food safety and standards.pdf
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food safety its definition, importance & factors affecting its safety. FSSAI, EXPORT INSOECTION COUNCIL OF INDIA, QUALITY STANDARDS, AGMARK, BEAURO OF INDIAN STANDARDS,
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1. The document summarizes traditional and modern methods for grain storage presented by Islam Elrayah, Hassan Sdeig, and Nossiba Abdullah at the University of Khartoum's Faculty of Postgraduate M.Sc. Agricultural Engineering seminar in September 2021.
2. Traditional methods discussed include rhombus structures made of grass and clay, cribs made of bamboo or wire mesh, underground pits lined with straw, and open stack methods. Modern methods provide more control over aeration and protection from environmental factors but have higher initial costs and require more space.
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This document describes various traditional storage structures used for agricultural products in India. It discusses structures like kothis, bukharis, mud kothis, and mudas. Improved structures include Pusa bins and brick/cement bins. Permanent structures include sheds and vertical/squat silos. Specific traditional structures covered include kothis, bamboo structures, bins, rectangular bins, random storage in plastic bags, stone kothis, jars, wooden boxes, baskets, and wooden boxes. The document provides details on the materials, locations, and capacities of these various traditional grain storage structures.
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In a typical case, eggs are laid on or in the body of the host, the larvae feed on the body contents of the host, pupate either inside or on the host body and emerge as adults.
The hosts are not killed immediately. Most of the parasitoids belong to Hymenoptera (90%) and Diptera (10%).
type of parasitism
Superparasitism:-
When more than one adult of the same species attack the host.
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Multiparasitism:-
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Eg:-Bethylids and braconids - o.arenosella
Hyperparasitism:-
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Most insect parasitoid are waps and flies
Most of parasitoides belong to -hymenoptera and diptera
1.Hymenoptera
The ovipositor originates and protrudes ventrally from the abdomen and is used to insert eggs into their hosts. There are three super families.
a) Super Family : ICHNEUMONOIDEA
* Possess long and filiform antennae
* Wings are veined
Example - Family : ICHNEUMONIDAE
Family : BRACONIDAE
b) Super Family : CHALCIDOIDEA
* Mostly smallest parasitoids and gregarious
* Antennae geniculate
* Abdomen very short or globular with very slender propodeum
* Wings without veins
example-Family : CHALCIDIDAE
Family : TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE
Family : EULOPHIDAE
c) Super family : BETHYLOIDEA
* Smaller than Icheneumonoidea and larger than Chalcidoidea
example- Family : BETHYLIDAE
* Eg. Parasierola (= Goniozus) nephantidis, a larval parasitoid on O. arenosella
2) Order : DIPTERA
Family : TACHINIDAE
* Eg. Sturmiopsis inferens, a larval parasitoid on sugarcane shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus
* Large bristle flies
* Eggs may be macrotype or microtype
* Macrotype eggs are laid directly on the host's body usually attached to the neck region by a glutinous secretion
* Eg. Spoggosia bezziana on O. arenosella
* Microtype eggs are laid on the host plant and the host larvae feeding on the plant tissue ingest them
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predators kill and feed on several to many individual prey during their lifetimes.
Many species of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles prey extensively on insects.
Predatory beetles, flies, lacewings, true bugs (Order Hemiptera), and wasps feed on various pest insects or mites.
Most spiders feed entirely on insects.
Predatory mites that feed primarily on pest spider mites include Amblyseius spp., Neoseiulus spp., and the western predatory mite, Galendromus occidentalis
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2. Traditional methods discussed include rhombus structures made of grass and clay, cribs made of bamboo or wire mesh, underground pits lined with straw, and open stack methods. Modern methods provide more control over aeration and protection from environmental factors but have higher initial costs and require more space.
3. The selection of a storage technique depends on production levels, climate, quantity of grain, and required storage duration. Traditional methods
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The document discusses various traditional and improved grain storage structures used in India. It notes that while grain production has increased, storage capacity has not, resulting in losses. It then describes different traditional structures like morai, bukhari, and kothar that store grain in bulk. Improved structures include cylindrical bins made of concrete and rectangular bins under farm sheds. Bag storage structures are also used to store thousands of bags of grain.
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Introduction
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Containers for packing of canned products
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This document provides information on food safety and management. It discusses the different types of hazards like physical, chemical and biological hazards. It also talks about identifying hazards, assessing risks and controlling risks through elimination, substitution, isolation and engineering controls. The document also discusses food storage and the different methods used for storing different types of foods like fruits, vegetables and grains. It describes cold storage, controlled atmospheric storage and different storage methods for grains like bag storage, bulk storage and open storage.
TRADITIONAL STORAGE STRUCTURES
This document describes various traditional storage structures used for agricultural products in India. It discusses structures like kothis, bukharis, mud kothis, and mudas. Improved structures include Pusa bins and brick/cement bins. Permanent structures include sheds and vertical/squat silos. Specific traditional structures covered include kothis, bamboo structures, bins, rectangular bins, random storage in plastic bags, stone kothis, jars, wooden boxes, baskets, and wooden boxes. The document provides details on the materials, locations, and capacities of these various traditional grain storage structures.
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Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop grown on 42 million hectares globally. It is drought tolerant and grown in semi-arid regions. Sorghum provides nutrition as well as health benefits like being gluten-free. India is the second largest producer of sorghum after the US. The document discusses sorghum production, varieties grown in Tamil Nadu like CO26, and seasons of cultivation. It also summarizes information on hybrid seed production methods, important hybrids released by the AICRP on sorghum, and the role of public and private agencies in sorghum seed production in India.
Scope of fruit and vegetable industry in india
India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables globally. It has a diverse range of agro-climatic zones allowing for various horticultural crops. Food processing transforms raw agriculture into value-added products through methods like preservation and drying to enhance shelf life and quality. The food processing industry is important as it provides employment, boosts farmer incomes, reduces malnutrition and food waste, earns foreign exchange, and curbs migration and inflation by increasing supplies. It also encourages crop diversification and brings more choices to consumers.
Post harvesting management
a detailed description of post-harvest handling of mango, apple, banana, okra(lady finger), broccoli, potato. It also includes post-harvest losses.
New trends in food science
Genetically modified foods are created through recombinant DNA technology, transferring genetic material between species to produce desired traits like pest or virus resistance. Nutritionally improved GM crops also aim to address nutrient deficiencies. Nutraceuticals are foods with health benefits derived from components like terpenes, phytosterols, phenols, and theols found in plants. Organic foods are produced without artificial fertilizers or pesticides, instead using natural methods. Functional foods provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition from antioxidants and other compounds that may protect against diseases. Probiotics are live microorganisms that benefit health by balancing intestinal microbiota while prebiotics feed probiotic bacteria.
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The document discusses cleaning and grading of grains for physical characteristics. It describes types of cleaners and graders, specifically air screen cleaners. It explains that air screen cleaners use screening and aspiration to separate grains based on size, removing impurities. The document outlines factors that influence air screen cleaner design, like material properties, machine settings, and screen specifications. Finally, it provides an overview of the industrial setup for cleaning and grading operations.
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This document provides an overview of sorghum cultivation practices. It discusses the taxonomy, botany, economic importance, distribution, varieties, growth stages, nutrient management, irrigation, weed management, and harvesting of sorghum. Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide and is used for food, fodder, and production of alcoholic beverages. It is tolerant of drought and heat and is well suited to dry, hot climates. Proper soil preparation, fertilizer application, irrigation, and weed control are required to maximize sorghum yields.
Seed and Seed technology
Seed is the basic input for crop production and modern plant breeding has played a key role in developing high-yielding varieties and hybrids. Good quality seeds of improved varieties can increase production by 20-25%. A seed consists of an embryonic plant surrounded by food and a protective coat. It completes the plant reproduction process. Seed technology aims to rapidly multiply popular varieties and ensure a timely supply of high quality seeds at reasonable prices. It maintains genetic purity and certification standards. The seed industry has increased India's food production and plays a critical role in agriculture.
Postharvest technology
Post harvesting management includes processes done immediately after harvesting produce like cooling, cleaning, sorting and packing. It is important as crops begin deteriorating after harvesting. Post harvesting largely determines final quality and minimizes 40% losses in fruits and vegetables due to improper handling, storage, packaging and transportation. Losses occur due to lack of infrastructure, technical support and organized marketing. Deterioration is caused by microorganisms, enzymes, insects and environmental factors like temperature and moisture. Proper post harvesting practices like pre-cooling, modified atmosphere packaging and storage in zero energy cool chambers can extend shelf life.
Storage of horticultural crops
About the storage of horticultural crops using the advanced technology.Various methods of storage includes: cold storage,controlled atmospheric storage, modified atmospheric storage.
Fermented-and-unfermented-beverages.pdf
Fermented beverages such as wine, cider, and champagne are produced through the alcoholic fermentation of fruits and grains by yeast. They provide health benefits by supporting digestive health and containing probiotics. Examples have been produced for thousands of years from grapes, apples, and other fruits rich in natural sugars and acids suitable for fermentation. Unfermented beverages like fruit juices are extracted from fruits, clarified to remove pulp, and preserved through pasteurization, refrigeration, or addition of preservatives to prevent alcoholic fermentation. Common products include juices, squashes, cordials, and syrups produced through processes like extraction, clarification, preservation, and bottling.
Aae 301
This document contains lecture notes on farm management and production economics. It discusses key topics like the meaning and definitions of farm management, economic principles applied to farm organization, the law of diminishing returns, determination of optimum input and output, and cost principles. The notes are intended to help students understand the application of economic theory and decision-making concepts to maximize profits in farm management.
Protected cultivation, importance &; scope, status in india
Protected cultivation involves controlling the microclimate around plants to optimize growth conditions. It has several benefits like conserving moisture, improving crop quality and yield, and allowing year-round production. In India, protected cultivation began in the late 1990s and has grown to around 30,000 hectares currently, focused on high-value crops. Major producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, and Northeast states. Globally, over 405,000 hectares use protected cultivation led by China, Japan, and European nations.
Post harvest management
The document discusses post-harvest management of maize in India. It notes that close to 30% of maize crops are lost due to inefficient post-harvest management practices. The losses occur primarily due to improper drying and storage techniques as well as poor handling. Effective post-harvest management requires lowering moisture content through appropriate drying, using good quality storage infrastructure, and providing a comprehensive set of value-added services under one system, including processing, price discovery tools, and preparing for bulk handling techniques and infrastructure. SSLL aims to bridge gaps in post-harvest management through its network of agri-logistics parks that offer drying, storage, testing, financing, processing, trading and other services.
Insect orders bearing predators and parasitoids used in pest control and thei...
IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT PARASITOIDS
A parasitoid is an insect living on or in the body of another insect, called the host from which it gets protection and food during its immature stage and the adults are free living.
In a typical case, eggs are laid on or in the body of the host, the larvae feed on the body contents of the host, pupate either inside or on the host body and emerge as adults.
The hosts are not killed immediately. Most of the parasitoids belong to Hymenoptera (90%) and Diptera (10%).
type of parasitism
Superparasitism:-
When more than one adult of the same species attack the host.
Eg:-Trichospilus pupivara -opisina arenosella
Multiparasitism:-
More than one species attack the host
Eg:-Bethylids and braconids - o.arenosella
Hyperparasitism:-
When a parasitiod is attacked by another parasitiod.
Eg:- Aphid - Aphidius -asaphess
Most insect parasitoid are waps and flies
Most of parasitoides belong to -hymenoptera and diptera
1.Hymenoptera
The ovipositor originates and protrudes ventrally from the abdomen and is used to insert eggs into their hosts. There are three super families.
a) Super Family : ICHNEUMONOIDEA
* Possess long and filiform antennae
* Wings are veined
Example - Family : ICHNEUMONIDAE
Family : BRACONIDAE
b) Super Family : CHALCIDOIDEA
* Mostly smallest parasitoids and gregarious
* Antennae geniculate
* Abdomen very short or globular with very slender propodeum
* Wings without veins
example-Family : CHALCIDIDAE
Family : TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE
Family : EULOPHIDAE
c) Super family : BETHYLOIDEA
* Smaller than Icheneumonoidea and larger than Chalcidoidea
example- Family : BETHYLIDAE
* Eg. Parasierola (= Goniozus) nephantidis, a larval parasitoid on O. arenosella
2) Order : DIPTERA
Family : TACHINIDAE
* Eg. Sturmiopsis inferens, a larval parasitoid on sugarcane shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus
* Large bristle flies
* Eggs may be macrotype or microtype
* Macrotype eggs are laid directly on the host's body usually attached to the neck region by a glutinous secretion
* Eg. Spoggosia bezziana on O. arenosella
* Microtype eggs are laid on the host plant and the host larvae feeding on the plant tissue ingest them
Predators
predators kill and feed on several to many individual prey during their lifetimes.
Many species of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles prey extensively on insects.
Predatory beetles, flies, lacewings, true bugs (Order Hemiptera), and wasps feed on various pest insects or mites.
Most spiders feed entirely on insects.
Predatory mites that feed primarily on pest spider mites include Amblyseius spp., Neoseiulus spp., and the western predatory mite, Galendromus occidentalis
Groundnut
Groundnut, also known as peanut, is a self-pollinating legume crop grown underground. It is an important oilseed crop cultivated in over 100 countries. There are four main types of groundnuts grown - Spanish, Virginia, Runner, and Valencia. Breeding objectives for groundnut include developing high yielding varieties with good drought tolerance, quality traits like high shelling percentage and oil content, and resistance to diseases like tomato spotted wilt virus. Breeding methods used include introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation breeding, and use of wild relatives to transfer beneficial traits.
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MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDS & FOOD STORAGE- Dr. Shweta Gupta
MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDS & FOOD STORAGE- Dr. Shweta Gupta
Cleaning and grading-Physical Characteristics of Grains for cleaning and grad...
Cleaning and grading-Physical Characteristics of Grains for cleaning and grad...
Protected cultivation, importance &; scope, status in india
Protected cultivation, importance &; scope, status in india
Insect orders bearing predators and parasitoids used in pest control and thei...
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This document discusses food quality standards and world food trade. It outlines key factors in food quality like safety, intended purpose and satisfying consumer expectations. It then discusses various international and national standards and regulations around food quality in India like ISO, FSSAI, BIS and AGMARK. Finally, it examines aspects of world food trade like the role of WTO, agricultural markets, food security, trade impacts and the increasing global population.
Chapter 1-lecture 2.pptx
Food quality control in the food industry is the process of monitoring and verifying food product quality throughout the supply chain1. The ultimate goal is to verify that products meet stringent criteria for safety, taste, appearance, and other factors1. Key procedures in food quality control include2:
Product & Recipe Formulation
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for educational purpose food safety and standard food law Indian and international standards for food products ABT -5211
IDAC Merieux NutriSciences - Testing Services..
Mérieux NutriSciences provides laboratory testing, auditing, consulting and other services related to food safety and quality. They have a global network of facilities and have experienced significant growth over the last 5 years. Their new facility in Saudi Arabia will help clients in the Middle East and Africa regions assure food safety and quality across their supply chains through integrated solutions like testing, inspection and certification services. Food safety has become increasingly important to consumers, regulators and businesses operating in Saudi Arabia.
5 nutrition and food safety scr
The document proposes establishing a Center of Excellence in Nutrition and Food Safety to develop high-throughput and low-cost testing protocols to improve nutritional security and food safety. The Center would focus on developing rapid nutrient and contaminant screening, assessing bioavailability of micronutrients, and creating nutritious processed foods and formulations. It would provide affordable food safety testing, guide policy, and build capacity through training on nutrition, food safety, and testing. The outcomes would be safer, more nutritious diets and facilitated agribusiness through product development and compliance with food safety standards.
The Importance of Allergen Management in Food Industry
Every year millions of people get adversely affected by the food they consume. Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal
pain and fever are some serious symptoms of food borne diseases which people may experience after
consumption of contaminated foods. Bacteria, viruses, parasites and toxins are the main cause of most
illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths. The need for national and international food safety strategies to control
these hazards and to ensure fitness of food for human consumption goes back to the 1960s.
However, in the last decade the increased number of allergy-related hospitalizations has resulted in many
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Food Safety- Indonesia
Presented at Michigan State University's WorldTAP International Short Course in Food Safety on July 31, 2009. (http://foodsafetyknowledgenetwork.org/worldtap/foodsafety09)
Food Safety Plan Overview.pptx
This document outlines various food safety programs and prerequisite programs for food safety management systems. It discusses good agricultural practices, good manufacturing practices, good hygiene practices, good storage practices, and good laboratory practices which form the foundation for an effective HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) system. Specifically, it describes GMP requirements in the food industry such as environmental hygiene, handling and storage, cleaning and sanitation. It also discusses GAP benefits like food quality improvement and market access. HACCP is then introduced as a system that identifies hazard points and implements controls to prevent food safety issues.
Food safety , OPRP, CCP.pptx
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. Food labelling
2. Food poisoning is an acute illness caused by contaminated or poisonous food, usually lasting 1-7 days with symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting and fever.
3. The 4 C principle in food hygiene are: Chilling (milk, vegetables), Cooking, Cleaning, and Clear and clean as you go. Examples of food additives are color and preservatives.
4. Food allergy is an immune system reaction while food intolerance is an non-immune reaction.
5. TACCP stands for Threat Assessment and Critical Control Points. A CCP shall be an integral step in any process flow
Khalil MB@CV (1) (1) (1)
Shaik Khaleel is a quality control officer currently working for Vita Food Products Co. in Dammam, KSA since 2013. He has over 10 years of experience in quality control and food safety in the food manufacturing industry. His responsibilities include in-line process monitoring, batch record maintenance, hygiene testing, and preparing daily quality reports. Previously, he worked for 4 years as a quality controller for Allana Group of Companies in India, where he performed various quality tests and ensured products met specifications. Khaleel holds a B.Sc. in Microbiology and has participated in national conferences on food safety and packaging.
FOOD SAFETY IN INDIA CURRENT STATU.pptx
The document discusses food safety in India and outlines the key issues and challenges with food safety regulation. It provides background on food production and trade in India. It then summarizes the main provisions and objectives of the Food Safety and Standards Act of 2006, which consolidated multiple laws and established a single regulatory body, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India. The act aims to ensure safe and wholesome food through strengthened standards, monitoring, and enforcement. It outlines the new regulatory framework including licensing authorities at central and state levels.
Food safety standards and certifications
This document provides information on various food safety standards and certifications. It discusses the differences between food safety and safe food. It also explains the Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) which aims to ensure safe food through continuous improvement in food safety management systems. Several certification programs are described, including Safe Quality Food (SQF), British Retail Consortium (BRC), International Food Safety (IFS), ISO 22000, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), and Global GAP. The benefits of these certifications for food producers are to assure customers of safe food and access to major retailers through demonstrating strong food safety practices.
Khalil MB@CV (1) (1) (1)
Shaik Khaleel is a quality controller with over 10 years of experience in food manufacturing. He currently works for Vita Food Products Co. in Dammam, KSA, where he is responsible for in-line process monitoring, batch record maintenance, hygiene testing, and quality report preparation. Previously, he worked for 4 years at Frigerio Conserva Allana Ltd. in roles involving quality control testing, laboratory maintenance, microbiological monitoring, and ensuring products met specifications. Khaleel holds a B.Sc. in Microbiology and has skills in food safety systems, laboratory analysis, and computer programs like MS Office.
710 keynote-ppt
The document discusses food safety in India and outlines the key issues, challenges and the Food Safety and Standards Act 2006 which was implemented to address these issues. The 3 key points are:
1. India has a large and growing food industry but faced issues with multiple overlapping laws, varied quality standards and a lack of a single regulatory authority.
2. The Food Safety and Standards Act 2006 consolidated various laws to establish a single reference system and a single regulatory authority called FSSAI to regulate and monitor food safety.
3. The act aims to ensure safe and wholesome food through setting science-based standards, improved enforcement structure, monitoring systems, and empowering consumers.
Food quality notes
Quality is defined as a combination of characteristics that determine a product's acceptability to consumers. Food quality can be evaluated using subjective, objective, and microscopic methods. Sensory attributes like appearance, color, shape, size, and firmness are important quality parameters evaluated by buyers, sellers, and consumers. Sensory evaluation involves trained panels assessing attributes like taste, smell, texture, and sound. It is important for quality control, product development, and marketing. Maintaining quality involves controlling raw materials, processing, sanitation, handling, distribution, and meeting consumer standards.
Pfndai role of processed f & b in national food & nutrition security-...
This document discusses the role of processed foods and beverages in national food and nutrition security. It provides background on food science, food technology, and what food scientists do. It outlines the evolution of food processing from hunter-gatherer to agricultural to industrial stages. The document discusses controversies around processed foods and their perceived contributions to non-communicable diseases. It emphasizes the importance of building consumer awareness and having a responsive ecosystem with responsible manufacturers and a balanced regulatory system.
Food Regulations, Safety & Quality Standards in India_2012
This document discusses food regulations, safety standards, and the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). It outlines the concepts of food safety and safe food. It then discusses reasons for increased focus on food safety like changes in food habits and globalization of trade. It provides information on the establishment of FSSAI and its mandate to regulate food safety in India. It also summarizes the roles and responsibilities of various authorities involved in food safety regulation under the new FSSAI framework.
Food hygiene and inspection [autosaved]
The document provides information about food hygiene and inspection. It begins with definitions of key terms like food, food safety hazards, food hygiene, and food poisoning. It describes the objectives of food hygiene which include ensuring food is safe and handled safely. It discusses the WHO's 10 rules for safe food practices. It also covers determining whether a food item is wholesome or unwholesome, food analysis and quality control, reasons for and importance of food hygiene, methods for food inspection, and how to interpret laboratory results.
Food safety
This document discusses food safety, including food labeling, food additives, pesticide residues, food hygiene, and foodborne illness hazards. It emphasizes that food safety is important to protect consumer health and prevent financial losses from unsafe products. Key aspects of food safety include following good manufacturing practices, hazard analysis and critical control point systems, and maintaining proper food hygiene through cleaning, sanitization, and prevention of cross-contamination. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India regulates food safety in the country.
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Symptoms, etiology, disease cycle and management of major diseases of following crops: Field Crops: Rice: blast, brown spot, bacterial blight, sheath blight, false smut, khaira and tungro; Maize: stalk rots, downy mildew, leaf spots; Sorghum: smuts, grain mold and anthracnose, Bajra: downy mildew and ergot; Groundnut: early and late leaf spots, wilt Soybean: Rhizoctonia blight, bacterial spot, seed and seedling rot and mosaic; Pigeonpea: Phytophthora blight, wilt and sterility mosaic; Finger millet: Blast and leaf spot; black & green gram: Cercospora leaf spot and anthracnose, web blight and yellow mosaic; Castor: Phytophthora blight,Tobacco: black shank, black root rot and mosaic. Horticultural Crops: Guava: wilt and anthracnose; Banana: Panama wilt, bacterial wilt, Sigatoka and bunchy top:Papaya: foot rot, leaf curl and mosaic, Pomegranate: bacterial blight; Cruciferous vegetables: Alternaria leaf spot and black rot; Brinjal: Phomopsis blight and fruit rot and Sclerotinia blight; Tomato: damping off, wilt, early and late blight, buck eye rot and leaf curl and mosaic; Okra: Yellow Vein Mosaic; Beans: anthracnose and bacterial blight; Ginger: soft rot; Colocasia: Phytophthora blight; Coconut: wilt and bud rot; Tea: blister blight; Coffee: rust
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Disclaimer: It is for self study however, if you find it helpful you can study
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ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT & BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Theory Concept of Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship Development, Characteristics, types and
functions of entrepreneurs.
Role of entrepreneurship in economic development & achievement motivation. Barriers of entrepreneurs.
SWOT Analysis, contract farming, joint venture, public private partnership, social
responsibility of business.
Government policy and programs and institutions for entrepreneurship development,
Impact of economic reforms on Agribusiness/ Agri enterprises.
Developing Managerial Skills, Entrepreneurial Development Process; Organizational
skill (controlling, supervising, problem solving, monitoring & evaluation)
Business Leadership Skills (Communication, direction and motivation Skills),
Supply chain management and Total quality management.
Project Planning Formulation and report preparation; Opportunities for Agri entrepreneurship and rural enterprise.
AEXT 5311 notes, IGKV 5 semester notes, 3 year 1 semester notes, entrepreneurship development and business management notes, BTC CARS, BILASPUR, Ishan Dewangan , B.Sc agriculture notes, agriculture notes, business management notes igkv,
Manures, Fertilizers and Soil Fertility Management ASOIL5311 Notes IGKV
Introduction and importance of organic manures, properties and methods of preparation of
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Chemical fertilizers: classification, composition and properties of major nitrogenous,
phosphatic, potassic fertilizers, secondary & microtrient fertilizers, Complex ertilizers,
nano fertilizers Soil amendments, Fertilizer Storage, Fertilizer Control Order.
History of soil fertility and plant nutrition. criteria of essentiality. role, deficiency and toxicity
symptoms of essential plant nutrients, Mechanisms of nutrient transport to plants, factors
affecting nutrient availability to plants. Chemistry of soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,
calcium, magnesium, sulphur and micronutrients. Soil fertility evaluation, Soil testing.
Critical levels of different nutrients in soil. Forms of nutrients in soil, plant analysis, rapid
plant tissue tests. Indicator plants. Methods of fertilizer recommendations to crops. Factor
influencing nutrient use efficiency (NUE), methods of application under rainfed and irrigated
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Geoinformatics and Nano-technology and Precision Farming Notes AENGG5311 IGKV
Geoinformatics and Nano-technology and Precision Farming Notes
SYLLABUS:-
Precision agriculture: concepts and techniques; their issues and concerns for Indian
agriculture; Geo-informatics- definition, concepts, tool and techniques; their use in Precision
Agriculture. Crop recommendation using geospatial technologies; Spatial data and their management in GIS;
Remote sensing concepts and application in agriculture; Image processing and interpretation;
Global positioning system (GPS), components and its functions; Introduction to crop
Simulation Models and their uses for optimization of Agricultural Inputs; STCR approach for
precision agriculture; Nanotechnology, definition, concepts and techniques, brief introduction
about nanoscale effects, nano-particles, nano-pesticides, nano-fertilizers, nano-sensors, Use
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AENGG5311 NOTES, AENGG5311 HINDI NOTES, AENGG5311 ENGLISH NOTES, AENGG5311 NOTES IGKV, GEOINFORMATICS AND NANO TECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION FARMING NOTES, IGKV 5 SEMESTER NOTES, IGKV 3 YEAR NOTES, IGKV RAIPUR, BS AGRICULTURE 3 YEAR 1 SEMESTER NOTES, ISHAN DEWANGAN, AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING NOTES
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The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution. Researchers found that lockdowns led to significant short-term reductions in nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter pollution globally as economic activities slowed. However, the impacts on greenhouse gases and long-term air quality improvements remain uncertain without permanent behavior and economic changes.
Farming system and sustainable agriculture notes
Farming System-scope, importance, and concept, Types and systems of farming system and
factors affecting types of farming, Farming system components and their maintenance,
Cropping system and pattern, multiple cropping system, Efficient cropping system and their
evaluation, Allied enterprises and their importance, Tools for determining production and
efficiencies in cropping and farming system; Sustainable agriculture-problems and its impact
on agriculture, indicators of sustainability, adaptation and mitigation, conservation agriculture
strategies in agriculture, HEIA, LEIA and LEISA and its techniques for sustainability,
Integrated farming system-historical background, objectives and characteristics, components of
IFS and its advantages, Site specific development of IFS model for different agro-climatic
zones, resource use efficiency and optimization techniques, Resource cycling and flow of
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Environmental studies and disaster management notes AFOR5221 (hindi)
1. Multidisciplinary Nature Of Environmental Studies: Definition, Scope And
Importance
2. Natural Resources: Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources, Natural Resources
and Associated Problems.
A) Forest Resources: Use and Over Exploitation, Deforestation, Case Studies
Timber Extraction, Mining, Dams And Their Effect On Forest And Tribal People.
B) Water Resources: Use and Over Utilization of Surface and Ground Water,
Floods, Drought, Conflicts Over Water, Dams- Benefits and Problems.
C)Mineral Resources: Use and Exploitation, Environmental Effects of Extracting
and Using Mineral Resources, Case Studies.
3. D) Food Resources: World Food Problems, Changes Caused by Agriculture and
Overgrazing, Effects of Modern Agriculture, Fertilizer Pesticide Problems, Water
Logging, Salinity, Case Studies.
E) Energy Resources: Growing Energy Needs, Renewable and Non-Renewable
Energy Sources, Use of Alternate Energy Sources. Case Studies
F) Land Resources: Land as A Resource, Land Degradation, Man Induced
Landslides, Soil Erosion and Desertification. Role Of an Individual in Conservation
of Natural Resources. Equitable Use of Resources for Sustainable Lifestyles.
4. Ecosystems: Concept of An Ecosystems, Structure and Function of An Ecosystems,
Producers, Consumers and Decomposers, Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
5. Ecological Succession, Food Chains, Food Webs, And Ecological Pyramids.
Introduction, Types, Characteristic Features
6. Structure and Function of The Following Ecosystem: A. Forest Ecosystems B.
Grassland Ecosystems C. Desert Ecosystems D. Aquatic Ecosystems (Ponds,
Streams, Lakes, Rivers, Oceans, Estuaries)
7. Biodiversity and Its Conservation: Introduction, Definition, Genetic, Species &
Ecosystem and Diversity and Biogeographical Classification of India. Value Of
Biodiversity: Consumptive Use, Predictive Use, Social, Ethical, Aesthetic And Option
Values. Biodiversity At Global, National and Local Levels, India as A Mega- Diversity
Nation. Hotspots Of Biodiversity.
8. Threats to Biodiversity: Habitat Loss, Poaching of Wildlife, Man- Wildlife Conflicts.
Endangered And Endemic Species of India. Conservation Of Biodiversity:
In-Situ and Ex-Situ Conservation of Biodiversity.
9. Environmental Pollution: Definition, Causes, Effects And Control Measures Of Air,
Water, Soil, Marine, Noise, Thermal Pollution, Nuclear Hazards. Solid Waste
Management: Causes, Effects and Control Measure of Urban and Industrial Wastes.
Role Of Individual in Prevention of Pollution.
10. Social Issues and Environment: From Unsustainable to Sustainable Development,
Urban Problems Related to Energy, Water Conservation, Rain Water Harvesting,
Watershed Management Environmental Ethics: Issues and Possible Solutions,
Climate Change, Global Warming, Acid Rains, Ozone Layer Depletion, Nuclear
Accidents and Holocaust. Dies, Wasteland Reclamation. Consumerism And Waste
Products. Etc
hindi notes for hindi medium students.
Indira Gandhi krishi vishwavidyalaya raipur
AGRIBUISNESS MANAGEMENT NOTES ABM5221
1. Transformation of agriculture into agri business, various stakeholders and components of agri business systems.
2. Importance of agri business in the Indian economy and new agricultural policy.
3. Distinctive features of agri business management: importance and needs of agro based industries
4. Classification of industries and types of agro based industries, institutional arrangement, procedures to set up agro based industries.
5. Constantine establishing agro based industries
6. Agri value chain: understanding primary and support activities and their linkages
7. Business environment:PEST and SWOT analysis
8. Management functions: roles and activities
9. Organisation culture: planning meaning definition, types of plans
10. Purpose aur mission, goals are objectives, strategies, policies procedures, rules, programs and budget, components of business plan.
11. Steps in planning and implementation
12. Organisation staffing, directing and motivation, ordering, leading, supervision, communications, control
13. Capital management and financial management of agri business
14. Financial statements and there importance
15. Marketing management: segmentation, targeting and positioning
16. Marketing mix and marketing, strategies consumer behaviour analysis
17. Product life cycle, sales and distribution management
18. Pricing policy,various pricing methods
19. Project management definition,project cycle, identification,formulation, appraisal implementation, monitoring and evaluation
20. Project appraisal and evaluation techniques
Environmental studies and disaster management notes AFOR5221
1. Multidisciplinary Nature Of Environmental Studies: Definition, Scope And
Importance
2. Natural Resources: Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources, Natural Resources
and Associated Problems.
A) Forest Resources: Use and Over Exploitation, Deforestation, Case Studies
Timber Extraction, Mining, Dams And Their Effect On Forest And Tribal People.
B) Water Resources: Use and Over Utilization of Surface and Ground Water,
Floods, Drought, Conflicts Over Water, Dams- Benefits and Problems.
C)Mineral Resources: Use and Exploitation, Environmental Effects of Extracting
and Using Mineral Resources, Case Studies.
3. D) Food Resources: World Food Problems, Changes Caused by Agriculture and
Overgrazing, Effects of Modern Agriculture, Fertilizer Pesticide Problems, Water
Logging, Salinity, Case Studies.
E) Energy Resources: Growing Energy Needs, Renewable and Non-Renewable
Energy Sources, Use of Alternate Energy Sources. Case Studies
F) Land Resources: Land as A Resource, Land Degradation, Man Induced
Landslides, Soil Erosion and Desertification. Role Of an Individual in Conservation
of Natural Resources. Equitable Use of Resources for Sustainable Lifestyles.
4. Ecosystems: Concept of An Ecosystems, Structure and Function of An Ecosystems,
Producers, Consumers and Decomposers, Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
5. Ecological Succession, Food Chains, Food Webs, And Ecological Pyramids.
Introduction, Types, Characteristic Features
6. Structure and Function of The Following Ecosystem: A. Forest Ecosystems B.
Grassland Ecosystems C. Desert Ecosystems D. Aquatic Ecosystems (Ponds,
Streams, Lakes, Rivers, Oceans, Estuaries)
7. Biodiversity and Its Conservation: Introduction, Definition, Genetic, Species &
Ecosystem and Diversity and Biogeographical Classification of India. Value Of
Biodiversity: Consumptive Use, Predictive Use, Social, Ethical, Aesthetic And Option
Values. Biodiversity At Global, National and Local Levels, India as A Mega- Diversity
Nation. Hotspots Of Biodiversity.
8. Threats to Biodiversity: Habitat Loss, Poaching of Wildlife, Man- Wildlife Conflicts.
Endangered And Endemic Species of India. Conservation Of Biodiversity:
In-Situ and Ex-Situ Conservation of Biodiversity.
9. Environmental Pollution: Definition, Causes, Effects And Control Measures Of Air,
Water, Soil, Marine, Noise, Thermal Pollution, Nuclear Hazards. Solid Waste
Management: Causes, Effects and Control Measure of Urban and Industrial Wastes.
Role Of Individual in Prevention of Pollution.
10. Social Issues and Environment: From Unsustainable to Sustainable Development,
Urban Problems Related to Energy, Water Conservation, Rain Water Harvesting,
Watershed Management Environmental Ethics: Issues and Possible Solutions,
Climate Change, Global Warming, Acid Rains, Ozone Layer Depletion, Nuclear
Accidents and Holocaust. Dies, Wasteland Reclamation. Consumerism And Waste
Products. Etc.
All syllabus have been included.
Indira Gandhi krishi vishwavidyalaya raipur
PROBLEMATIC SOIL AND THEIR MANAGEMENT ASOIL5221 NOTES
Soil compaction reduces pore space in soil, increasing density and restricting water and air movement. It can occur naturally over long periods, but is often caused artificially by heavy machinery and vehicles. This leads to poorer root growth, lower crop yields, reduced water infiltration and fertilizer efficiency, and increased cultivation difficulty. Preventing compaction through reduced traffic and appropriate tire inflation can help maintain soil quality.
principles of seed technology 5221 notes
This document provides information on seed technology and seed production of various crops. It begins with definitions of seed and seed technology. It then discusses causes of variety deterioration and methods to control deterioration. Principles of foundation and certified seed production are outlined. Detailed information is provided on seed production methods for various crops including wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, bajra, potato, tomato, chilies, berseem and lucerne. Key steps discussed include source of seed, field selection, isolation distances, sowing methods, fertilizer use, irrigation, plant protection, rouging, and harvesting.
CROP DOCTOR.pptx
The document describes the Crop Doctor app, which uses artificial intelligence and machine learning to help farmers diagnose crop diseases and pest problems. The app allows farmers to upload photos of their crops, instantly diagnoses any issues, and provides treatment advice. It is available for free in English and Hindi and aims to improve crop yields and prevent diseases.
Temperature control ABT5211
Temperature control is a set of procedures to meet and maintain standards regarding temperature, which is vital for food safety. A temperature control program identifies target products, establishes monitoring devices, and keeps records to control bacteria growth through temperature. Temperature control is applied in storage, distribution, initial supply, and manufacturing processes like baking, boiling, canning, freezing, and refrigeration to either add or remove heat and control microorganisms.
WASTE DISPOSAL notes
This document discusses ways to reduce food waste from various industries and locations. It recommends donating perishable and excess food to those in need to prevent it from going to waste. Specific strategies mentioned include perishable food donations from manufacturers and redistributing surplus food from companies and individuals. Reducing pre-sale waste at food service establishments is also suggested, such as ordering appropriate quantities and donating excess prep waste. Leftover food can also be fed to animals as a way to reduce waste.
Sources Of Contamination And Their Control
The document discusses various types of food contamination including biological, chemical, and physical contaminants. Biological contaminants can enter food through poor hygiene practices, while chemical contaminants may come from excessive pesticide or fertilizer use. Physical contaminants include foreign objects that enter food unintentionally. Contamination can occur directly in food or through cross-contamination between foods, equipment, or people. Proper sanitation, cleaning, separation of raw and cooked foods, and handwashing are recommended to prevent different types of contamination.
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- 1. ISHAN DEWANGAN 1 Food safety ,its definition, importance ,scope & factors affecting food safety Food safety:- Food safety is scientific discipline describing the handeling,preparation and storage of foods in ways that prevent food-borne illness. It gives the “assurance that food will not cause harm to the consumer when it is prepared/consumed according to intended use”. Importance of food safety ●Helps in maintaining the nutritional value of food. ●To prevent consumers from food poisoning,food- borne illness. ●Help in long time storage of foods. ●Helpful in long distance transportation. ●food can be kept fresh for long time. Scope of food safety ● In controlling contamination. ● Identification of food safety hazards by using the scientific method.
- 2. ISHAN DEWANGAN 2 ● Make the auditing easier. ● To get safe end product. Factors affecting food safety 1.Epidemological factors Improves understanding of epidemiology, provides the scientific approach. Changes in agricultural practices, food processing, packaging which can facilitate microbial contamination and growth. hence food contamination can occur anywhere along food chain. 2.Socio-cultural factors Communicable diseases may mainly spread among small and old aged peoples as their immunity system is weak. Foreign travels, trying different cuisines of different regions may cause food-borne disease. 3.Socio-economic factors Food safety risk is higher among poor/low economic status groups as they have limited knowledge, less space, crowded homes. Moreover they do not much have access to filter water and
- 3. ISHAN DEWANGAN 3 unable to store food item due to lack of storage facility i.e. Refrigerator. 4. Ecological factors The weather conditions, temperature, humidity, hygiene also promotes contamination. Food laws and standards 1.FSSAI Food safety & standard authority of india Establishment : 2006 Under food safety and standard act 2006 OBJECTIVE : To develop a standard, control of manufacturing, distribution, sale, import, storage. REGULATED BY: Ministry of health and family welfare CHAIRMEN: Rita Teyotia CEO: Pawan Kumar Agrawal HEADQUARTER: Delhi
- 4. ISHAN DEWANGAN 4 Functions:- ●To Certify ●To provide guidelines and to check its regulation. ●Training to food products producers. ●To build network over the region/area. Important acts:- ●Licensing and food registration act 2001. ●Packaging and labelling act 2011. ●Food product standard & Food additives act 2011. ●Selling prohibition & restriction act 2011. ●Laboratory & sample analysis act 2011. 2. Export Inspection Council Of India It is the export certification body of india. Under Quality Control & Inspection Act 1963 article 3. HEADQUARTER: Delhi CHAIRMEN: Amit Yadav
- 5. ISHAN DEWANGAN 5 Branch office: Mumbai, Kolkata, Kochi, Delhi, Chennai. 30 offices are there in india. NATL: National Accrediation Board For Testing and calliberation Laboratory. It tests: Fish Products, Dairy products, honey, egg products, gelatin, bone powder, feed additives. On 1984, got power to seize products and punish the seller/manufacturer. QUALITY STANDARDS They are the douments which provide guidelines, instruction, requirements, specifications, characterstics that can be used to ensure that products are fit for the purpose. 1.BIS- Beauro Of Indian Standard Regulated by Ministry of food & Public Distribution Established On: 1947- Indian Standard Institution and later on under act 2016 it was renamed. HEADQUARTER: Delhi
- 6. ISHAN DEWANGAN 6 Offices at: Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai, Chandigarh, Central Delhi. BRANCH OFFICES: Ahemdabad, Banglore, Bhopal, Bhubaneshwar, Chennai, Coimbatore, Lucknow, Durgapur, Nagpur, Patna, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Mumbai, Patna, Raipur, Banglore, Jammu, Guwahati, Dehradun, Rajkot. BIS WORK:- To provide hallmark Product certification Foreign Manufacturers Certification – Applicable for foreign manufacturers who are engaged in the sale of their products in India. Compulsory registration Consumer affair activities AGMARK It’s a certified sign given specially to agricultural products. Regulated by: Directorate of Marketing & Inspection
- 7. ISHAN DEWANGAN 7 Under Agriculture products act 1937 By Directorate of Marketing and Inspection At Present there are 224 agricultural commodities. Was first used on 1991. MAIN FUNCTION:- To prevent adulteration. To provide assuration. To provide quality products to consumers.