The document discusses the secondary sector, focusing on the transformation of raw materials into finished products and the classification of energy and mineral resources. It covers the historical evolution of energy sources, the significance of OPEC, and the distinctions between heavy and light industries. Industrial restructuring and the factors influencing industrial development are highlighted, as well as the emergence of high-technology industries and the importance of skilled labor in modern economies.

1. THE SECONDARY SECTOR
UNIT 8

2. WORDS TO DEFINE
• Raw materials
• Energy resources
• Renewable resources
• Non-renewable resources
• OPEC
• Light industry
• Heavy industry
• Industrial reconversion

3. Consists of economic activities which transform raw materials into finished products.
SECONDARY SECTOR

4. WHAT ARE MINERAL
RESOURCES?
RAW MATERIALS
They are natural resources which industry
processes into finished products.
ORIGIN
Animal
Vegetable
Mineral
Metallic
Non metallic
energy
ENERGY
SOURCES
They are natural resources which, after a
transformation process, provide power.
Power uses for
Industry
Transport
Daily needs
Page 95.ex 1 a, b

5. Minerals can be classified
Metallic minerals:
We can extract metals.
Non-metallic minerals:
No metals. Many materials
with a wide range os uses
Energy minerals
Provide us provide
energy.
These minerals are found in deposits in the Earth’s subsoil.
Extracting them is called MINING.
Marble quarry
Uranium mine

6. MINING
Natural resources
RENEWABLE
Regenerate
naturally or are
never used up
Trees, sun,
wind…
NON-RENEWABLE
Limited or form
more slowly than
they are consumed
Coal, natural
gas, oil…
Canbe
RECYCLED
They can be used as many
times as possible (iron,
aluminium)
NON-
RECYCLABLE
Can be used just onces, so
their consumption should
be controlled. (Oil, coal).

7. What are the principal energy sources?
• Prehistory: human and animal force (physical force)
• After that, they started to use: water forces, wind…
• 1750-1800: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: COAL, OIL, GAS, ELECTRICITY.
• During 20th : developed natural energy sources (RENEWABLES) and new
ones: sun, wind, nuclear.
The use of energy has changed during the human History:
• OIL
• NATURAL GAS
• ELECTRICITY
The most common types of energy are:

12. OIL and
GAS
NATURAL
Conventional energy sources.
Fossil raw materials.
Non renewable In the near future they will be exhausted.
About 40% of the oil and gas reservoirs can be extracted.
They must be transported from the extraction place to the consumption area.
Page 96 (in
class)ex 1 a, b, c

13. OIL AND NATURAL GAS
EXPORTING COUNTRIES
(producers)
OPEC (1960) = 78% world´s reservers
CONSUMERS
Industrialized and populated countries
Energy consumption is an economy
indicator.
Page 96 (in class): LOOK DOC
3 – DOC 4- ex 1 c, 2 a,b,c

17. Energy consumption by source in SPAIN
Page 113: LOOK doc 7. ex 1 a

18. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC)
It is an intergovernmental organization of 13 nations, founded in
1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi
Arabia, Venezuela). As of 2015, the 13 countries accounted for an
estimated 42 percent of global oil production and 73 percent of the
world's oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil
prices that were previously determined by American-dominated
multinational oil companies. (petrolueum crisis 1973)
OPEC's stated mission
is to control and
regulate the oil
market.
January
2017,
OPEC's
members
Algeria
Angola
Ecuador
Gabon
Iran
Iraq
Kuwait
Libya
Nigeria
Qatar
Saudi Arabia (the leader)
United Arab Emirates
Venezuela.

20. The biggest consumers of oil
are the industrialized and
the most populated
countries.
Energy consumption is
an indicator of
development.
To avoid energy
dependence, these
countries are investigating
alternative energies.

21. Conventional electricity
Electricity
• It is essential for industrial or domestic use.
• It provides power for almost all modern machines and
equipment, lighting and heat.
It is one of the most widespread forms of energy because:
• Easy to transport
• Clean at point of use
• It can be easily transform into other types of energy.

22. Conventional
electricity
To produce electricity other
sources of energy are
necessary:
THERMAL ENERGY
NUCLEAR ENERGY
HYDROELECTRIC
O HYDROPOWER

23. Thermal energy.
• It is produced in power stations
• Burning fuel produces heat which then converts water into high pressure steam
• The steam turns turbines connected to electric generators.
• The generators produce electricity.
As a fuel, they can use:
• Coal
• fuel oil
• wood
• urban waste
• natural gas

24. Nuclear
energy.
• It is produced by nuclear
fission.
• Radioactive minerals
(uranium) break down, large
amounts of heat are
produced.
• This heat is used to generate
high pressure steam which
moves turbines and generates
electricity.

25. Hydroelectric or hydropower
• It uses the force of water to produce electricity.
First reservoirs collect rainwater. When the
water flows through the turbines they produce
electricity.
• Hydroelectric energy is the most widely used
renewable energy.

26. Ex 1 page 98; ex 1, 2
page 99

28. • Forms of renewable energy
• Produce less pollution then
fossil fuels
Alternative energy

30. Problems related to
alternative energies
They depend on nature.
They need huge investments.
Output is low.
Energy is difficult to store.
Combining several renewable energy systems is
probably the most sustainable solution.

31. Industry can be considered as
a system.
Its inputs, processes and
outputs can be expressed in a
diagram.

32. As a result, their locations are not the same.
Each has specific needs and each affects the environment in
different ways.
There are two basic types of industry:
Heavy industry Light industry

34. Lightindustry It is usually less capital intensive than heavy industry
have less environmental impact
Examples
manufacturing of clothes, shoes, furniture, consumer electronics and
home appliances.

35. Light industry

36. Heavyindustry It is an industry that involves one or more characteristics such as large and heavy products; large or heavy
equipment and facilities
It often involves higher capital intensity than light industry does, and it is also often more heavily cyclical in
investment and employment.
EXAMPLES
From the mid-19th
century through the
early 20th
steelmaking, artillery production, locomotive erection, machine
tool building, and the heavier types of mining.

37. Heavyindustry

38. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
FROM THIS… TO THIS.

39. THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
It was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period
from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
It started in England.
This transition included going from hand production methods to
machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production
processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of
steam power, and the development of machine tools

40. Fordism
manufacturing philosophy that aims to
achieve higher productivity by
standardizing the output, using conveyor
assembly lines, and breaking the work into
small deskilled tasks.
Whereas Taylorism (on which Fordism is
based) seeks machine and worker
efficiency, Fordism seeks to combine them
as one unit, and emphasizes minimization
of costs instead of maximization of profit.
Named after its famous proponent, the US
automobile pioneer Henry Ford (1863-
1947)

41. Industrial sector nowadays
Business is
concentrated in large
industrial groups
Specially if the
activity requires large
investments
Multinationals
Production processes
are global
Outsourcing
offshoring
Reflects the
GLOBALIZATION IN
ECONOMY

43. Reconversion and restructuring
Industrial restructuring is a striking feature of
the economic landscape in Europe today.
However, patterns of restructuring vary from
one country to another and across sectors.
Traditional industries are the ones that have
suffered a crisis. They lack competitiveness,
so many companies have closed or
implemented industrial restructuring
processes, which could be defined as a set of
economic policies led to help these industries
to meet the current economic standards.
Today, there is a new revolution of new high-
technology industries. They employ in
general few, but highly skilled workers. The
mechanical and repetitive tasks are
performed by robots.

44. New industries
Science and technology parks are an
example of industrial reconversion.
• Close to good road networks and airports.
• Availability of skilled workers.
• Links with University.
• Close to consumers and large cities.
• Location is attractive (room to expand).
• Reasonable price of the land.
• Possible fiscal exemptions or assistance.
Several factors are taken into
account to establish a park:

45. Page 104 ex 1, 2
What are the great industrial regions of the
world?
Some parts of the world are more
industrialized than others.
Industry is powerful in developed
and developing countries for
different reasons.
However, there are a lot of
countries that are still not
industrialized.

46. Some developing countries have become
emerging powers thanks to a rapid
industrialization process. Other reasons for
them are:
• Increasingly skilled cheap labour
• Stable governments
Reasons for industry development
• Political stability
• Capital availability
• Good transport infrastructure
• Skilled workforce
• Consumerism
• High technology

47. PAGE 117: Ex 1 a

48. Some of the imformation that you find in this presentation can be found
here:
https://www.slideshare.net/rrobrady/unit-8-the-secondary-sector
The main source of information is the text book (Santillana Richmond)