The document outlines the causes, developments, and aftermath of World War I (1914-1918), detailing traditional European rules of war, long-term and short-term causes such as imperialism, nationalism, and alliances, and key battles and technologies. It discusses the major alliances, the impact of the U.S. entering the war, the introduction of modern warfare technologies, and the consequences of the war including the Treaty of Versailles and the reshaping of Europe. The document concludes with the social and economic ramifications of the war, such as demographic changes and the emergence of new nations.

1. UNIT 5
THE FIRST WORLD WAR
1914-1918

2. •1. Causes of the war
•2. Development
•3. Weapons and soldier’s life.
•4. Propaganda
WORLD WAR I (1914-1918)
INDEX

3. • 1. A country must declare war before attacking another country.
• 2. Each side must wear uniforms or identify themselves to each other before attacking.
Soldiers wearing an enemy uniform will be shot as a spy.
• 3. Commanding officers should not be targeted.
• 4. Civilians, Surrendering Soldiers and Medical Personnel will not be attacked.
• 5. Hand to Hand combat is honourable, shooting from a distance is cowardly
• 6. Soldiers must be given the opportunity to surrender honourably.
TRADITIONAL EUROPEAN
RULES OF WAR

4. ALL the causes… THE MAIN causes…
1. CAUSES OF WWI

5. CAUSES
OF WWI

6. LONG TERM CAUSES
•A)Colonial conflicts and Imperialism
- Rise of German Empire (1890) broke the rules laid out at
Berlin Conference (1885).
- Moroccan crises.
1. CAUSES OF WWI

7. THE MOROCCAN CRISES (1905-1912)
· 1905 GERMAN EMPEROR VISITING TANGER > ALGERICAS CONFERENCE 1906
· 1911 WARSHIP SENT BY GERMANY > CONGO PASSED TO GERMANS

8. LONG TERM CAUSES
•B) Rivalry between powers and Nationalism
- Competition for territory and markets
•(Example: France and Germany- Alsace-Lorraine)
•(Example: Britain and Germany over economic
control) > German Weltpolitik
1. CAUSES OF WWI

9. ALSACE-LORRAINE

10. LONG TERM CAUSES
•C) Military alliances
-Designed to keep peace in Europe, instead pushed
continent towards war.
-Many Alliances made in secret.
-By 1907 two major alliances: Triple Alliance and Triple
Entente.
1. CAUSES OF WWI

11. ALLIANCE SYSTEM BEFORE THE WWI

12. CAUSES

13. REAL WAR
PARTICIPATION

14. LONG TERM CAUSES
•D) Arms Race(1890-1914)
-Militarism: glorifying Military Power of the nation
-Keeping a large standing army prepared for war
1. CAUSES OF WWI
«ARMED PEACE»

18. Battleships were being stockpiled by
European nations, Japan, and America in
the late 19th and early 20th century

19. LONG TERM CAUSES
•E) The Balkan Wars
-Austro-Hungarian Empire and Russia fighting over
control of Eastern Mediterranean Sea:
-Austria-Hungary anexed Bonia-Herzegovina
-Serbia wanted expansion suported by Russia because of
Ottoman weakness,
-Bulgaria attacked Serbia.
1. CAUSES OF WWI

20. THE BALKANS IN 1913

21. CHANGES IN THE BALKANS BEFORE THE WAR

22. THE TWO SIDES
Triple Alliance
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Italy
Central Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria…and colonies
Triple Entente
England
France
Russia
Allied Powers
England, France,
Russia, United States,
Italy, Serbia,
Belgium, Switzerland…and colonies
WAR ALLIANCES

24. LEADERS
Triple Alliance
Kaiser Wilhelm II
(Germany)
Franz Joseph I
(Austria-Hungary)
Vittorio Orlando
(Italy)
Triple Entente
David Lloyd George
(England)
Raymond Poincare
(France)
Czar Nicholas II (Russia)
WAR ALLIANCES

25. MAJOR COLONIES
•Triple Entente
•France- Vietnam, Parts of
Africa
•England- Africa, Australia,
Hong Kong, India,
Canada, S. America
•Triple Alliance
•Germany- Africa, Parts
of Asia
WAR ALLIANCES

26. COLONIES

27. SHORT-TERM CAUSE
•June 28th 1914
• Assassination of Franz Ferdinand (heir to the throne of Austria-
Hungary), by a Bonian young follower of Serbian group “Black Hand”.
1. CAUSES OF WWI

29. • July 23rd Austria Hungary Presents Serbia with an ultimatum
• July 28th Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
• July 29th Russia Mobilizes its troops
• August 1, 1914 Germany mobilizes troops.
• August 4, 1914 Germany attacks Belgium (Objective > France) and
Great Britain declares war.
Summer of 1914
Triple Entente/TripleAlliance Actions
WAR ALLIANCES

31. •By the end of 1914, not only Europe was at war, but
also all of Europe’s colonies in Asia, Africa and South
America.

34. 2. DEVELOPMENT OF WWI

35. 1) WAR OF MOVEMENTS AND TRENCH WARFARE ( STALEMATE) 1914-1918
- Battle of Marne
- Battle of Tannenberg
- Battle of Verdun and Battle of the Somme
2) 1917. TURNING POINT
- United States enters the war
**USA goes to war against Germany because of the sinking of neutral ships. USA is a big
industrial power, but without army. In a year it will form a powerful army.
- Russia withdraws from the war, after the Bolshevik Revolution.
3) 1918. END OF WAR
- On Eastern Front. Fall of Austro-Hungarian and Turkish empires.
- On Western Front. Fall of German Empire (II Reich).
2. DEVELOPMENT OF WWI

36. EXAMPLE .
• Trench Warfare: First Battle of the Somme
2. DEVELOPMENT OF WWI

37. TRENCH WARFARE: FIRST BATTLE OF THE SOMME
• During the First Battle of the Somme—which began
on July 1, 1916, and lasted until mid-November—
the British suffered an enormous number of
casualties (60,000 on the first day). Final casualties
for this phase of the war totaled 1.2 million, yet only
7 miles of ground was gained. This bloody trench
warfare, in which armies fought for mere yards of
ground, lasted for three years.
Gas attacks were common features
of trench life and often caused
blindness and lung disease
2. DEVELOPMENT OF WWI

38. US INVOLVEMENT
1) Neutrality > (many Germans living in US lands)
2) Road to war
> British Blockade
> German U-Boat SINKS Lusitania (May 1915)
3) Presidential elections (Wilson). > Controversy, debate and propaganda.
4) The Zimmerman Note (January 1917) > German & Mexico Aliiance
5) US declaration of war (April 1917)
What were the real reasons to get involved???
2. DEVELOPMENT OF WWI

41. 3. MODERN WARFARE

42. IMPORTANT NEW WEAPONS
• Machine Guns: Guns could now
fire 600 rounds per minute.
• The Tank: New steel tanks ran
on caterpillar treads.
• Airplanes: Early dogfights
resembled duals, however by
1918 the British had a fleet of
planes that could deliver bombs.
• Poison Gas: Mustard gas was
used to subdue the enemy.
3. MODERN WARFARE

43. IMPORTANT NEW WEAPONS
• Machine Guns: Guns could now
fire 600 rounds per minute.
• The Tank: New steel tanks ran
on caterpillar treads.
• Airplanes: Early dogfights
resembled duals, however by
1918 the British had a fleet of
planes that could deliver bombs.
• Poison Gas: Mustard gas was
used to subdue the enemy.
3. MODERN WARFARE

44. OTHER WEAPONS & EQUIPMENT
• Howitzers
• Flame throwers
• Torpedoes
• U-boats
• Phosphorus grenades
• Field phones
• Search lights
• Gas masks
• Camouflage
• Railroad guns
• Blimps
3. MODERN WARFARE

45. •The Machine Gun
•It was used by both sides, hundreds of rounds
a minute could be shot by one person.
3. MODERN WARFARE

46. •The German plan against France
was to rush into the country as fast
as possible: The Schlieffen Plan
•The Machine Gun stopped this
plan
3. MODERN WARFARE

48. TECHNOLOGY: CHEMICAL WEAPONS
WWI was the first major war to use
chemical weapons
Mustard Gas and Chlorine Gas were the
two most popular weapons: They caused
suffocation, blindness, and death
3. MODERN WARFARE
https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=G91na6MP3Hk
Min 1

49. Soldiers would protect themselves using Gas
Masks
3. MODERN WARFARE

52. TECHNOLOGY: THE U-BOAT (SUBMARINE)
•Germany’s secret weapon during
the war
•Sank dozens of British ships,
controlled the oceans.
• http://www.abc.es/historia-militar/20140213/abci-vida-
submarino-aleman-durante-201402122151.html
3. MODERN WARFARE

53. Why would the British think the U-
boat was breaking the rules of War ?

54. TECHNOLOGY: AIRPOWER
• Both sides used aircraft for observation, limited bombing,
and air battles
• Airplanes were slow, clumsy, and unreliable,
• The most famous German pilot was Baron von Richthofen
(The Red Baron)
3. MODERN WARFARE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
F_hDPwBgE7M
Min 20

55. 55

56. Red Baron (Von Richthofen)

57. TECHNOLOGY:
TANKS

58. TECHNOLOGY:
FLAME THROWERS

59. TRENCH WARFARE
• Both sides dug long trenches that faced each other. The trenches ran
for kilometers.
• From time to time, one side would attempt to cross the “No-Man’s
Land” the area in between the trenches.
• Trench warfare made WWI extend from a few months of fighting to
four years of fighting
3. MODERN WARFARE
https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=uOQmSBfA
2uU
Min 16

60. French Soldiers Attacking a
German Trench

61. TRENCH WARFARE

62. TRENCH WARFARE

63. TRENCH WARFARE

64. TRENCH WARFARE

66. TRENCH WARFARE

67. WOMEN
• They worked as nurses next to the front.
• Took the place of men in military factories, working for more than
15h without rest.
• Where one of the first groups claiming for the end of the war.
3. MODERN WARFARE
https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=pFmxMHwK
COc
Min 0
And 13

68. PROPAGANDA > ENGAGING THE ENTIRE POPULATION IN THE CONFLICT
4. A TOTAL WAR
• Generated feelings of patriotism as well as hatred towards the enemy
• Letters sent from soldiers to their
families were censored.
• Pacifist were arrested.

69. PROPAGANDA
GREAT BRITAIN

70. PROPAGANDA
GERMANY

71. PROPAGANDA
US

72. PROPAGANDA
RUSSIA

73. PEACE OF VERSAILLES
7. EUROPE AT THE END OF THE WAR

74. EUROPE BEFORE THE WAR

75. EUROPE AFTER THE WAR

76. • Treaty of Versailles: with Germany.
• Treaty of Saint-Germain: with Austria (September 1919).
• Treaty of Trianon: with Hungría (June 1920).
• Treaty of Neuilly: with Bulgaria (November 1919).
• Treaty of Sèvres: with Turquía (August 1920).
7. EUROPE AT THE END OF THE WAR
THE ORGANISATION OF PEACE

77. PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON'S FOURTEEN POINTS
1. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at after which there shall be no private international understandings
of any kind.
2. Freedom of the seas.
3. The removal so far as possible of all economic barriers.
4. The reduction of national armaments to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety.
5. Impartial adjustment of all colonial claims.
6. The evacuation of all Russian territory.
7. The evacuation and restoration of Belgium.
8. The liberation of France and return to her of Alsace and Lorraine.
9. Readjustment of the frontiers of Italy to conform to clearly recognizable lines of nationality.
10. The peoples of Austria-Hungary should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development.
11. Evacuation of occupation forces from Romania, Serbia and Montenegro; Serbia should be accorded free and
secure access to the sea.
12. Autonomous development for the non-Turkish peoples of the Ottoman empire; free passage of the
Dardanelles to the ships and commerce of all nations.
13. An independent Poland to be established, with free and secure access to the sea.
14. A general association of nations to be formed to guarantee to its members political independence and
territorial integrity (the genesis of the League of Nations).
7. EUROPE AT THE END OF THE WAR

78. PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON'S FOURTEEN POINTS (SPANISH)
1. Prohibición de la diplomacia secreta en el futuro.
2. Absoluta libertad de navegación en la paz y en la guerra fuera de las aguas jurisdiccionales.
3. Desaparición de las barreras económicas.
4. Garantía de la reducción de los armamentos nacionales.
5. Reajuste, absolutamente imparcial, de las reclamaciones coloniales (...).
6. Evacuación de todo el territorio ruso, dándose a Rusia la oportunidad para su desarrollo.
7. Restauración de Bélgica en su completa y libre soberanía.
8. Liberación de todo el territorio francés y reparación de los perjuicios causados por Prusia en 1871.
9. Reajuste de las fronteras italianas de acuerdo con el principio de nacionalidad.
10. Desarrollo autónomo de los pueblos de Austria- Hungría.
11. Evacuación de Rumania, Serbia y Montenegro, concesión de un acceso al mar a Serbia y arreglo de las relaciones
entre los Estados balcánicos de acuerdo con sus sentimientos y el principio de la nacionalidad.
12. Seguridad de desarrollo autónomo de las nacionalidades no turcas del Imperio Otomano.
13. Polonia, Estado independiente, con acceso al mar.
14. Asociación general de naciones, a constituir mecfiante pactos específicos con el propósito de garantizar mutuamente
la independencia política y la integración territorial, tanto de los Estados grandes como e los pequeños.
7. EUROPE AT THE END OF THE WAR

79. TREATY OF VERSAILLES
7. EUROPE AT THE END OF THE WAR

80. TREATY OF VERSAILLES (1919)
7. EUROPE AT THE END OF THE WAR
• Changes in the map of Europe:
• End of the great empires.
• Creation of new nations (POLAND, UKRAINE, LATVIA...)
• Some new states did not correspond to nationalities.
• Germany must cede 15,5% of its territory:
• Alsace and Lorraine
• Prusia, Posen and Dantzig
• Colonies

81. TREATY OF VERSAILLES (1919)
7. EUROPE AT THE END OF THE WAR
The Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to obey very harsh military
conditions, with which to seek to nullify its power and prevent a possible new
conflict:
• He was prohibited from compulsory military service.
• His army was reduced to 100,000 men, without artillery or aviation.
• The manufacture and use of heavy weapons was suppressed.
• It was demilitarized to 50 km of strip in the area of the Rhine. Left bank of this river
occupied by France for a period of 15 years.
• The entire war fleet passed to the victors.

82. TREATY OF VERSAILLES (1919)
7. EUROPE AT THE END OF THE WAR
Germany was declared responsible for the war, so it was imposed to pay
harsh compensations, impossible to afford:
• It had to pay huge quantities of money before 1925.
• It lost its merchant navy and part of its industrial infraestructures.
• This led to a hyperinflation and crisis.
However, the measures, given their rigor, had an inverse effect to that foreseen
because it served to feed German nationalism and militarism, considering that were
a HUMILIATION, which reached its maximum expression in the rearmament policy
promoted by Hitler.

83. TREATIES OF ST. GERMAIN / TRIANON
Division of the Austrian-
Hungarian empire
7. EUROPE AT THE END OF THE WAR

84. TREATY OF SEVRES
7. EUROPE AT THE END OF THE WAR
The Turkish Empire maintained the Anatolian
Peninsula + Istanbul. This will lead to a revolution

85. • It was proposed by Wilson in his 14
points:7
• Germany and the Soviet Union were
initially excluded
• US did not finally take part in the
asociation after proposing it.
-Failure of pre-war international relations (systems
of alliances)
• Was the project successful or not?
THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS:
GUARANTEE PEACE AND INTERNATIONAL CONCERT, AS WELL AS FOSTER
COOPERATIONAND SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT.
7. EUROPE AT THE END OF THE WAR

87. DEMOGRAPHIC
7.1 CONSEQUENCES
• Ageing population.
• Natality decrease.
• Imbalance women > men.
• Undernourishment.
DEATHS 9,272,000
DISABLED 6,500,000
WIDOWS 4,250,000
ORPHAN 8,000,000
ECONOMIC
• Destruction of infraestructures and
cities.
• Countries wealth decreased +-30%.
• Economic system destroyed because of
being focused in military production.
• Debts and inflation.
• Trading growth of The US (+war loans)
and Japan, and Argetina, Brazil…

88. SOCIAL
7.1 CONSEQUENCES
• Women labour incorporation.
POLITICAL
• End of empires.
• Russian revolution.
• New states (Finland, Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,
Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and
Hungary).
• LOST OF EUROPE HEGEMONY
• United Estates.
IDEOLOGICAL
• Independence reclaim from the
colonies.
• Revenge desire.
• War veterans lost their social
and work place.

89. Fco.JavierMontañoFdez.
Geography and History teacher