting point: participation of workers in politics to avoid exploitation
How to destroy the capitalist system
Main thinkers
PAGE 63
Inequalities caused by the industrial system led to social unrest and protest:
1. Revolution
2. Destruction of private property
3. Communist society with no state or
social classes
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
Lenin