The document summarizes key events of the Age of Liberal Revolutions from 1789-1871. It covers: 1) The French Revolution from 1789-1799 which overthrew the monarchy and established a republic through several phases, before Napoleon's rise to power. 2) Napoleon's rule from 1799-1815 as Consul and Emperor, during which he conquered much of Europe before his defeat. 3) The period from 1815-1848 of conflict between absolutism and liberalism/nationalism, which led to several revolutionary movements across Europe seeking greater rights and national unity. 4) The unifications of Italy and Germany from the 1850s-1870s

1. UNIT 2
THE AGE OF THE LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS (1789-1871)

2. TIMELINE
FRENCH REVOLUTION NAPOLEON Absolutism vs. Liberalism Nationalism Birth of modern
Birth of
modern
nationalism
(France
becomes the
first “NATION”
Spread of
French liberal
nationalist
ideas
Liberal
revolution
Revolutionary turning
point:
- Democratic
revolution: birth
of republican and
socialist parties.
- Liberal and
nationalist
revolutions
1789 1800 1815 1830 1848 1859 Italy
Germany
1871

3. 1. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
CAUSES
1) Stratified society
2) Subsistence crisis (bad harvest)
3) Desire of political power by bourgeoisie sparked by
Enlightenment and American Revolution
4) Crisis of French absolute monarchy Need of tax reform
WHAT CAUSED THE REVOLUTIONS IN FRANCE?
PAGE 26
1789-1799
Inequalities
Popular revolts
Enlightenment principles
American Revolution

4. 1. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
OUTBREAK
1) Estates-General (May/June 1789)
2) Storming of the Bastille (July)
3) King recognises the National Assembly France becomes a
Constitutional Monarchy
PAGE 27-C
1789-1799
a) The King meets everyone, privileged and
non privileged
b) The King proposes tax reform, but the
privileged rejects it
c) As a result, the Third Estate leaves the
meeting and proclaims the NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY

5. 1. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
PHASES
 Constitutional Monarchy (1789-1792)
Moderation Census Suffrage Liberalism
 Social Republic (1792-1794)
Radicalism Universal male suffrage Democratism
 Conservative Republic (1794-1799)
Back to moderation
PAGE 27-D
1789-1799
Execution pf king
NAPOLEON

6. 1. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
1. CONSTITUTIONAL
MONARCHY
(1789-1792)
 Abolition of feudalism
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
 Constitution (1791)
 King tries to escape from France and ask for help.
PAGE 28
1789-1799
- National sovereignity
- Separation of powers
- Legal equality
- Census suffrage
- King can veto laws
- Creation of National Guard
- Civil Constitution of the Clergy
PHASES
After not reaching an
agreement with the
King and privileged,
the National
Constituent Assembly:
Text

7. FUITE DE VARENNES: THE KING RETURNING TO
PARÍS AFTER BEING ARRESTED TRYING TO ESCAPE.

8. 1. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
2. SOCIAL REPUBLIC
(1792-1794)
 Proclamation of the Republic
 The Girondin Convention
(Moderate)
 The Jacobin Convection
(Radicals)
PAGE 28
1789-1799
- King is arrested
- Universal male suffrage
- King is put to trial and executed
Reaction of absolutists both in and
out of France
PHASES
The betrayal by the
King and the military
invasion led to the
revolt by the common
people (sans-culottes):
- Universal male suffrage + Rights to social
equality
- Social laws
(Sans-Culottes)
- Reign of terror to stop plots against Revolution
(Guillotine for opponents)
- War against absolutist Europe (mass levy)
- Control of prices and salaries
- The poor are given the wealth
- Compulsory education
- Selling of Church lands
- New calendar

9. REPRESENTATION OF THE KING EXECUTION

10. REPRESENTATION OF “THE DEATH OF MARAT” (J. L.
DAVID)

11. 1. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
3. CONSERVATIVE
REPUBLIC OR
DIRECTORY
(1794-1799)
 Return to moderate principles
 New Constitution returning to census suffrage
Government in the hands of a few people from moderate bourgeoisie
(Directory)
INSTABILITY because of opposition from
 Coup d’ètat by NAPOLEON BONAPARTE (1799)
PAGE 29
1789-1799
PHASES
Many people opposed
the dictatorial
governement and
executed Robespierre.
Moderates took back
control
- Aristocracy
- Common people

12. SYMBOLS OF THE REVOLUTION

13. LA MARSEILLAISE

14. 2. NAPOLEONIC PERIOD
a) What was his social background? (familyand education)
b) Military career
c) What political ideas did he support during the Revolution?
d) What territories did he conquer? Who did he appoint to rule them?
(Complete an European map drawing the maximunterritories controled by
Napoleon, his allies and his enemies. Stick it on your notebook)
PAGE 32
1799-1815
RESEARCH
Complete a report
about Napoleon’s
biography answering
the followingquestions:
SOURCES:
https://www.biography.com/peo
apoleon-9420291
http://www.historyofwar.org/arti
people_napoleon.html
http://www.history.com/topics/n
on
https://www.biografiasyvidas.co
nografia/napoleon/
1) How fast did he rise through the ranks? When?
2) How successful was he as a militaryleader?

15. 2. NAPOLEONIC PERIOD
2. CONSULATE
(1799-1804)
1799 Coup d’etat
Constitution (1800)
Agreement (concordat) with the Church
Civil Code
PAGE 32
1799-1815
- Authoritarian (fewer rights than before)
- Economic liberalism (content the bourgeisie)
• Reform of public finance sector.
• Commercial code
- State schools to educate civil servants
PHASES
After becoming
popular because his
successful military
carrer, he took the
power with the idea
of ending the caos:
- Set of laws concerning
- Stronger authority of men over families
- Women deprived of individual rights
- Property
- Colonial affairs
- Family
- Individual rights
- Central Bank
- Efficient tax collection
- Slavery in colonies

16. 2. NAPOLEONIC PERIOD
2. EMPIRE
(1804-1815)
 Military expansión through Europe defeating most absolute
monarquies (support of European liberals)
 Creation of satellite states ruled by Napoleon’s relatives and close
advisors by use of force (sparking anti-French nationalist sentiment and
nationalist feelings)
 Continental system
 BACKLASH against Napoleon
 1814: Napoleon defeated and exiled
 1815: After a brief comeback, empire of the 100 days, finally
defeated at Waterloo
 RESTORATION OF ABSOLUTISM
PAGE 32
1799-1815
PHASES
Napoleon began his
conquest of Europe in
1803 thanks to his new
military tactics and
was crowned
emperor by the Pope
in 1804.
- Land
- Sea

17. EMPIRE (1804-1814): “NAPOLEON AND HER WIFE BEING CROWNED
EMPEROR” (J. L. DAVID)

18. NAPOLEON EMPEROR: HE WANTED TO BE SEEN AS A
ROMAN EMPEROR

19. NAPOLEON EMPEROR: HE WANTED TO BE SEEN AS A
ROMAN EMPEROR

20. NAPOLEON EMPEROR: “NAPOLEON CROSSING THE ALPS” (J. L.
DAVID)… AS HANNIBAL DID.

21. EMPIRE: FRENCH PREFECTURES

22. EMPIRE: INTERNATIONAL BLOCKADE

23. EMPIRE: BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR

24. EMPIRE: BATTLE OF WATERLOO AND EXILE

25. 3. ABSOLUTISM VS. LIBERALISM
1. RESTORATION
AFTER NAPOLEON
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
(1815)
Reaction: liberal revolutions and nationalism
PAGE 36
1815-1848
- Redrawing the map of Europe
- Back to absolutism and denial of national
sovereignty
Between 1814 and
1815, the powers
that defeated
Napoleon met to stop
the spread of liberal
ideas:

27. 3. ABSOLUTISM VS. LIBERALISM
2.1. REVOLUTIONS
OF 1820
CAUSES: agricultural crisis (prices of crops kept changing)
Mainly in Southern Europe: Spain, Naples and Greece.
Unsuccessful except in Greece.
INDEPENDENCE OF GREECE AFTER A LONG PROCESS (1821-1830)
a) Why did they want the independence?...
b) How did they get it?...
c) Which countries helped Greece and why?...
PAGE 36 & 38
1815-1848
Nationalist
movements spread
across Europe in the
19th century. Some of
them divided
plurinational empires:
PAGE 38

29. 3. ABSOLUTISM VS. LIBERALISM
2.2. REVOLUTIONS
OF 1830
CAUSES: bad harvests + (liberal ideas) + (nationalism) or both
FEATURES:
It succeded in
It failed in
PAGE 36
1815-1848
The Congress of Vienna
did not respect the
liberal principles or the
nationalist aspirations,
prompting the
revolutions:
- From France to ohter states
- Based on cities: bourgeoisie, intelectuals and workers as
reaction against impact of Industrial Revolution.
- Heavy bloodshed, destruction of property and exile.
BELGIUM: Independence from Netherlands and formation of a
liberal state
FRANCE: overthrow of absolute monarchy and crowning of
Constitutional monarch
POLAND: crushed by Russia.
ITALY: divided in South and controlled by Austrians in North
GERMANY: much division (36 small states)

31. 3. ABSOLUTISM VS. LIBERALISM
2.3. REVOLUTIONS
OF 1848
CAUSES:
FEATURES:
PAGE 37
1815-1848
In 19th century, many
European people lived
under an empire or
fragmented states. For
this reason, liberalism and
nationalism rose
toghether:
- Based on both: cities and rural areas
- Big role of WORKERS as political force
- Emergence of DEMOCRATS: universal suffrage, popular
sovereignty, collective rights and social policies
- (Re)emergence of republicans
- Agricultural and credit crisis
- Poverty caused by Industrial Revolution
- Liberal ideas + NATIONALISM + workers movement

33. 3. ABSOLUTISM VS. LIBERALISM
2.3. REVOLUTIONS
OF 1848
Why did
Revolutions fail?:
Legacy of
Revolution 1848
PAGE 37
1815-1848
In 19th century, many
European people lived
under an empire or
fragmented states. For
this reason, liberalism
and nationalism rose
toghether:
- Not total failure: in France
- Birth of WORKING CLASS MOVEMENT: they realise in 1848
that typical liberal revolution excludes them because it’s only
about political change, not economic or social one.
- High and Middle bougeoisie become more conservative for
fear of a workers revolution (bourgeoisie workers)
- Opposition between
- Armies controlled by absolutists
Bourgeoisie (goal = changing political
structure)
Workers (goal = changing economic
structure)
- II Republic
- Napoleon III keeps some
rights (e.g. universal male
suffrage)

35. 4. ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATIONS
CONTEXT IN EARLY
19TH CENTURY
Impact of French Revolutionary ideas (“la nation”) + 1848 Revolutions
Nationalist sentiments against Napoleon
Both, the German and the Italian area were divided into several small
states (*map)
Either unifications were driven by the most powerful state: economically,
military and politically
PAGE 39

36. GERMAN
TERRITORIES
BEFORE THE
UNIFICATION

37. 4. ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATIONS
UNIFICATION OF
GERMANY
(1834-1871)
Prusia as leader of the process
1834 => customs unión (Zollverein): uniting most German-sparking states
1848 => nationalist movement based on the ideology (Volksgeist)
1861-1871 => King of Prusia (William I) and his chancellor Otto von Bismark
made moves towards unifications: WARS on countries controlling German lands
(Denmark, Austria and France)
1871 => William I proclaimed Kaiser II REICH (1871-1918)
PAGE 39
Nationalist
movements spread
across Europe in the
19th century. Some of
them unified
fragmented nations:

38. Otto von Bismarck
Wilhelm I
THE MOST IMPORTANT PERSONAGES DURING
THE GERMAN UNIFICATION

39. PHASES OF THE
GERMAN
UNIFICATION

40. PHASES OF THE
GERMAN
UNIFICATION

41. ITALIAN
TERRITORIES
BEFORE THE
UNIFICATION

42. 4. ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATIONS
UNIFICATION OF
ITALY
(1859-1870)
Piedmont as leader of the process
1859 => to the North, Cavour (prime minister of Piedmont) declares WAR on
countries controlling Italian territory: Austria
=> to the South, Garibaldi leads a people’s movement and joins forces
with Piedmont.
1861 => the king of Piedmont (Victor Emmanuel) proclaimed king of Italy.
1870 => the Papal States, joins Italy end of unification
PAGE 39
Nationalist
movements spread
across Europe in the
19th century. Some of
them unified
fragmented nations:

43. Garibaldi
Victor Manuel
Cavour
THE MOST
IMPORTANT
PERSONAGES
DURING THE
ITALIAN
UNIFICATION

44. PHASES OF THE
ITALIAN
UNIFICATION

45. PHASES OF THE
ITALIAN
UNIFICATION

46. GLOSSARY
• Republic
• Sans-culotte
• Universal suffrage
• Census suffrage
• National sovereignty
• Popular sovereignty
• Nation
• State
• Girondin
• Jacobin
• Civil code
• Nationalism
• Liberalism
• Coalition (political)
• Autocratic
• Concordat
• Metric system
• Political clubs (French
Rev.)

47. Fco.JavierMontañoFdez.
Geography and History teacher