1. Transformation of agriculture into agri business, various stakeholders and components of agri business systems.
2. Importance of agri business in the Indian economy and new agricultural policy.
3. Distinctive features of agri business management: importance and needs of agro based industries
4. Classification of industries and types of agro based industries, institutional arrangement, procedures to set up agro based industries.
5. Constantine establishing agro based industries
6. Agri value chain: understanding primary and support activities and their linkages
7. Business environment:PEST and SWOT analysis
8. Management functions: roles and activities
9. Organisation culture: planning meaning definition, types of plans
10. Purpose aur mission, goals are objectives, strategies, policies procedures, rules, programs and budget, components of business plan.
11. Steps in planning and implementation
12. Organisation staffing, directing and motivation, ordering, leading, supervision, communications, control
13. Capital management and financial management of agri business
14. Financial statements and there importance
15. Marketing management: segmentation, targeting and positioning
16. Marketing mix and marketing, strategies consumer behaviour analysis
17. Product life cycle, sales and distribution management
18. Pricing policy,various pricing methods
19. Project management definition,project cycle, identification,formulation, appraisal implementation, monitoring and evaluation
20. Project appraisal and evaluation techniques
Farming system and sustainable agriculture notesISHAN DEWANGAN
Farming System-scope, importance, and concept, Types and systems of farming system and
factors affecting types of farming, Farming system components and their maintenance,
Cropping system and pattern, multiple cropping system, Efficient cropping system and their
evaluation, Allied enterprises and their importance, Tools for determining production and
efficiencies in cropping and farming system; Sustainable agriculture-problems and its impact
on agriculture, indicators of sustainability, adaptation and mitigation, conservation agriculture
strategies in agriculture, HEIA, LEIA and LEISA and its techniques for sustainability,
Integrated farming system-historical background, objectives and characteristics, components of
IFS and its advantages, Site specific development of IFS model for different agro-climatic
zones, resource use efficiency and optimization techniques, Resource cycling and flow of
energy in different farming system, farming system and environment, Visit of IFS model in
different agro-climatic zones of nearby states University/ institutes and farmers field.
Farming system and sustainable agriculture notesISHAN DEWANGAN
Farming System-scope, importance, and concept, Types and systems of farming system and
factors affecting types of farming, Farming system components and their maintenance,
Cropping system and pattern, multiple cropping system, Efficient cropping system and their
evaluation, Allied enterprises and their importance, Tools for determining production and
efficiencies in cropping and farming system; Sustainable agriculture-problems and its impact
on agriculture, indicators of sustainability, adaptation and mitigation, conservation agriculture
strategies in agriculture, HEIA, LEIA and LEISA and its techniques for sustainability,
Integrated farming system-historical background, objectives and characteristics, components of
IFS and its advantages, Site specific development of IFS model for different agro-climatic
zones, resource use efficiency and optimization techniques, Resource cycling and flow of
energy in different farming system, farming system and environment, Visit of IFS model in
different agro-climatic zones of nearby states University/ institutes and farmers field.
Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) is a crucial regulatory framework implemented by governments to ensure the quality, availability, and proper use of fertilizers. It serves as a mechanism to monitor and regulate the production, distribution, labeling, and sale of fertilizers, with the ultimate goal of promoting sustainable agriculture and safeguarding the interests of farmers and consumers.
The FCO encompasses a wide range of provisions and regulations that govern various aspects of the fertilizer industry. One of its primary objectives is to ensure the quality of fertilizers available in the market. The FCO sets specific standards for nutrient content, physical characteristics, impurities, and labeling requirements. By enforcing these standards, the FCO aims to prevent the sale of substandard or adulterated fertilizers that could have detrimental effects on crop productivity and soil health.
Another key aspect of the FCO is the regulation of fertilizer pricing. Governments often intervene to control the prices of fertilizers to make them affordable for farmers. The FCO may include provisions to monitor and control the pricing of fertilizers, ensuring that they remain accessible to farmers while preventing price manipulation and exploitation.
The FCO also addresses the licensing and registration of fertilizer manufacturers, importers, and distributors. Manufacturers and importers are required to obtain licenses or registrations from the designated regulatory authorities. This helps in maintaining a record of fertilizer producers and suppliers, ensuring accountability, and enabling traceability in case of any quality-related issues or non-compliance.
To ensure compliance with the FCO, regulatory bodies are empowered with inspection and monitoring mechanisms. They conduct regular inspections of fertilizer manufacturing facilities, storage sites, and distribution channels to verify compliance with quality standards, labeling requirements, and other provisions of the FCO. Non-compliance can lead to penalties, fines, or even suspension of licenses, acting as a deterrent for violations and promoting adherence to the regulations.
The FCO also addresses the issue of fertilizers' safe and efficient use. It may mandate the inclusion of information on fertilizer labels regarding dosage, application methods, and safety precautions. This helps farmers make informed decisions about fertilizer application, preventing excessive or improper use that can lead to environmental pollution, nutrient imbalances, and crop damage. The FCO may also encourage the promotion of organic and biofertilizers, providing incentives and support for their production and utilization.
Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and ElectrophoresisNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis.
this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
This professional system of extension is based on frequent training of extension workers and regular field visits for onward guiding the farmers in agricultural production and raising their income by providing appropriate plans for country development.
DRYLAND AGRICULTURE - CURRENT STATUS AND CHALLENGESAshokh Aravind S
Dryland farming, current status, issues, practices, types of dryland agriculture, methods of dryland farming, water conservation, management of dryland, improving dryland productivity
Presentation on RAWE and agro-industrial attachment program 2022Deependra Gupta
I B.Sc. agriculture 7th semester a rural agricultural work experience program is organised. In this program students learn basic agriculture practices with farmers and KVK specialist.
This ppt is present in the college during practical viva.
ppt for RAWE program
It is helpful for chickpea cultivation & production in Agricultural sector.These presentation include all the information up to storing. its language is very simple that why everybody easy to understand.
..........Thanks
Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) is a crucial regulatory framework implemented by governments to ensure the quality, availability, and proper use of fertilizers. It serves as a mechanism to monitor and regulate the production, distribution, labeling, and sale of fertilizers, with the ultimate goal of promoting sustainable agriculture and safeguarding the interests of farmers and consumers.
The FCO encompasses a wide range of provisions and regulations that govern various aspects of the fertilizer industry. One of its primary objectives is to ensure the quality of fertilizers available in the market. The FCO sets specific standards for nutrient content, physical characteristics, impurities, and labeling requirements. By enforcing these standards, the FCO aims to prevent the sale of substandard or adulterated fertilizers that could have detrimental effects on crop productivity and soil health.
Another key aspect of the FCO is the regulation of fertilizer pricing. Governments often intervene to control the prices of fertilizers to make them affordable for farmers. The FCO may include provisions to monitor and control the pricing of fertilizers, ensuring that they remain accessible to farmers while preventing price manipulation and exploitation.
The FCO also addresses the licensing and registration of fertilizer manufacturers, importers, and distributors. Manufacturers and importers are required to obtain licenses or registrations from the designated regulatory authorities. This helps in maintaining a record of fertilizer producers and suppliers, ensuring accountability, and enabling traceability in case of any quality-related issues or non-compliance.
To ensure compliance with the FCO, regulatory bodies are empowered with inspection and monitoring mechanisms. They conduct regular inspections of fertilizer manufacturing facilities, storage sites, and distribution channels to verify compliance with quality standards, labeling requirements, and other provisions of the FCO. Non-compliance can lead to penalties, fines, or even suspension of licenses, acting as a deterrent for violations and promoting adherence to the regulations.
The FCO also addresses the issue of fertilizers' safe and efficient use. It may mandate the inclusion of information on fertilizer labels regarding dosage, application methods, and safety precautions. This helps farmers make informed decisions about fertilizer application, preventing excessive or improper use that can lead to environmental pollution, nutrient imbalances, and crop damage. The FCO may also encourage the promotion of organic and biofertilizers, providing incentives and support for their production and utilization.
Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and ElectrophoresisNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis.
this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
This professional system of extension is based on frequent training of extension workers and regular field visits for onward guiding the farmers in agricultural production and raising their income by providing appropriate plans for country development.
DRYLAND AGRICULTURE - CURRENT STATUS AND CHALLENGESAshokh Aravind S
Dryland farming, current status, issues, practices, types of dryland agriculture, methods of dryland farming, water conservation, management of dryland, improving dryland productivity
Presentation on RAWE and agro-industrial attachment program 2022Deependra Gupta
I B.Sc. agriculture 7th semester a rural agricultural work experience program is organised. In this program students learn basic agriculture practices with farmers and KVK specialist.
This ppt is present in the college during practical viva.
ppt for RAWE program
It is helpful for chickpea cultivation & production in Agricultural sector.These presentation include all the information up to storing. its language is very simple that why everybody easy to understand.
..........Thanks
This particular ppt deals about the role of agriculture in indian economy.How agricultural marketing and green revolution had shown its impact.How organic farming might help in agricultural development.It also deals about different types of rural credit
There are many advantages of goat farming business. You can also raise goats along with your other livestock animals. Goats have been considered as poor man’s cow (mini cow) for the poor people because of it’s immense contribution in rural economy and national income. Goat products like milk and meat is not only nutritious and easily digestible food but also a great source of regular income for the poor, landless and marginal farmers. As goats are small sized animal , so they are easily maintained. Even they are easily maintained and cared by women and children.
For successful goat farming business, you need to do some common tasks such as feeding, milking and caring. These simple tasks do not require much equipment, capital, labour or hard work. The main advantages of starting goat farming business are described below.For starting and maintaining a profitable and successful business, you must have to make a proper and effective goat farming business plan and go according to the plan. Here we are shortly describing the necessary steps for starting goat farming business.
India‟s Economy is principally dominated by Agriculture with more than 70% population dependent onagriculture. It accounts for about 14 % of Gross Domestic Products of the country. India being predominantly agricultural, agripreneurs play very vital and important role in the agricultural value chain. They contribute significantly to increase the agricultural GDP by the process of their value addition. In order to tap the untapped potential rich and unexplored rural resources, agripreneurship has a huge scope. Significant growth in manufacturing and service sectors is contributing for the better living conditions and lifestyle of urban population whereas agriculture and allied sectors are still in back foot in providing the better living conditions in rural India. This paper highlights the issues and challenges in agripreneurship.
The transition in the rural economy in the last four decades is examined based on the analysis of growth and composition of output and employment. A reduction in the share of agriculture, and a dominance of non farm activities in the rural economy is noted from 2004–05 onwards. However, agriculture continues to be the predominant source of employment. Employment in the construction sector increased substantially but was not large enough to absorb workers leaving agriculture, resulting in a decline in rural employment after 2004–05. A serious imbalance has emerged in output and employment in different sectors in rural areas requiring urgent attention to create jobs in manufacturing, services, and construction. Creation of jobs in rural areas requires a complete rethink of rural industrialization. Dr. Saroj Kumari "Rural Development Strategies in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49976.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/49976/rural-development-strategies-in-india/dr-saroj-kumari
Marketing of Agricultural Products, a Panacea for Economic Growth and Sustain...ijtsrd
There is an urgent need for the revitalization of the Nigerian Agricultural sector especially now the economic situation of the economy is nothing to write home about. The Agricultural sector of Nigeria was neglected for years owing to the discovery of crude oil in the 70s. Crude oil exportation gradually replaced Agricultural products exportation until Nigeria became a mono product exporting nation. The current fall in oil prices have led to the recent clamor for the diversification of the economy through agricultural export performance. Serveral policies have been implemented by the government both in state and federal levels in order to boost the agricultural sector but no significant change has been achieved. This indicates that the sector is faced with challenges which must be identified and nipped in the bud for the sector to flourish. Marketing of Agricultural products has been identified by various researchers globally and in Nigeria as the major problems of the Agricultural sector. Various scholars have discovered that if the right marketing practices is not put in place in the Agricultural sector of an economy, the sector would not flourish. Therefore the thrust of this conceptual study was to identify the problems associated with the marketing of Agricultural products with a view to proffering recommendations of the best marketing practices to adopt in order to boost the Agricultural sector of the economy for economic growth and sustainable development. Nwuba, Chibike Onyije "Marketing of Agricultural Products, a Panacea for Economic Growth and Sustainable Development in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38503.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/38503/marketing-of-agricultural-products-a-panacea-for-economic-growth-and-sustainable-development-in-nigeria/nwuba-chibike-onyije
QUICK BOOK ON DISEASES OF FIELD AND HORTICULTURAL CROPS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT-...ISHAN DEWANGAN
QUICK BOOK ON DISEASES OF FIELD AND HORTICULTURAL CROPS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT- I APP 5312
SYLLABUS:-
APP5312 3(2+1)
Symptoms, etiology, disease cycle and management of major diseases of following crops: Field Crops: Rice: blast, brown spot, bacterial blight, sheath blight, false smut, khaira and tungro; Maize: stalk rots, downy mildew, leaf spots; Sorghum: smuts, grain mold and anthracnose, Bajra: downy mildew and ergot; Groundnut: early and late leaf spots, wilt Soybean: Rhizoctonia blight, bacterial spot, seed and seedling rot and mosaic; Pigeonpea: Phytophthora blight, wilt and sterility mosaic; Finger millet: Blast and leaf spot; black & green gram: Cercospora leaf spot and anthracnose, web blight and yellow mosaic; Castor: Phytophthora blight,Tobacco: black shank, black root rot and mosaic. Horticultural Crops: Guava: wilt and anthracnose; Banana: Panama wilt, bacterial wilt, Sigatoka and bunchy top:Papaya: foot rot, leaf curl and mosaic, Pomegranate: bacterial blight; Cruciferous vegetables: Alternaria leaf spot and black rot; Brinjal: Phomopsis blight and fruit rot and Sclerotinia blight; Tomato: damping off, wilt, early and late blight, buck eye rot and leaf curl and mosaic; Okra: Yellow Vein Mosaic; Beans: anthracnose and bacterial blight; Ginger: soft rot; Colocasia: Phytophthora blight; Coconut: wilt and bud rot; Tea: blister blight; Coffee: rust
For any query contact : ishandewangan102@gmail.com
Disclaimer: It is for self study however, if you find it helpful you can study
IGKV 3 year notes, bsc ag 5 semester notes, DISEASES OF FIELD AND HORTICULTURAL CROPS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT- I notes, APP5311 notes, agriculture notes, Ishan Dewangan notes, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur, btc cars Bilaspur, IGKV 3 YEAR 1 SEMESTER NOTES
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT APB 5312 NOTESISHAN DEWANGAN
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT APB 5312
SYLLABUS:-
APB5312 (1+0)
Theory Introduction and meaning of intellectual property, brief introduction to GATT, WTO, TRIPs and WIPO, Treaties for IPR protection: Madrid protocol, Berne Convention, Budapest treaty, etc. Types of Intellectual Property and legislations covering IPR in India:-Patents, Copyrights, Trademark, Industrial desigm, Geographical indications, Integrated circuits, Trade secrets. Patents Act 1970 and Patent system in India, patentability, process and product patent, filing of patent, patent specification, patent claims, Patent opposition and revocation, infringement, Compulsory licensing, Patent Cooperation Treaty, Patent search and patent database. Origin and history including a brief introduction to UPOV for protection of plant varieties, Protection of plant varieties under UPOV and PPV&FR Act of India, Plant breeders rights, Registration of plant varieties under PPV&FR Act 2001, breeders, researcher and farmers rights. Traditional knowledge-meaning and rights of TK holders. Convention on Biological Diversity, International treaty on plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (ITPGRFA). Indian Biological Diversity Act, 2002 and its salient features, access and benefit sharing.
IGKV 3 year notes, bsc ag 5 semester notes, intellectual property right notes, apb5312 notes, agriculture notes, Ishan Dewangan notes, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur, btc cars Bilaspur, IGKV 3 YEAR 1 SEMESTER NOTES
QUICK BOOK ON PESTS OF CROPS AND STORED GRAIN AND THEIR MANAGEMENT AENT5312 N...ISHAN DEWANGAN
QUICK BOOK ON PESTS OF CROPS AND STORED GRAIN AND THEIR MANAGEMENT AENT5312
SYLLABUS:-
AENT 3(2+1)
General account on nature and type of damage by different arthropods pests. Scientific name, order, family, host range, distribution, biology and bionomics, nature of damage, and management of major pests and scientific name, order, family, host range, distribution, nature of damage and control practice other important arthropod pests of various field crop, vegetable crop, fruit crop, plantation crops, ornamental crops, spices and condiments. Factors affecting losses of stored grain and role of physical, biological, mechanical and chemical factors in deterioration of grain. Insect pests, mites, rodents, birds and microorganisms associated with stored grain and their management. Storage structure and methods of grain storage and fundamental principles of grain store management.
For any query contact : ishandewangan102@gmail.com
Disclaimer: It is for self study however, if you find it helpful you can study
IGKV 3 year notes, bsc ag 5 semester notes, PESTS OF CROPS AND STORED GRAIN AND THEIR MANAGEMENT notes, AENT5312 notes, agriculture notes, Ishan Dewangan notes, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur, BTC cars Bilaspur, IGKV 3 YEAR 1 SEMESTER NOTES
Entrepreneurship development & business management AEXT5311 notesISHAN DEWANGAN
ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT & BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Theory Concept of Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship Development, Characteristics, types and
functions of entrepreneurs.
Role of entrepreneurship in economic development & achievement motivation. Barriers of entrepreneurs.
SWOT Analysis, contract farming, joint venture, public private partnership, social
responsibility of business.
Government policy and programs and institutions for entrepreneurship development,
Impact of economic reforms on Agribusiness/ Agri enterprises.
Developing Managerial Skills, Entrepreneurial Development Process; Organizational
skill (controlling, supervising, problem solving, monitoring & evaluation)
Business Leadership Skills (Communication, direction and motivation Skills),
Supply chain management and Total quality management.
Project Planning Formulation and report preparation; Opportunities for Agri entrepreneurship and rural enterprise.
AEXT 5311 notes, IGKV 5 semester notes, 3 year 1 semester notes, entrepreneurship development and business management notes, BTC CARS, BILASPUR, Ishan Dewangan , B.Sc agriculture notes, agriculture notes, business management notes igkv,
Manures, Fertilizers and Soil Fertility Management ASOIL5311 Notes IGKVISHAN DEWANGAN
Introduction and importance of organic manures, properties and methods of preparation of
bulky and concentrated manures. Green/leaf manuring. Fertilizer recommendation
approaches. Integrated nutrient management.
Chemical fertilizers: classification, composition and properties of major nitrogenous,
phosphatic, potassic fertilizers, secondary & microtrient fertilizers, Complex ertilizers,
nano fertilizers Soil amendments, Fertilizer Storage, Fertilizer Control Order.
History of soil fertility and plant nutrition. criteria of essentiality. role, deficiency and toxicity
symptoms of essential plant nutrients, Mechanisms of nutrient transport to plants, factors
affecting nutrient availability to plants. Chemistry of soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,
calcium, magnesium, sulphur and micronutrients. Soil fertility evaluation, Soil testing.
Critical levels of different nutrients in soil. Forms of nutrients in soil, plant analysis, rapid
plant tissue tests. Indicator plants. Methods of fertilizer recommendations to crops. Factor
influencing nutrient use efficiency (NUE), methods of application under rainfed and irrigated
conditions
Igkv 5 semester notes, ASOIL5311 Hindi medium notes, ASOIL5311 English medium notes, ASOIL notes, igkv 3 year notes, IGKV NOTES agriculture notes, bsc ag 5 semester notes, Manures, Fertilizers and Soil Fertility Management ASOIL5311 Notes IGKV, Manures, Fertilizers and Soil Fertility Management notes
Geoinformatics and Nano-technology and Precision Farming Notes AENGG5311 IGKVISHAN DEWANGAN
Geoinformatics and Nano-technology and Precision Farming Notes
SYLLABUS:-
Precision agriculture: concepts and techniques; their issues and concerns for Indian
agriculture; Geo-informatics- definition, concepts, tool and techniques; their use in Precision
Agriculture. Crop recommendation using geospatial technologies; Spatial data and their management in GIS;
Remote sensing concepts and application in agriculture; Image processing and interpretation;
Global positioning system (GPS), components and its functions; Introduction to crop
Simulation Models and their uses for optimization of Agricultural Inputs; STCR approach for
precision agriculture; Nanotechnology, definition, concepts and techniques, brief introduction
about nanoscale effects, nano-particles, nano-pesticides, nano-fertilizers, nano-sensors, Use
of nanotechnology in seed, water, fertilizer, plant protection for scaling-up farm productivity.
AENGG5311 NOTES, AENGG5311 HINDI NOTES, AENGG5311 ENGLISH NOTES, AENGG5311 NOTES IGKV, GEOINFORMATICS AND NANO TECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION FARMING NOTES, IGKV 5 SEMESTER NOTES, IGKV 3 YEAR NOTES, IGKV RAIPUR, BS AGRICULTURE 3 YEAR 1 SEMESTER NOTES, ISHAN DEWANGAN, AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING NOTES
Meaning and scope of agricultural meteorology; Earth atmosphere- its composition, extent
and structure; Atmospheric weather variables; Atmospheric pressure, its variation with
height, Wind, types of wind, daily and seasonal variation of wind speed, cyclone,
anticyclone, land breeze and sea breeze; Nature and properties of solar radiation, solar
constant, depletion of solar radiation, short wave, longwave and thermal radiation, net
radiation, albedo; Atmospheric temperature, temperature inversion, lapse rate, daily and
seasonal variations of temperature, vertical profile of temperature, Energy balance of earth;
Atmospheric humidity, concept of saturation, vapor pressure, process of condensation,
formation of dew, fog, mist, frost, cloud; Precipitation, process of precipitation, types of
precipitation such as rain, snow, sleet, and hail, cloud formation and classification; Artificial
rainmaking. Monsoon- mechanism and importance in Indian agriculture, Weather hazards & drought, floods, frost, tropical cyclones and extreme weather conditions such as heat-wave
and cold-wave. Agriculture and weather relations; Modifications of crop microclimate, climatic normals for Crop and livestock production. Weather forecasting- types of weather
forecast and their uses. Climate change, climatic variability, global warming, causes of
climate change and its impact on regional and national Agriculture.
IGKV 3 YEAR NOTES, IGKV 5 SEMESTER NOTES, CLIMATIC CHANGE NOTES, ISHAN DEWANGAN, ISHAN DEWANGAN NOTES, INTRODUCTORY METEOROLOGY NOTES, AMET5311 HINDI NOTES, AMET5311 ENGLISH NOTES, Introductory meteorology & climatic change hindi notes, Introductory meteorology & climatic change english notes
Environmental studies and disaster management notes AFOR5221 (hindi)ISHAN DEWANGAN
1. Multidisciplinary Nature Of Environmental Studies: Definition, Scope And
Importance
2. Natural Resources: Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources, Natural Resources
and Associated Problems.
A) Forest Resources: Use and Over Exploitation, Deforestation, Case Studies
Timber Extraction, Mining, Dams And Their Effect On Forest And Tribal People.
B) Water Resources: Use and Over Utilization of Surface and Ground Water,
Floods, Drought, Conflicts Over Water, Dams- Benefits and Problems.
C)Mineral Resources: Use and Exploitation, Environmental Effects of Extracting
and Using Mineral Resources, Case Studies.
3. D) Food Resources: World Food Problems, Changes Caused by Agriculture and
Overgrazing, Effects of Modern Agriculture, Fertilizer Pesticide Problems, Water
Logging, Salinity, Case Studies.
E) Energy Resources: Growing Energy Needs, Renewable and Non-Renewable
Energy Sources, Use of Alternate Energy Sources. Case Studies
F) Land Resources: Land as A Resource, Land Degradation, Man Induced
Landslides, Soil Erosion and Desertification. Role Of an Individual in Conservation
of Natural Resources. Equitable Use of Resources for Sustainable Lifestyles.
4. Ecosystems: Concept of An Ecosystems, Structure and Function of An Ecosystems,
Producers, Consumers and Decomposers, Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
5. Ecological Succession, Food Chains, Food Webs, And Ecological Pyramids.
Introduction, Types, Characteristic Features
6. Structure and Function of The Following Ecosystem: A. Forest Ecosystems B.
Grassland Ecosystems C. Desert Ecosystems D. Aquatic Ecosystems (Ponds,
Streams, Lakes, Rivers, Oceans, Estuaries)
7. Biodiversity and Its Conservation: Introduction, Definition, Genetic, Species &
Ecosystem and Diversity and Biogeographical Classification of India. Value Of
Biodiversity: Consumptive Use, Predictive Use, Social, Ethical, Aesthetic And Option
Values. Biodiversity At Global, National and Local Levels, India as A Mega- Diversity
Nation. Hotspots Of Biodiversity.
8. Threats to Biodiversity: Habitat Loss, Poaching of Wildlife, Man- Wildlife Conflicts.
Endangered And Endemic Species of India. Conservation Of Biodiversity:
In-Situ and Ex-Situ Conservation of Biodiversity.
9. Environmental Pollution: Definition, Causes, Effects And Control Measures Of Air,
Water, Soil, Marine, Noise, Thermal Pollution, Nuclear Hazards. Solid Waste
Management: Causes, Effects and Control Measure of Urban and Industrial Wastes.
Role Of Individual in Prevention of Pollution.
10. Social Issues and Environment: From Unsustainable to Sustainable Development,
Urban Problems Related to Energy, Water Conservation, Rain Water Harvesting,
Watershed Management Environmental Ethics: Issues and Possible Solutions,
Climate Change, Global Warming, Acid Rains, Ozone Layer Depletion, Nuclear
Accidents and Holocaust. Dies, Wasteland Reclamation. Consumerism And Waste
Products. Etc
hindi notes for hindi medium students.
Indira Gandhi krishi vishwavidyalaya raipur
Environmental studies and disaster management notes AFOR5221ISHAN DEWANGAN
1. Multidisciplinary Nature Of Environmental Studies: Definition, Scope And
Importance
2. Natural Resources: Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources, Natural Resources
and Associated Problems.
A) Forest Resources: Use and Over Exploitation, Deforestation, Case Studies
Timber Extraction, Mining, Dams And Their Effect On Forest And Tribal People.
B) Water Resources: Use and Over Utilization of Surface and Ground Water,
Floods, Drought, Conflicts Over Water, Dams- Benefits and Problems.
C)Mineral Resources: Use and Exploitation, Environmental Effects of Extracting
and Using Mineral Resources, Case Studies.
3. D) Food Resources: World Food Problems, Changes Caused by Agriculture and
Overgrazing, Effects of Modern Agriculture, Fertilizer Pesticide Problems, Water
Logging, Salinity, Case Studies.
E) Energy Resources: Growing Energy Needs, Renewable and Non-Renewable
Energy Sources, Use of Alternate Energy Sources. Case Studies
F) Land Resources: Land as A Resource, Land Degradation, Man Induced
Landslides, Soil Erosion and Desertification. Role Of an Individual in Conservation
of Natural Resources. Equitable Use of Resources for Sustainable Lifestyles.
4. Ecosystems: Concept of An Ecosystems, Structure and Function of An Ecosystems,
Producers, Consumers and Decomposers, Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
5. Ecological Succession, Food Chains, Food Webs, And Ecological Pyramids.
Introduction, Types, Characteristic Features
6. Structure and Function of The Following Ecosystem: A. Forest Ecosystems B.
Grassland Ecosystems C. Desert Ecosystems D. Aquatic Ecosystems (Ponds,
Streams, Lakes, Rivers, Oceans, Estuaries)
7. Biodiversity and Its Conservation: Introduction, Definition, Genetic, Species &
Ecosystem and Diversity and Biogeographical Classification of India. Value Of
Biodiversity: Consumptive Use, Predictive Use, Social, Ethical, Aesthetic And Option
Values. Biodiversity At Global, National and Local Levels, India as A Mega- Diversity
Nation. Hotspots Of Biodiversity.
8. Threats to Biodiversity: Habitat Loss, Poaching of Wildlife, Man- Wildlife Conflicts.
Endangered And Endemic Species of India. Conservation Of Biodiversity:
In-Situ and Ex-Situ Conservation of Biodiversity.
9. Environmental Pollution: Definition, Causes, Effects And Control Measures Of Air,
Water, Soil, Marine, Noise, Thermal Pollution, Nuclear Hazards. Solid Waste
Management: Causes, Effects and Control Measure of Urban and Industrial Wastes.
Role Of Individual in Prevention of Pollution.
10. Social Issues and Environment: From Unsustainable to Sustainable Development,
Urban Problems Related to Energy, Water Conservation, Rain Water Harvesting,
Watershed Management Environmental Ethics: Issues and Possible Solutions,
Climate Change, Global Warming, Acid Rains, Ozone Layer Depletion, Nuclear
Accidents and Holocaust. Dies, Wasteland Reclamation. Consumerism And Waste
Products. Etc.
All syllabus have been included.
Indira Gandhi krishi vishwavidyalaya raipur
PROBLEMATIC SOIL AND THEIR MANAGEMENT ASOIL5221 NOTESISHAN DEWANGAN
PROBLEMATIC SOIL AND THEIR MANAGEMENT ASOIL5221 NOTES
SOIL QUALITY AND HEALTH
DISTRIBUTION OF WASTE LAND AND PROBLEM SOILS IN INDIA. THEIR CATEGORIZATION BASED ON PROPERTIES
RECLAMATION AND MANAGEMENT OF SALINE AND SODIC SOILS, ACID SOILS, ACID SULPHATE SOILS, ERODED AND COMPACTED SOILS, FLOODED SOILS, POLLUTED SOILS
IRRIGATION WATER- QUALITY AND STANDARDS, UTILIZATION OF SALINE WATER IN AGRICULTURE
REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF PROBLEM SOILS.
MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES, BIO REMEDIATION THROUGH MPTs OF SOILS, LAND CAPABILITY AND CLASSIFICATION, LAND SUITABILITY AND CLASSIFICATION
PROBLEMATIC SOILS UNDER DIFFERENT AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS
principles of seed technology notes APB5221,
Seed and seed technology; introduction, definition and importance
deterioration causes of crops varieties and their control; maintenance of genetic purity during seed production, seed quality; definition, characters of good quality seed, different classes of seeds, foundation seeds and certified seed production of important cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fodder and vegetables.
seed certification, phases of certification, procedure for seed certification, field inspection. seed act and seed act enforcement.
Duty and powers of seed inspector, offences and penalties,seed control order 1983, varietal identification through group test and electrophoresis, molecular and biochemical test.
Detection of genetically modified crops, transgene contamination in non GM crops, GM crops and organic seed production.
Seed drying processing and their step seed testing for quality assessment,seed treatment its importance method of application and seed packing.
seed storage general principles stages and factors affecting seed longevity during storage measures for pest and Disease Control during storage.
Seed marketing structure and organization sales generation activities promotional media.
Factors affecting seed marketing role of WTO and OECD in seed marketing.
Private and public sectors and their production and marketing strategies.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
1. INDIRA GANDHI AGRICULTURAL
UNIVERSITY
Raipur, chhattisgarh
Agri business management notes
Abm 5221 3(2+1)
2 year 2 semester
(Hindi + English)
Slides by ISHAN DEWANGAN
BTC CARS, BILASPUR
2. BUSINESS: BUSINESS IN AN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY CARRIED ON BY THE ENTREPRENEUR & MANAGEMENT
THROUGH THE DIFFERENT EMPLOYEES FOR THE VARIOUS CONSUMER & THE GROUPS OF SOCIETY AT
LAST.
व्यवसाय: उद्यमी द्वारा की जाने वाली आर्थिक गतिववर्ि में व्यवसाय
ववभिन्न उपिोक्िाओं और उपिोक्िाओं क
े भलए ववभिन्न कमिचाररयों क
े माध्ययम से ्रबंंिन
अंि में समाज क
े समूह।
AGRIBUISNESS
“agribusiness as all the activities concerned with agriculture including farming, management,
financing, processing, marketing, growing of seeds and nursery stock, manufacture of
fertilizers, chemicals, implements, processing machinery, transportation equipment and the
process of transportation itself.”
-JOHN H. DAVIS
कृ वि व्यवसाय से संंंर्िि सिी गतिववर्ियों क
े रूप में कृ वि, ्रबंंिन, ववत्तपोिण, ्रबसंस्करण, ववपणन सहहि
कृ वि, ंीज और नसिरी स्टॉक की वृद्र्ि, उविरकों, रसायनों का तनमािण, उपकरण, ्रबसंस्करण मशीनरी,
पररवहन उपकरण और पररहन की ्रबक्रिया ।
3. 3 SECTORS OF AGRIBUSINESS
1. INPUT SECTOR:DEALS WITH SUPPLY OF INPUT REQUIRED BY FARMER FOR CROP
PRODUCTION.
2. FARM SECTOR: AIMS AT PRODUCING CROPS, LIVESTOCK AND OTHER PRODUCTS.
3.PRODUCT SECTOR: DEALS WITH ASPECTS LIKE PROCESSING, STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION.
कृ वि व्यवसाय क
े 3 क्षेत्र
1. इनपुट सेक्टर: फसल उत्पादन क
े भलए क्रकसान द्वारा आवश्यक इनपुट की
आपूतिि से संंंर्िि है।
2. कृ वि क्षेत्र: फसलों, पशुिन और अन्य उत्पादों का उत्पादन करना।
3. उत्पाद क्षेत्र: ्रबसंस्करण, िंडारण, पररवहन जैसे पहलुओं से संंंर्िि है।
4. IMPORTANCE OF AGRI-BUSINESS
1. IT DEALS WITH AGRICULTURAL SECTOR AND
ALSO WITH THE PORTION OF INDUSTRIAL
SECTOR,WHICH IS THE MAJOR SOURCE OF
FARM INPUTS LIKE FERTILIZERS, PESTICIDES,
MACHINES, PROCESSING AND POST HARVEST
TECHNOLOGIES.
2. IT SUGGESTS AND DIRECTS THE
GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SECTORS FOR
DEVELOPMENT OF SUB SECTORS.
3. IT CONTRIBUTES A GOOD PART OF THE
NATIONAL ECONOMY
5. कृ वि व्यवसाय का महत्व
1. यह कृ वि क्षेत्र और औद्योर्गक क्षेत्र क
े हहस्से से िी संंंर्िि
है, जो उविरकों, कीटनाशकों, मशीनों, ्रबसंस्करण और कटाई क
े
ंाद की ्रबौद्योर्गक्रकयों जैसे कृ वि आदानों का ्रबमुख स्रोि है।
2. यह उप-क्षेत्रों क
े ववकास क
े भलए सरकारी और तनजी क्षेत्रों का
सुझाव और तनदेश देिा है।
6. SCOPE OF AGRIBUISNESS
1. It deals with different components of both agricultural and industrial sector, their inter-
dependence and influence of one sector on other.
2. It deals with strengths and weaknesses of a project and thereby their viability in
competing enterprises.
3. Agri-business is always market oriented.
4. Agri-business generates potential employment opportunities.
5. It adds value to products and thereby increases the net profits.
6. It deals with decision making process of farm either private or government in relation to
production and selling aspects.
7. कृ वि व्यवसाय का दायरा
1. यह कृ वि और औद्योर्गक दोनों क्षेत्रों क
े ववभिन्न घटकों, उनकी अंिर-तनििरिा और एक क्षेत्र क
े दूसरे पर ्रबिाव
से संंंर्िि है।
2. यह एक पररयोजना की िाकि और कमजोररयों से संंंर्िि है और इस ्रबकार ्रबतिस्पिी उद्यमों में उनकी
व्यवहायििा है।
3. कृ वि व्यवसाय हमेशा ंाजार उन्मुख होिा है।
4. कृ वि व्यवसाय रोजगार क
े संिाववि अवसर पैदा करिा है।
5. यह उत्पादों में मूल्य जोड़िा है और इस ्रबकार शुद्ि लाि ंढािा है।
6. यह उत्पादन और बंिी पहलुओं क
े संंंि में तनजी या सरकारी कृ वि की तनणिय लेने की ्रबक्रिया से संंंर्िि है।
9. IMPORTANCE OF AGRIBUISNESS IN INDIAN
ECONOMY
• Share in national income.
• Source of employment.
• Supply of raw material to industrial sector.
• Market for industrial products.
• राष्ट्रीय आय में हहस्सा।
• रोजगार का स्रोि।
• औद्योर्गक क्षेत्र को कच्चे माल की आपूतिि।
• औद्योर्गक उत्पादों क
े भलए ंाजार।
10. NEW AGRICULTURAL POLICY OF INDIA 2000
The new agriculture policy 2000 aims a growth rate of 4% per year by
year 2020 the approach towards these focuses on:
1. Strengthening rural infrastructure.
2. Promoting value addition by speedy growth rate of agri-business.
3. To face the challenges of economic libelization by fulfilling the
needs of domestic and foreign markets.
4. Increase employment oppurtunities in rural areas to improve
standard of living and discourage migration of rural population.
11. भारत की नई कृ षि नीतत 2000
• नई कृ वि नीति 2000 का लक्ष्य विि 2020 िक ्रबति विि 4% की वृद्र्ि दर है, इन क
े ्रबति
दृष्ष्ट्टकोण इस पर क
ें हिि है:
• ग्रामीण ंुतनयादी ढांचे को मजंूि करना।
• कृ वि व्यवसाय की िीव्र ववकास दर द्वारा मूल्य संवििन को ंढावा देना।
• घरेलू और ववदेशी ंाजारों की जरूरिों को पूरा करक
े आर्थिक पररवाद की चुनौतियों का सामना
करना।
• जीवन स्िर में सुिार लाने और ग्रामीण आंादी क
े पलायन को हिोत्साहहि करने क
े भलए
ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में रोजगार की संिावनाओं में वृद्र्ि|
12. FEATURES OF N.A.P.
1. Participation of the private sector by encouraging contract timing.
2. High priority to development of animal husbandry, poultry, dairy and
aquaculture.
3. Rational utilization of country’s water resources for optimum use of
irrigation potential.
4. Over 4 % annual growth rate aimed over next 20 years
5. High priority to rural electrification.
6. Plant varieties to be protected through a legislation.
7. Adequate and timely supply of quality inputs to a farmer.
13. N.A.P. की षिशेिताएं
1. अनुंंि समय को ्रबोत्साहहि करक
े तनजी क्षेत्र की िागीदारी।
2. पशुपालन, क
ु क्क
ु ट पालन, डेयरी और जलीय कृ वि क
े ववकास को उच्च
्रबाथभमकिा।
3. भसंचाई क्षमिा क
े इष्ट्टिम उपयोग क
े भलए देश क
े जल संसािनों का िक
ि संगि
उपयोग।
4. अगले 20 विों में 4% से अर्िक वावििक ववकास दर का लक्ष्य
5. ग्रामीण ववद्युिीकरण को उच्च ्रबाथभमकिा।
6. पौिों की क्रकस्मों को एक कानून क
े माध्ययम से संरक्षक्षि क्रकया जाएगा।
7. एक क्रकसान को गुणवत्तापूणि आदानों की पयािप्ि और समय पर आपूतिि।
14. ISSUES UNDER FOCUS
मुद्दों पर ध्यान ददया जा रहा है
• Sustainable agriculture
• Food and nutritional security
• Investments in agriculture
• Institutional structures
• Inputs management
• Generation and transfer of technology
सिि कृ वि
खाद्य और पोिण सुरक्षा
कृ वि में तनवेश
संस्थागि संरचनाएं
इनपुट ्रबंंिन
्रबौद्योर्गकी का उत्पादन और हस्िांिरण
16. IMPORTANCE OF AGRO-BASED INDUSTRY
• Establishment of agro-based industries is based on the availability of raw material.
• Agro-based industries have to set up at rural areas where raw material may be available in
plenty – helps in the upliftment of the rural economy.
• Provide rural population an opportunity for employment.
• Generate income and thereby improve economic condition of people – which in turn
creates potential for demand based industries.
• Provide an opportunity for the dispersal of industries instead of concentrating at a
particular place.
• Solve the problem of exploitation of farming community by traders and middlemen.
17. *FARMERS COULD BE ASSURED OF BETTER PRICE FOR THEIR PRODUCE.
* ENCOURAGE TO BRING MORE AND MORE AREAS UNDER VARIOUS
CROPS – INCREASE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND IMPROVE
NATIONS ECONOMY.
*TRANSPORTATION COST OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS CAN BE
MINIMIZED – THEREBY HELP TO MINIMIZE COST OF FINISHED GOODS.
*AVOID WASTAGE OF PERISHABLE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS.
HELP TO DEVELOP BACKWARD AREAS BASED ON THEIR SUITABILITY FOR
SETTING UP AGROINDUSTRIES.
*PREVENT MIGRATION OF PEOPLE FROM RURAL TO URBAN AREAS.
18. कृ षि आधाररत उद्योग का महत्ि
• कृ वि आिाररि उद्योगों की स्थापना कच्चे माल की उपलब्ििा पर आिाररि है।
• कृ वि आिाररि उद्योगों को ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में स्थावपि करना होगा जहां कच्चा
माल ्रबचुर मात्रा में उपलब्ि हो सकिा है - ग्रामीण अथिव्यवस्था क
े उत्थान में
मदद करिा है।
• ग्रामीण आंादी को रोजगार का अवसर ्रबदान करें।
• आय उत्पन्न करना और इस िरह लोगों की आर्थिक ष्स्थति में सुिार करना -
जो ंदले में मांग आिाररि उद्योगों की क्षमिा पैदा करिा है।
• क्रकसी ववशेि स्थान पर ध्ययान क
ें हिि करने क
े ंजाय उद्योगों क
े फ
ै लाव क
े भलए
एक अवसर ्रबदान करें।
• व्यापाररयों और बंचौभलयों द्वारा कृ िक समुदाय क
े शोिण की समस्या का
समािान करें।
19. • *क्रकसानों को उनकी उपज का ंेहिर मूल्य हदलाने का आश्वासन हदया जा
सकिा है।
* ववभिन्न फसलों क
े िहि अर्िक से अर्िक क्षेत्रों को लाने क
े भलए ्रबोत्साहहि
करें - कृ वि उत्पादन में वृद्र्ि और राष्ट्र की अथिव्यवस्था में सुिार।
* कृ वि उत्पादों की पररवहन लागि को कम क्रकया जा सकिा है - ष्जससे िैयार
माल की लागि को कम करने में मदद भमलिी है।
*जल्दी खरां होने वाले कृ वि उत्पादों की ंंािदी से ंचें।
कृ वि उद्योगों की स्थापना क
े भलए वपछड़े क्षेत्रों को उनकी उपयुक्ििा क
े आिार
पर ववकभसि करने में मदद करना।
*ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों से शहरी क्षेत्रों में लोगों क
े पलायन को रोकना।
20. NEED OF AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES
• Suitable to rural areas as they are raw material oriented.
• For upliftment of rural economy.
• To solve the problem of unemployment.
• To generate income and increase standard of living.
• For decentralization and dispersal of industries.
• To reduce disparity between rural and urban areas.
• To encourage balanced growth between agriculture and industry.
• To solve the problem of exploitation of farming community.
• To reduce transportation costs.
• To give big push to agriculture and act as a source of demand and supply.
• To avoid wastage of perishable agricultural products.
• To prevent migration of rural people.
• To develop suitable backward areas.
• To improve infrastructural facilities.
21. कृ षि आधाररत उद्योगों की जरूरत
• ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों क
े भलए उपयुक्ि है क्योंक्रक वे कच्चे माल उन्मुख हैं।
• ग्रामीण अथिव्यवस्था क
े उत्थान क
े भलए।
• ंेरोजगारी की समस्या को हल करने क
े भलए।
• आय उत्पन्न करना और जीवन स्िर में वृद्र्ि करना।
• उद्योगों क
े ववक
ें िीकरण और फ
ै लाव क
े भलए।
• ग्रामीण और शहरी क्षेत्रों क
े ंीच असमानिा को कम करना।
• कृ वि और उद्योग क
े ंीच संिुभलि ववकास को ्रबोत्साहहि करना।
• कृ िक समुदाय क
े शोिण की समस्या का समािान करना।
• पररवहन लागि को कम करना।
• कृ वि को ंड़ा ्रबोत्साहन देना और मांग और आपूतिि क
े स्रोि क
े रूप में कायि करना।
• खरां होने वाले कृ वि उत्पादों की ंंािदी से ंचने क
े भलए।
• ग्रामीण लोगों क
े पलायन को रोकना।
• उपयुक्ि वपछड़े क्षेत्रों का ववकास करना।
• अवसंरचनात्मक सुवविाओं में सुिार करना।
23. CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES
• 1. Resource based
• 2. Demand based
• 3. Skill based
• 4. Ancillary Again the resource based industries are divided into
agro-based, forest based, animal husbandry and poultry based,
mineral based, marine based, etc.
• Agro-based industries are those industries which have either
direct / indirect link with agriculture. Industries which are based
on agricultural produce and industries which support agriculture
come under agro-based industries.
24. उद्योगों का िगीकरण
1. संसािन आिाररि
2. मांग आिाररि
3. कौशल आिाररि
4. सहायक पुनः संसािन आिाररि उद्योगों को कृ वि
आिाररि, वन आिाररि, पशुपालन और क
ु क्क
ु ट आिाररि,
खतनज आिाररि, समुिी आिाररि आहद में वविाष्जि
क्रकया गया है।
कृ वि आिाररि उद्योग वे उद्योग हैं ष्जनका कृ वि क
े साथ
्रबत्यक्ष/अ्रबत्यक्ष संंंि है। ऐसे उद्योग जो कृ वि उपज पर
आिाररि हैं और जो उद्योग कृ वि का समथिन करिे हैं वे
कृ वि आिाररि उद्योगों क
े अंिगिि आिे हैं।
25. TYPES OF AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES
There are four types of agro-based industries:-
1. Agro-produce processing units:They merely process the raw material so that it can be preserved
and transported at cheaper cost. No new product is manufactured. Ex: Rice mills, Dal mills, etc.
2. Agro-produce manufacturing units: Manufacture entirely new products. Finished goods will be
entirely different from its original raw material. Ex: Sugar factories, bakery, solvent extraction units,
textile mills, etc.
3. Agro-inputs manufacturing units: Industrial units which produce goods either for mechanization
of agriculture or for increasing productivity come under this type. Ex: Agricultural implements,
seed industries, pumpset, fertilizer and pesticide units, etc.
4. Agro service centers: Agro service centres are workshops and service centres which are
engaged in repairing and servicing of pumpsets, diesel engines, tractors and all types of farm
equipment.
26. कृ षि आधाररत उद्योगों क
े प्रकार
कृ वि आिाररि उद्योग चार ्रबकार क
े होिे हैं:-
1. कृ वि-उपज ्रबसंस्करण इकाइयां: वे क
े वल कच्चे माल को संसार्िि करिी हैं िाक्रक इसे
संरक्षक्षि क्रकया जा सक
े और सस्िी लागि पर पररवहन क्रकया जा सक
े । कोई नया उत्पाद
तनभमिि नहीं क्रकया जािा है। उदाहरण: चावल भमलों, दाल भमलों, आहद।
2. कृ वि-उत्पादन ववतनमािण इकाइयां: पूरी िरह से नए उत्पादों का तनमािण। िैयार माल
अपने मूल कच्चे माल से पूरी िरह से अलग होगा। उदाहरण: चीनी कारखाने, ंेकरी,
ववलायक तनष्ट्कििण इकाइयां, कपड़ा भमल, आहद।
3. कृ वि-इनपुट ववतनमािण इकाइयां: औद्योर्गक इकाइयां जो कृ वि क
े मशीनीकरण या
उत्पादकिा ंढाने क
े भलए माल का उत्पादन करिी हैं, इस ्रबकार क
े अंिगिि आिी हैं।
उदाहरण: कृ वि उपकरण, ंीज उद्योग, पंपसेट, उविरक और कीटनाशक इकाइयां, आहद।
4. कृ वि सेवा क
ें ि: कृ वि सेवा क
ें ि कायिशालाएं और सेवा क
ें ि हैं जो पंपसेट, डीजल इंजन,
रैक्टर और सिी ्रबकार क
े कृ वि उपकरणों की मरम्मि और सवविभसंग में लगे हुए हैं।
27. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
Following Ministries & Departments at the Centre and State level are at present looking after
development of agro based industries:-
1. Ministry of Agriculture: Deals with rice mills, oil mills, sugar mills, bakeries, cold storage, etc.
2. Khadi and village industries board: Covers traditional agro based industries like “gur”,
handicrafts, khandasari, etc.
3. Director General of Trade and Development: Looks after the industries engaged in the
manufacture of tractors, power tillers, diesel engines, pump sets, etc.
4. Agro-industries Development Corporation: In each state mainly supply agricultural machinery,
inputs and agricultural advisory services to farmers. Some corporations have also undertaken
certain manufacturing activities in agro- industries sector.
5. Small Industry Development Organization: Deals with small agroindustries like hosiery,
processing of food products, beverages, food and fruit preservation, agricultural implements,
pesticide formulations, etc.
28. संस्थागत व्यिस्था
वििमान में क
ें ि और राज्य स्िर पर तनम्नभलखखि मंत्रालय और वविाग कृ वि आिाररि उद्योगों क
े ववकास
की देखरेख कर रहे हैं: –
1. कृ वि मंत्रालय: चावल भमलों, िेल भमलों, चीनी भमलों, ंेकरी, कोल्ड स्टोरेज आहद से संंंर्िि है।
2. खादी और ग्रामोद्योग ंोडि: पारंपररक कृ वि आिाररि उद्योगों जैसे "गुड़", हस्िभशल्प, खंडसारी आहद को
कवर करिा है।
3. व्यापार और ववकास महातनदेशक: रैक्टर, पावर हटलर, डीजल इंजन, पंप सेट आहद क
े तनमािण में लगे
उद्योगों की देखिाल करिे हैं।
4. कृ वि उद्योग ववकास तनगम: ्रबत्येक राज्य में मुख्य रूप से क्रकसानों को कृ वि मशीनरी, इनपुट और कृ वि
सलाहकार सेवाओं की आपूतिि की जािी है। क
ु छ तनगमों ने कृ वि-उद्योग क्षेत्र में कतिपय ववतनमािण
कायिकलाप िी क्रकए हैं।
5. लघु उद्योग ववकास संगठन: होजरी, खाद्य उत्पादों, पेय पदाथों क
े ्रबसंस्करण, खाद्य और फल संरक्षण,
कृ वि उपकरणों, कीटनाशक फॉमूिलेशन आहद जैसे छोटे कृ वि उद्योगों से संंंर्िि है।
29. PROCEDURES TO SETUP AGRO-BASED INDUSTRIES
1. Assessment of agricultural resource potential in the desired areas.
2. Qualification of agriculture output and inputs.
3. Present utilization of resources in existing units
4. Surplus produce left out.
5. Agricultural produce preserving requirements. Even for local consumption of food grains, processing
is necessary.
6. Selection of certain items of considerable importance.
7. Follow certain approach for actual location of the units to avoid wastage of resources and maximize
utilisation of existing infrastructure.
8. Preparation of industrial profitable and feasibility studies
9. Identification of entrepreneurs.
10. Suggesting appropriate technology and imparting suitable training.
11. Finance and other problems. 12. Marketing assistance
30. कृ षि आधाररत उद्योगों की स्थापना क
े लिए प्रक्रियाएं
1. वांतछि क्षेत्रों में कृ वि संसािन क्षमिा का आकलन।
2. कृ वि उत्पादन और आदानों की योग्यिा।
3. मौजूदा इकाइयों में संसािनों का वििमान उपयोग
4. अतिररक्ि उपज छ
ू ट गई।
5. कृ वि उपज संरक्षण आवश्यकिाएं। खाद्यान्नों की स्थानीय खपि क
े भलए िी ्रबसंस्करण आवश्यक है।
6. काफी महत्व की क
ु छ वस्िुओं का चयन।
7. संसािनों की ंंािदी से ंचने और मौजूदा ंुतनयादी ढांचे क
े अर्िकिम उपयोग क
े भलए इकाइयों क
े
वास्िववक स्थान क
े भलए क
ु छ दृष्ष्ट्टकोण का पालन करें।
8. औद्योर्गक लािदायक और व्यवहायििा अध्यययन की िैयारी
9. उद्यभमयों की पहचान।
10. उपयुक्ि ्रबौद्योर्गकी का सुझाव देना और उपयुक्ि ्रबभशक्षण ्रबदान करना।
11. ववत्त और अन्य समस्याएं। 12. ववपणन सहायिा
32. CONSTRAINTS IN ESTABLISHING AGRO-BASED
INDUSTRIES
1. Proper guidance is not available to entrepreneurs.
2. It involves some element of risk taking .
3. Change in crops / cropping pattern .
4. Change in variety of crop due to technological improvement.
5. Failure of monsoon may hit the raw material supply.
6. Proper guidance, training for modern and sophisticated agro-industries are not available.
7. As modern small industries are capital intensive, supply of finance will be a considerable
problem.
8. Promotional activities such as conducting, intensive campaigns, identifying candidate
industries and explaining to entrepreneurs about prospects are inadequate.
33. 9. Uncertainty about future market demands.
10. Absence of information about quantity and quality of market.
11. Multiplicity of agricultural produce and absence of suitable methodology to select
best suited industries to a given region.
12. Seasonal supply of agricultural produce may result in under utilization of capacity of
the units as the unit will not be working throughout the year. Ex: Sugarcane
13. Industries based on fruits and vegetables may not get the same variety throughout
the year, but they may get some other variety.
14. Absence of proper integration among the various agencies of development in the
district.
34. कृ षि आधाररत उद्योगों की स्थापना में बाधाएं
उद्यभमयों क
े भलए उर्चि मागिदशिन उपलब्ि नहीं है।
2. इसमें जोखखम लेने क
े क
ु छ ित्व शाभमल हैं
3. फसलों/फसल पद्िति में पररवििन
4. िकनीकी सुिार क
े कारण फसल की क्रकस्म में पररवििन
5. मानसून की ववफलिा कच्चे माल की आपूतिि को ्रबिाववि कर सकिी है।
6. आिुतनक और पररष्ट्कृ ि कृ वि उद्योगों क
े भलए उर्चि मागिदशिन, ्रबभशक्षण उपलब्ि नहीं है।
7. चूंक्रक आिुतनक लघु उद्योग पूंजी गहन हैं, इसभलए ववत्त की आपूतिि काफी समस्या होगी।
8. ्रबचार गतिववर्ियां जैसे क्रक संचालन, गहन अभियान, उम्मीदवार उद्योगों की पहचान करना
और उद्यभमयों को संिावनाओं क
े ंारे में समझाना अपयािप्ि हैं।
9. िववष्ट्य की ंाजार मांगों क
े ंारे में अतनष्श्चििा।
10. ंाजार की मात्रा और गुणवत्ता क
े ंारे में जानकारी का अिाव।
35. 11. कृ वि उपज की ंहुलिा और क्रकसी हदए गए क्षेत्र क
े भलए संसे उपयुक्ि
उद्योगों का चयन करने क
े भलए उपयुक्ि पद्िति का अिाव।
12. कृ वि उपज की मौसमी आपूतिि क
े पररणामस्वरूप इकाइयों की क्षमिा का कम
उपयोग हो सकिा है क्योंक्रक इकाई पूरे विि काम नहीं करेगी। उदाहरण : गन्ना
13. फलों और सष्ब्जयों पर आिाररि उद्योगों को साल िर एक ही क्रकस्म नहीं
भमल सकिी है, लेक्रकन उन्हें क
ु छ अन्य क्रकस्म भमल सकिी है।
14. ष्जले में ववकास की ववभिन्न एजेंभसयों क
े ंीच उर्चि एकीकरण का अिाव।
37. AGRI VALUE CHAIN: UNDERSTANDING PRIMARY AND
SUPPORT ACTIVITIES AND THEIR LINKAGES
Agricultural value chain refers to the integrated range of goods and
services necessary for an agricultural product to move from the producer to
the final consumer.The value chain can be grouped into five main primary
activities which are directly concerned with the creation or delivery of a
product or service.
These primary activities are:
# Inbound logistics
# Operations
# Outbound logistics
# Marketing and sales Service
38. THE SUPPORT ACTIVITIES ARE THOSE THAT SUPPORT THE
PRIMARY ACTIVITIES IN THE VALUE CHAIN.THEY CAN BE
GROUPED INTO FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES:
# PROCUREMENT
# TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
# HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
# INFRASTRUCTURE
THE LINKAGES BETWEEN THESE ACTIVITIES ARE ABOUT
SEAMLESS COOPERATION AND INFORMATION FLOW
39. कृ षि मूल्य श्ृंखिा: प्राथलमक और समथथन गततषिधधयों और उनक
े संबंधों को
समझना
कृ वि मूल्य श्ृंखला एक कृ वि उत्पाद को उत्पादक से अंतिम उपिोक्िा िक ले जाने क
े भलए
आवश्यक वस्िुओं और सेवाओं की एकीकृ ि श्ृंखला को संदभििि करिी है। मूल्य श्ृंखला को पांच
मुख्य ्रबाथभमक गतिववर्ियों में वगीकृ ि क्रकया जा सकिा है जो सीिे क्रकसी उत्पाद या सेवा क
े
तनमािण या वविरण से संंंर्िि हैं।
ये ्रबाथभमक गतिववर्ियााँ हैं:
# इनंाउंड लॉष्जष्स्टक्स
# संचालन
# आउटंाउंड लॉष्जष्स्टक्स
# ववपणन और बंिी सेवा
40. समथिन गतिववर्ियााँ वे हैं जो मूल्य श्ृंखला में ्रबाथभमक गतिववर्ियों का समथिन
करिी हैं। उन्हें चार मुख्य श्ेखणयों में वगीकृ ि क्रकया जा सकिा है:
# खरीद
# ्रबौद्योर्गकी ववकास
# मानव संसािन ्रबंंिन
# ंुतनयादी ढांचा
इन गतिववर्ियों क
े ंीच संंंि मूल्य श्ृंखला गतिववर्ियों क
े ंीच तनंािि सहयोग
और सूचना ्रबवाह क
े ंारे में हैं।
42. BUISNESS ENVIRONMENT
Business environment refers to the social, economic,
institutional, and political conditions under which you conduct
business operations.
1. It includes both general and specific forces such as
investors, customers, competitors, suppliers, policies or
resources.
2.The business environment is the sum of all external factors
that affect its growth.
"The business environment includes all external factors that
directly affect the business“
- Renki
43. व्यव्सातयक िातािरण
व्यावसातयक वािावरण सामाष्जक, आर्थिक, संस्थागि और राजनीतिक ष्स्थतियों को संदभििि करिा
है ष्जसक
े िहि आप व्यवसाय संचालन करिे हैं।
1. इसमें तनवेशकों, ग्राहकों, ्रबतियोर्गयों, आपूतििकिािओं, नीतियों या संसािनों जैसे सामान्य और
ववभशष्ट्ट ंल दोनों शाभमल हैं।
2. कारोंारी माहौल उन सिी ंाहरी कारकों का योग है जो इसक
े ववकास को ्रबिाववि करिे हैं।
“व्यव्सातयक वािावरण में उन सिी ंाहरी घट्को को सष्म्मभलि क्रकया जािा है ष्जससे व्यव्साय
्रबत्यक्छ अ्रबत्यक्छ रुप से ्रबिाववि होिे है“
-रेनकी
44. The business environment is important for several reason:-
• It enables the identification of opportunities and taking immediate
steps to explore the benefits.
• It helps identify threats and early warning signals to cope with
immediate changes.
• It supports planning and policy and improves business performance.
• Understanding the business environment is important for identifying
and assessing risks and opportunities, adapting to change, and
developing effective strategies and plans.
• Helps in overall development
• Preparing long term plans
45. कारोबारी माहौि का महत्ि
• कारोंारी माहौल कई कारणों से महत्वपूणि है:-
• यह अवसरों की पहचान करने और लािों का पिा लगाने क
े भलए ित्काल कदम उठाने में
सक्षम ंनािा है।
• यह ित्काल पररवििनों से तनपटने क
े भलए खिरों और ्रबारंभिक चेिावनी संक
े िों की पहचान
करने में मदद करिा है।
• यह योजना और नीति का समथिन करिा है और व्यावसातयक ्रबदशिन में सुिार करिा है।
• जोखखमों और अवसरों की पहचान और आकलन करने, पररवििन क
े अनुक
ू ल होने और
्रबिावी रणनीतियों और योजनाओं को ववकभसि करने क
े भलए कारोंारी माहौल को समझना
महत्वपूणि है।
• समग्र ववकास में मदद करिा है|
• लंंी अवर्ि की योजनाएं िैयार करना|
46. COMPONENTS OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
कारोबारी माहौि क
े घटक
• The components of business environment are broadly classified into two categories:
internal and external. Internal components include human resources, value system,
vision and mission, labor union, corporate culture. External components include
investors, customers, competitors, suppliers.
• कारोंारी माहौल क
े घटकों को मोटे िौर पर दो श्ेखणयों में वगीकृ ि क्रकया जािा है: आंिररक और
ंाहरी। आंिररक घटकों में मानव संसािन, मूल्य ्रबणाली, दृष्ष्ट्ट और भमशन, श्म संघ, कॉपोरेट
संस्कृ ति शाभमल हैं। ंाहरी घटकों में तनवेशक, ग्राहक, ्रबतियोगी, आपूतििकिाि शाभमल हैं।
47. PEST ANALYSIS
• PEST analysis is a business assessment tool that’s used to determine how external
factors may affect a company. For example, an internet service provider might use
PEST analysis to see what challenges it might face in the coming year, such as
legislation that establishes rate increase limitations or expected updates in
technology from its competitors that could affect sales.
• पेस्ट ववश्लेिण एक व्यवसाय मूल्यांकन उपकरण है ष्जसका उपयोग यह तनिािररि करने क
े भलए
क्रकया जािा है क्रक ंाहरी कारक क्रकसी क
ं पनी को क
ै से ्रबिाववि कर सकिे हैं। उदाहरण क
े भलए,
एक इंटरनेट सेवा ्रबदािा यह देखने क
े भलए पेस्ट ववश्लेिण का उपयोग कर सकिा है क्रक आने
वाले विि में क्रकन चुनौतियों का सामना करना पड़ सकिा है, जैसे क्रक कानून जो दर वृद्र्ि
सीमाओं को स्थावपि करिा है या अपने ्रबतिस्पर्िियों से ्रबौद्योर्गकी में अपेक्षक्षि अपडेट जो
बंिी को ्रबिाववि कर सकिा है।
48. Political
The political focus of PEST analysis focuses on the areas in which governments, their policies, and changes in legislation or
regulations affect the economy, industry or organization.Tax regulations and labor or employment laws are two of the most
common areas of policy affected. Other political aspects of PEST analysis can include:
Political climate or stability of a nation, region or continent
International relations between countries, regions or governments
Changes in local, state or federal government
Trade relations and barriers
Environmental laws or regulations
राजनीतिक
पेस्ट ववश्लेिण का राजनीतिक फोकस उन क्षेत्रों पर क
ें हिि है ष्जनमें सरकारें, उनकी नीतियां और कानून या तनयमों में पररवििन अथिव्यवस्था,
उद्योग या संगठन को ्रबिाववि करिे हैं। कर तनयम और श्म या रोजगार कानून नीति ्रबिाववि होने क
े संसे आम क्षेत्रों में से दो हैं। पेस्ट
ववश्लेिण क
े अन्य राजनीतिक पहलुओं में शाभमल हो सकिे हैं:
क्रकसी राष्ट्र, क्षेत्र या महाद्वीप की राजनीतिक जलवायु या ष्स्थरिा
देशों, क्षेत्रों या सरकारों क
े ंीच अंिरािष्ट्रीय संंंि
स्थानीय, राज्य या संघीय सरकार में पररवििन
व्यापार संंंि और ंािाएं , पयािवरण कानून या ववतनयम
49. Economic
The economic focus of PEST analysis targets these areas:
Interest and exchange rates Employment rates and job creation
Economic growth Inflation and recession
Supply and demand Consumer spending power
Cost of raw materials and labor
Economic factors typically affect a business or industry directly, impacting its operations and profitability.For example, a drastic decrease in the cost of
raw materials might give a business a chance to increase its manufacturing production, allowing it to hire more employees, sell more products and enlarge
its revenue stream. Conversely, a drastic increase in the price of raw materials could lead to a workforce reduction, higher consumer prices and reduced
revenue and profit.Often, economic and political factors overlap because governments can impose economic reform and restrictions, or influence its
growth, stability or vitality.
आर्थिक
पेस्ट ववश्लेिण का आर्थिक फोकस इन क्षेत्रों को लक्षक्षि करिा है:
ब्याज और ववतनमय दरें रोजगार दर और रोजगार सृजन
आर्थिक ववकास मुिास्फीति और मंदी
आपूतिि और मांग उपिोक्िा खचि करने की शष्क्ि
कच्चे माल और श्म की लागि
आर्थिक कारक आम िौर पर क्रकसी व्यवसाय या उद्योग को सीिे ्रबिाववि करिे हैं, इसक
े संचालन और लाि्रबदिा को ्रबिाववि करिे हैं। उदाहरण क
े भलए, कच्चे माल की
लागि में िारी कमी एक व्यवसाय को अपने ववतनमािण उत्पादन को ंढाने का मौका दे सकिी है, ष्जससे इसे अर्िक कमिचाररयों को काम पर रखने, अर्िक उत्पादों को ंेचने
और अपने राजस्व ्रबवाह को ंढाने की अनुमति भमलिी है। इसक
े ववपरीि, कच्चे माल की कीमि में िारी वृद्र्ि से कायिंल में कमी, उच्च उपिोक्िा कीमिें और राजस्व और
लाि में कमी हो सकिी है। अक्सर, आर्थिक और राजनीतिक कारक ओवरलैप होिे हैं क्योंक्रक सरकारें आर्थिक सुिार और ्रबतिंंि लगा सकिी हैं, या इसकी वृद्र्ि, ष्स्थरिा या
50. Social
The social, or socio-cultural, aspect of PEST analysis focuses on people and populations, nationally and internationally. For
example:
•Age distribution Lifestyle trends
•Demographics, like education, income and lifestyle workplace environments
•Cultural attitudes and trends social norms and societal expectations
•Population growth rates and life expectancy
Social outlooks gleaned from PEST analysis can help a company better understand its customers, their motivations and how to
market to them. It can also predict behavior, spending habits and consumer attitudes.
सामाष्जक
पेस्ट ववश्लेिण का सामाष्जक, या सामाष्जक-सांस्कृ तिक, पहलू राष्ट्रीय और अंिरराष्ट्रीय स्िर पर लोगों और आंादी पर क
ें हिि है। उदाहरण क
े
भलए:
आयु वविरण जीवन शैली क
े रुझान
जनसांष्ख्यकी, जैसे भशक्षा, आय और जीवन शैली कायिस्थल वािावरण
सांस्कृ तिक दृष्ष्ट्टकोण और रुझान सामाष्जक मानदंड और सामाष्जक अपेक्षाएं
जनसंख्या वृद्र्ि दर और जीवन ्रबत्याशा
पेस्ट ववश्लेिण से ्रबाप्ि सामाष्जक दृष्ष्ट्टकोण एक क
ं पनी को अपने ग्राहकों, उनकी ्रबेरणाओं और उन्हें ंाजार में लाने क
े िरीक
े को ंेहिर ढंग
से समझने में मदद कर सकिे हैं। यह व्यवहार, खचि करने की आदिों और उपिोक्िा दृष्ष्ट्टकोण की िी िववष्ट्यवाणी कर सकिा है।
51. • Technological
• The technological component of PEST analysis focuses on the specific role of technological advances within the industry. How a
company uses its own technology in operations, like automating certain duties or responsibilities, can help businesses create, shift or
prioritize strategies, finances and processes. Sometimes government research and spending is part of the technological portion of
PEST analysis, too.
• In some countries, like the United Kingdom, PEST analysis also includes two additional elements, making the acronym Pestle analysis:
• Legal:The legal laws and regulations at a local, state or federal level can center on health and wellness, consumer rights, product
safety and labeling, advertising guidelines, trade regulations or equal opportunity and discrimination.
• Environmental: Environmental factors of Pestle analysis often include weather forecasts, pollution, waste disposal concerns or
regulation, climate change, scarcity of raw materials or sustainability efforts, like recycling and reducing carbon footprint.
• िकनीकी
• पेस्ट ववश्लेिण का िकनीकी घटक उद्योग क
े िीिर िकनीकी ्रबगति की ववभशष्ट्ट िूभमका पर क
ें हिि है। एक क
ं पनी संचालन में अपनी िकनीक का
उपयोग क
ै से करिी है, जैसे क्रक क
ु छ कििव्यों या ष्जम्मेदाररयों को स्वचाभलि करना, व्यवसायों को रणनीतियों, ववत्त और ्रबक्रियाओं को ंनाने, ंदलने या
्रबाथभमकिा देने में मदद कर सकिा है। किी-किी सरकारी अनुसंिान और खचि िी पेस्ट ववश्लेिण क
े िकनीकी हहस्से का हहस्सा होिा है।
• यूनाइटेड क्रकं गडम की िरह क
ु छ देशों में, पेस्ट ववश्लेिण में दो अतिररक्ि ित्व िी शाभमल हैं, ष्जससे संक्षक्षप्ि पेस्टल ववश्लेिण होिा है:
• कानूनी: स्थानीय, राज्य या संघीय स्िर पर कानूनी कानून और तनयम स्वास््य और कल्याण, उपिोक्िा अर्िकार, उत्पाद सुरक्षा और लेंभलंग, ववज्ञापन
हदशातनदेश, व्यापार तनयम या समान अवसर और िेदिाव पर क
ें हिि हो सकिे हैं।
• पयािवरण: पेस्टल ववश्लेिण क
े पयािवरणीय कारकों में अक्सर मौसम पूवािनुमान, ्रबदूिण, अपभशष्ट्ट तनपटान र्चंिाएं या ववतनयमन, जलवायु पररवििन,
कच्चे माल की कमी या ष्स्थरिा क
े ्रबयास शाभमल होिे हैं, जैसे रीसाइष्क्लंग और कांिन पदर्चह्न को कम करना।
52. HOW IS PEST ANALYSIS USED?
• Most often, PEST analysis is part of a greater business analysis approach, used with strength, weaknesses,
opportunities and threat (SWOT) analysis to give you a comprehensive look at the state of your business,
now and in the future. It helps you make informed decisions for your team, department or company. Here
are five specific ways PEST analysis is commonly applied in business:
• Provides a view of current conditions to maximize opportunities for revenue, profit and competitive
advantage
• Assesses the organizational structure of a company and its internal politics, economic outlook, social
atmosphere and technology viewpoint
• Points out areas of opportunity internally and externally to plan effectively or make strategic business
decisions
• Gains advantages over competitors
• Increases revenue or decreases costs
Consider doing PEST analysis every six months, or at least annually, to remain up-to-date on current events, to
find market trends and to best strategize on ways to surpass your competitors while meeting customer needs.
53. पेस्ट षिश्िेिण का उपयोग क
ै से क्रकया जाता है?
• संसे अर्िक ंार, पेस्ट ववश्लेिण एक अर्िक व्यवसाय ववश्लेिण दृष्ष्ट्टकोण का हहस्सा है, ष्जसका उपयोग िाकि,
कमजोररयों, अवसरों और खिरे (एसडब्ल्यूओटी) ववश्लेिण क
े साथ क्रकया जािा है िाक्रक आपको अपने व्यवसाय की
ष्स्थति पर एक व्यापक नज़र डाली जा सक
े , अिी और िववष्ट्य में। यह आपको अपनी टीम, वविाग या क
ं पनी क
े
भलए सूर्चि तनणिय लेने में मदद करिा है। यहां पांच ववभशष्ट्ट िरीक
े हदए गए हैं ष्जनसे पेस्ट ववश्लेिण आमिौर पर
व्यवसाय में लागू होिा है:
• राजस्व, लाि और ्रबतिस्पिी लाि क
े अवसरों को अर्िकिम करने क
े भलए वििमान पररष्स्थतियों का एक दृश्य ्रबदान
करिा है
• एक क
ं पनी की संगठनात्मक संरचना और इसकी आंिररक राजनीति, आर्थिक दृष्ष्ट्टकोण, सामाष्जक वािावरण और
्रबौद्योर्गकी दृष्ष्ट्टकोण का आकलन करिा है
• ्रबिावी ढंग से योजना ंनाने या रणनीतिक व्यावसातयक तनणिय लेने क
े भलए आंिररक और ंाहरी रूप से अवसर क
े
क्षेत्रों को इंर्गि करिा है
• ्रबतिस्पर्िियों पर लाि
• राजस्व ंढािा है या लागि कम करिा है
वििमान घटनाओं पर अद्यतिि रहने, ंाजार क
े रुझानों को खोजने और ग्राहकों की जरूरिों को पूरा करिे हुए अपने
्रबतिस्पर्िियों को पार करने क
े िरीकों पर सवोत्तम रणनीति ंनाने क
े भलए हर छह महीने, या कम से कम सालाना पेस्ट
ववश्लेिण करने पर ववचार करें।
54. SWOT ANALYSIS
• SWOT Analysis is an analytical tool to identify and evaluate an entity’s strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. As a result, it is an avenue for developing
reasonable business strategies and arriving at informed decisions.
• SWOT ववश्लेिण एक इकाई की िाकि, कमजोररयों, अवसरों और खिरों की पहचान और
मूल्यांकन करने क
े भलए एक ववश्लेिणात्मक उपकरण है। निीजिन, यह उर्चि व्यावसातयक
रणनीतियों को ववकभसि करने और सूर्चि तनणियों पर पहुंचने क
े भलए एक एवेन्यू है।
• SWOT analysis is defined as the review of an individual, company, product, or
industry by assessing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the
object of study.
• SWOT ववश्लेिण को अध्यययन क
े उद्देश्य की िाकि, कमजोररयों, अवसरों और खिरों का
आकलन करक
े क्रकसी व्यष्क्ि, क
ं पनी, उत्पाद या उद्योग की समीक्षा क
े रूप में पररिाविि
क्रकया गया है।
55. IMPORTANCE OF SWOT ANALYSIS
• A SWOT analysis determines the actual position of a business entity while revealing its
shortcomings and areas of improvement.
• एक SWOT ववश्लेिण एक व्यावसातयक इकाई की वास्िववक ष्स्थति को तनिािररि करिा है जंक्रक
इसकी कभमयों और सुिार क
े क्षेत्रों को ्रबकट करिा है।
• SWOT analysis plays a vital role in a dynamic environment for business sustenance,
continued profits and competitive edge.
• SWOT ववश्लेिण व्यापार तनवािह, तनरंिर लाि और ्रबतिस्पिी ंढि क
े भलए एक गतिशील वािावरण में
एक महत्वपूणि िूभमका तनिािा है।
• It helps the management gain business insights on the company’s competitiveness, market
trends, preferences, and uncertainties. It chalks down overall positives and negatives
influencing the company’s performance, thus mapping the areas requiring corporate
action. It also provides a basis for comparative study with the competitor’s SWOT.
56. यह ्रबंंिन को क
ं पनी की ्रबतिस्पिाित्मकिा, ंाजार क
े रुझान, वरीयिाओं और
अतनष्श्चििाओं पर व्यावसातयक अंिदृिष्ष्ट्ट ्रबाप्ि करने में मदद करिा है। यह
क
ं पनी क
े ्रबदशिन को ्रबिाववि करने वाले समग्र सकारात्मक और नकारात्मक को
रेखांक्रकि करिा है, इस ्रबकार कॉपोरेट कारिवाई की आवश्यकिा वाले क्षेत्रों का
मानर्चत्रण करिा है। यह ्रबतियोगी क
े SWOT क
े साथ िुलनात्मक अध्यययन क
े
भलए एक आिार िी ्रबदान करिा है।
58. INTERNAL FACTORS
The internal environment of a business organization defines its positive and negative
attributes.The management can work on them to attain success. Below are the
internal factors –
1. Strengths: Any company’s unique selling proposition (USP) is structured by its
strengths that give it market stability.They keep the company in business and
ensure its sustenance.They could be high performing areas, valuable assets or
resources. Some examples include skilled labor, advanced machinery, low cost of
production, powerful market presence in two segments, etc.
2.Weaknesses:These are the shortcomings or flaws of a business entity which can
result in a setback.These aspects could relate to inadequate resources, limited
capital, confused USP or ill-performing products. For example, poorly skilled
workforce, low market share, high debt, etc.
59. आंतररक कारक
• एक व्यावसातयक संगठन का आंिररक वािावरण इसक
े सकारात्मक और नकारात्मक
गुणों को पररिाविि करिा है। ्रबंंिन सफलिा ्रबाप्ि करने क
े भलए उन पर काम कर
सकिा है। नीचे आंिररक कारक हैं –
• िाकि: क्रकसी िी क
ं पनी का अद्वविीय बंिी ्रबस्िाव (यूएसपी) इसकी िाकि से
संरर्चि होिा है जो इसे ंाजार ष्स्थरिा देिा है। वे क
ं पनी को व्यवसाय में रखिे हैं
और इसकी जीववका सुतनष्श्चि करिे हैं। वे उच्च ्रबदशिन वाले क्षेत्र, मूल्यवान संपवत्त या
संसािन हो सकिे हैं। क
ु छ उदाहरणों में क
ु शल श्म, उन्नि मशीनरी, उत्पादन की कम
लागि, दो खंडों में शष्क्िशाली ंाजार की उपष्स्थति आहद शाभमल हैं।
• कमजोररयां: ये एक व्यावसातयक इकाई की कभमयां या खाभमयां हैं ष्जनक
े
पररणामस्वरूप झटका लग सकिा है। ये पहलू अपयािप्ि संसािनों, सीभमि पूंजी, भ्रभमि
यूएसपी या खरां ्रबदशिन वाले उत्पादों से संंंर्िि हो सकिे हैं। उदाहरण क
े भलए,
खरां क
ु शल कायिंल, कम ंाजार हहस्सेदारी, उच्च ऋण, आहद।
60. EXTERNAL FACTORS
• The external environment of a company brings multiple possibilities of growth as
well as risks of failure. Controlling such factors is beyond the management’s
control, but early detection can help put up a good defense to minimize losses.
• Opportunities: A company deals with many factors falling outside its control as
part of the external environment.They comprise multiple chances for growth such
as uncaptured market potential, government subsidies, increasing demand or few
competitors. For instance: expanding online marketplace, lesser trade
barriers, international trade treaties, etc.
• Threats: Forecasting and preparing for uncertainty and potential dangers can save
an enterprise from losses. Some of these could be entry barriers, government
regulations, high taxes, political disturbance, rising costs of raw materials or
changing consumer taste. For example, negative reviews on social media, tax
hikes, cultural differences in the global market, etc.
61. बाहरी कारक
• एक क
ं पनी का ंाहरी वािावरण ववकास की कई संिावनाओं क
े साथ-साथ ववफलिा क
े जोखखम
िी लािा है। ऐसे कारकों को तनयंबत्रि करना ्रबंंिन क
े तनयंत्रण से परे है, लेक्रकन शुरुआिी
पहचान नुकसान को कम करने क
े भलए एक अच्छी रक्षा करने में मदद कर सकिी है।
• अवसर: एक क
ं पनी ंाहरी वािावरण क
े हहस्से क
े रूप में अपने तनयंत्रण से ंाहर पड़ने वाले
कई कारकों से तनपटिी है। इनमें वृद्र्ि क
े भलए कई अवसर शाभमल हैं जैसे क्रक अ्रबयुक्ि
ंाजार क्षमिा, सरकारी सष्ब्सडी, ंढिी मांग या क
ु छ ्रबतियोगी। उदाहरण क
े भलए: ऑनलाइन
ंाजार का ववस्िार, कम व्यापार ंािाएं, अंिरािष्ट्रीय व्यापार संर्ियााँ, आहद।
• खिरे: अतनष्श्चििा और संिाववि खिरों का पूवािनुमान और िैयारी एक उद्यम को नुकसान
से ंचा सकिी है। इनमें से क
ु छ ्रबवेश ंािाएं, सरकारी तनयम, उच्च कर, राजनीतिक अशांति,
कच्चे माल की ंढिी लागि या उपिोक्िा स्वाद को ंदलना हो सकिा है। उदाहरण क
े भलए,
सोशल मीडडया पर नकारात्मक समीक्षा, कर वृद्र्ि, वैष्श्वक ंाजार में सांस्कृ तिक अंिर आहद।
62. BENEFITS OF SWOT ANALYSIS
It is a matrix documentation that makes it a visual analytical tool for a quick
preview of critical points related to a business. Being an easy-to-use format, it has a
widespread application for strategic planning and business decision making.
•It is a highly affordable framework and hardly requires any technical expertise
during preparations.
•Directors, managers, employees and other stakeholders, can better understand the
company’s position, health and loopholes using such analysis.Thus, the management
can work on corporate weaknesses, enhance competitiveness, prepare for the
unfavorable situations and grab the upcoming opportunities.
•Moreover, it brings all the information in a single place to facilitate correlation of
distinct factors. It also promotes discussion and exchange of ideas for problem-
solving.
63. SWOT षिश्िेिण क
े िाभ
• यह एक मैहरक्स ्रबलेखन है जो इसे एक व्यवसाय से संंंर्िि महत्वपूणि बंंदुओं क
े त्वररि पूवािवलोकन
क
े भलए एक दृश्य ववश्लेिणात्मक उपकरण ंनािा है। उपयोग में आसान ्रबारूप होने क
े नािे, इसमें
रणनीतिक योजना और व्यावसातयक तनणिय लेने क
े भलए एक व्यापक अनु्रबयोग है।
• यह एक अत्यर्िक क्रकफायिी ढांचा है और िैयारी क
े दौरान शायद ही क्रकसी िकनीकी ववशेिज्ञिा की
आवश्यकिा होिी है।
• तनदेशक, ्रबंंिक, कमिचारी और अन्य हहििारक, इस िरह क
े ववश्लेिण का उपयोग करक
े क
ं पनी की
ष्स्थति, स्वास््य और खाभमयों को ंेहिर ढंग से समझ सकिे हैं। इस ्रबकार, ्रबंंिन कॉपोरेट कमजोररयों
पर काम कर सकिा है, ्रबतिस्पिाि ंढा सकिा है, ्रबतिक
ू ल पररष्स्थतियों क
े भलए िैयार हो सकिा है और
आगामी अवसरों का लाि उठा सकिा है।
• इसक
े अलावा, यह अलग-अलग कारकों क
े सहसंंंि को सुवविाजनक ंनाने क
े भलए सिी जानकारी को एक
ही स्थान पर लािा है। यह समस्या-समािान क
े भलए चचाि और ववचारों क
े आदान-्रबदान को िी ंढावा देिा
है।
64. DISADVANTAGE
• SWOT analysis is prone to individual biases and improper understanding of key focus areas.The
analyst can miss out on specific points since it requires manual entry of the data. Furthermore, it
doesn’t have a long-term relevance as the data keeps changing with time and volatile markets. Also,
the information gap and misleading data make it highly subjective at times.
• SWOT ववश्लेिण व्यष्क्िगि पूवािग्रहों और ्रबमुख फोकस क्षेत्रों की अनुर्चि समझ से ग्रस्ि है। ववश्लेिक ववभशष्ट्ट
बंंदुओं से चूक सकिा है क्योंक्रक इसक
े भलए डेटा की मैन्युअल ्रबववष्ष्ट्ट की आवश्यकिा होिी है। इसक
े अलावा,
इसकी दीघिकाभलक ्रबासंर्गकिा नहीं है क्योंक्रक डेटा समय और अष्स्थर ंाजारों क
े साथ ंदलिा रहिा है। इसक
े
अलावा, सूचना अंिर और भ्रामक डेटा इसे कई ंार अत्यर्िक व्यष्क्िपरक ंनािे हैं।
• It is an initial level of business planning that segregates every information into four segments. Since it
is a highly structured process, it may seem unsuitable for resolving complex problems. Moreover, in
some cases, it fosters the need for further analysis using other tools and techniques.
• यह व्यवसाय योजना का एक ्रबारंभिक स्िर है जो हर जानकारी को चार खंडों में वविाष्जि करिा है। चूंक्रक यह
एक अत्यर्िक संरर्चि ्रबक्रिया है, इसभलए यह जहटल समस्याओं को हल करने क
े भलए अनुपयुक्ि लग सकिा है।
इसक
े अलावा, क
ु छ मामलों में, यह अन्य उपकरणों और िकनीकों का उपयोग करक
े आगे क
े ववश्लेिण की
आवश्यकिा को ंढावा देिा है।
66. MANAGEMENT
• Henri Fayol defined management, as the conduct of affairs of a business, moving its objective through a
continuous process of improvement and optimization of resources via the essential management
functions.The manager has to forecast and plan, to organize to command, to co-ordinate, and to control
the business for attaining its goals.
• हेनरी फ
े योल ने ्रबंंिन को एक व्यवसाय क
े मामलों क
े संचालन क
े रूप में पररिाविि क्रकया, जो आवश्यक ्रबंंिन
कायों क
े माध्ययम से संसािनों क
े सुिार और अनुक
ू लन की तनरंिर ्रबक्रिया क
े माध्ययम से अपने उद्देश्य को आगे ंढा
रहा है। ्रबंंिक को पूवािनुमान और योजना ंनानी होिी है, कमांड करने क
े भलए व्यवष्स्थि करने, समन्वय करने और
अपने लक्ष्यों को ्रबाप्ि करने क
े भलए व्यवसाय को तनयंबत्रि करने क
े भलए।
• Management may in short be called a science of decision-making or a science of choice. A farmer has to
make judicious decisions on the use of scarce resources, having alternative uses to obtain the maximum
profit and family satisfaction on a continuous basis from the farm as a whole.
• ्रबंंिन को संक्षेप में तनणिय लेने का ववज्ञान या पसंद का ववज्ञान कहा जा सकिा है। एक क्रकसान को दुलिि संसािनों
क
े उपयोग पर वववेकपूणि तनणिय लेना पड़िा है, समग्र रूप से खेि से तनरंिर आिार पर अर्िकिम लाि और
पाररवाररक संिुष्ष्ट्ट ्रबाप्ि करने क
े भलए वैकष्ल्पक उपयोग करना पड़िा है।
67. IMPORTANCE OF MANAGEMENT
• 1.The very success or failure, even the very survival of an enterprise depends on its management.
The economy and effectiveness with which managerial functions are performed are an index of its
successful operations. It is the management, which provides effectiveness to human efforts.
• 2. Management plays an impressive role on the performance of four key tasks, namely, achieving
economic performance, creating productive work, managing the social impact and responsibility of
a business and managing the time dimension.
• 3. Joseph Schumpeter, the great economist viewed management and entrepreneurs as the „engine
of growth‟ .
• 4. Management is the driving force and shows how best man could make effective utilization of
world scarce resources and make a substantial contribution to the progress and well being of a
given society.
• 5. Management while taking cognizance of the changing conditions and providing foresight and
imagination is constantly on the run for improvement.
• 6. Orderliness is the keynote of management and this is the guiding star for the effective and
successful performance of trying and difficult endeavours and tasks of managers
68. प्रबंधन का महत्ि
1. ंहुि सफलिा या ववफलिा, यहां िक क्रक एक उद्यम का अष्स्ित्व उसक
े ्रबंंिन पर तनििर करिा है।
अथिव्यवस्था और ्रबिावशीलिा ष्जसक
े साथ ्रबंंिकीय कायि क्रकए जािे हैं, इसक
े सफल संचालन का एक
सूचकांक है। यह ्रबंंिन है, जो मानव ्रबयासों को ्रबिावशीलिा ्रबदान करिा है।
2. ्रबंंिन चार ्रबमुख कायों क
े ्रबदशिन पर एक ्रबिावशाली िूभमका तनिािा है, अथािि्, आर्थिक ्रबदशिन
्रबाप्ि करना, उत्पादक कायि ंनाना, एक व्यवसाय क
े सामाष्जक ्रबिाव और ष्जम्मेदारी का ्रबंंिन करना
और समय आयाम का ्रबंंिन करना।
3. जोसेफ शुम्पीटर, महान अथिशास्त्री ने ्रबंंिन और उद्यभमयों को "ववकास क
े इंजन" क
े रूप में देखा।
4. ्रबंंिन ्रबेरक शष्क्ि है और यह दशाििा है क्रक क
ै से संसे अच्छा आदमी दुतनया क
े दुलिि संसािनों का
्रबिावी उपयोग कर सकिा है और क्रकसी हदए गए समाज की ्रबगति और कल्याण में पयािप्ि योगदान दे
सकिा है।
5. ंदलिी पररष्स्थतियों का संज्ञान लेिे हुए और दूरदभशििा और कल्पनाशीलिा ्रबदान करिे हुए ्रबंंिन
लगािार सुिार क
े भलए िाग रहा है।
6. सुव्यवस्था ्रबंंिन की मुख्य ंाि है और यह ्रबंंिकों क
े ्रबयास और कहठन ्रबयासों और कायों क
े
्रबिावी और सफल ्रबदशिन क
े भलए मागिदशिक भसिारा है
69. ELEMENTS OF MANAGEMENT
• There are two dimensions of it:-
• Human dimension: It is related to skill and ability of people.
• Technical dimension: It is related to intellectual capacity of people thereby efficient
execution of activities. Among these two, human dimension is very important.
• Management is an art but not science. But every manager should use the
Management principles, knowledge, skill and past experience as guidance to
successfully operate the firm.
• Good management is the key to success of firm.
• Successful managers stimulate highest potential returns from the given resources by
recognizing the optimality of input use, enterprise combination and by minimizing
the risk through plans and programmes.
70. प्रबंधन क
े तत्ि
• इसक
े दो आयाम हैं:-
• मानव आयाम: यह लोगों क
े कौशल और क्षमिा से संंंर्िि है।
• िकनीकी आयाम: यह लोगों की ंौद्र्िक क्षमिा से संंंर्िि है ष्जससे गतिववर्ियों का क
ु शल
तनष्ट्पादन होिा है। इन दोनों में, मानव आयाम ंहुि महत्वपूणि है।
• ्रबंंिन एक कला है लेक्रकन ववज्ञान नहीं। लेक्रकन ्रबत्येक ्रबंंिक को फमि को सफलिापूविक
संचाभलि करने क
े भलए मागिदशिन क
े रूप में ्रबंंिन भसद्िांिों, ज्ञान, कौशल और वपछले अनुिव
का उपयोग करना चाहहए।
• अच्छा ्रबंंिन फमि की सफलिा की क
ुं जी है।
• सफल ्रबंंिक इनपुट उपयोग, उद्यम संयोजन की इष्ट्टिमिा को पहचानकर और योजनाओं और
कायििमों क
े माध्ययम से जोखखम को कम करक
े हदए गए संसािनों से उच्चिम संिाववि ररटनि
को ्रबोत्साहहि करिे हैं।
•
71. FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT
• Recently developed concept of
management, is to view management as
series of functions.These are:
• 1. Planning
• 2. Organizing
• 3. Directing
• 4. Controlling
• 5. Co-ordinating
• 6. Communicating
• 7. Motivating
्रबंंिन की हाल ही में ववकभसि अविारणा,
्रबंंिन को कायों की श्ृंखला क
े रूप में देखना
है। ये हैं:
1. योजना
2. आयोजन
3. तनदेशन
4. तनयंत्रण
5. समन्वय
6. संचार
7. ्रबेररि करना
72. ROLE OF MANAGEMENT
• Recruitment of managers & employees.
• Allowance of fund.
• Shut down any activity & start the other.
• ्रबंंिकों और कमिचाररयों की ििी।
• तनर्ि का ित्ता।
• क्रकसी िी गतिववर्ि को ंंद करें और दूसरी शुरू
करें।
73. ACTIVITIES OF MANAGEMENT
• The activities of management functions include planning, organizing,
staffing, directing, and controlling.
• Planning involves setting goals and objectives for the organization and
determining how to achieve them.
• Organizing refers to the way managers distribute resources, delegate tasks,
structure departments, set staffing levels, etc.
• Staffing involves recruiting, hiring, training, and developing employees.
• Directing involves motivating employees to achieve organizational goals.
• Controlling involves monitoring employee performance and making
necessary changes to ensure that goals are being met.
74. प्रबंधन की गततषिधधयााँ
• ्रबंंिन कायों की गतिववर्ियों में योजना, आयोजन, स्टाक्रफं ग, तनदेशन और तनयंत्रण शाभमल हैं।
• योजना में संगठन क
े भलए लक्ष्य और उद्देश्य तनिािररि करना और यह तनिािररि करना शाभमल है क्रक
उन्हें क
ै से ्रबाप्ि क्रकया जाए।
• आयोजन से िात्पयि ्रबंंिकों द्वारा संसािनों को वविररि करने, कायि सौंपने, संरचना वविागों, स्टाक्रफं ग
स्िरों को तनिािररि करने आहद से है।
• स्टाक्रफं ग में कमिचाररयों की ििी, ििी, ्रबभशक्षण और ववकास शाभमल है।
• तनदेशन में संगठनात्मक लक्ष्यों को ्रबाप्ि करने क
े भलए कमिचाररयों को ्रबेररि करना शाभमल है।
• तनयंत्रण में कमिचारी क
े ्रबदशिन की तनगरानी करना और यह सुतनष्श्चि करने क
े भलए आवश्यक
पररवििन करना शाभमल है क्रक लक्ष्यों को पूरा क्रकया जा रहा है।
76. ORGANIZATION CULTURE
• Organizational culture is the system of shared values belief and habits within an
organization which interact with the formal structure to produce behaviors norms.
• संगठनात्मक संस्कृ ति एक संगठन क
े िीिर साझा मूल्यों ववश्वास और आदिों की ्रबणाली है जो
व्यवहार मानदंडों का उत्पादन करने क
े भलए औपचाररक संरचना क
े साथ ंािचीि करिी है।
• “Organizational culture is a pattern of beliefs and expectation shared by the
members of the organization.These beliefs and expectations produce norms that
powerfully shape the behavior of individuals and groups in the organizations.”
-by Schwartz & Davis
"संगठनात्मक संस्कृ ति संगठन क
े सदस्यों द्वारा साझा की गई मान्यिाओं और अपेक्षाओं का एक
पैटनि है। ये ववश्वास और अपेक्षाएं उन मानदंडों का उत्पादन करिी हैं जो संगठनों में व्यष्क्ियों
और समूहों क
े व्यवहार को शष्क्िशाली रूप से आकार देिी हैं।”
- श्वाट्िज और डेववस द्वारा
77. PLANNING
Planning is the beginning of all the other processes of management-organizing,
staffing, directing, communication and control.
तनयोजन ्रबंंिन-आयोजन, स्टाक्रफं ग, तनदेशन, संचार और तनयंत्रण की अन्य सिी
्रबक्रियाओं की शुरुआि है।
“Planning is the function that determines in advance what should be done. It
consists of selecting the enterprise objectives, policies, programmes,
procedures and other means of achieving their objectives.” (Haimann)
"योजना वह कायि है जो पहले से तनिािररि करिा है क्रक क्या क्रकया जाना चाहहए। इसमें
उद्यम उद्देश्यों, नीतियों, कायििमों, ्रबक्रियाओं और उनक
े उद्देश्यों को ्रबाप्ि करने क
े
अन्य सािनों का चयन करना शाभमल है।” (हैमन)
78. CHARACTERSTICS
1.Planning
Planning is an intellectual exercise It is concerned with thinking in a creating way as to how the existing combination
of resources may be adjusted and adapted to match the emerging opportunities.
Planning enables the management to make decisions regarding a) what is to be done; b) how it is to be done; c)
when it is no done; and by whom it is to be done.
2. Planning and Forecasting: Forecasting describes what one expects to happen if no changes are made to escape
that happening. Planning describes what one wants to happen.
3. Accomplishment of Group Activity Planning is essential to any goal directed activity. It enables people with
divergent perceptions and motivations to work together to achieve common goals.
4. Choice between Alternatives Planning seeks to adjust and adapt the existing mix of resources to meet the
emerging opportunities.The first choice to be made by management is with regard to objectives of the business, i.e.,
profitability, growth, consumer satisfaction, man power development, prestige, and so on.The next choice is in
respect of the strategy to be adopted to accomplish the objectives.Then comes the operational part, i.e. determining
the time frame, assignment of tasks and other resources for the accomplishment of the objectives.
5. Pervasiveness of Planning Involvement of managers at levels is essential to the success of planning.
6. Flexibility Successful running of an organization involves matching of its resources with the emerging
opportunities in the business environment.
79. चररत्रिाद
1. योजना
योजना एक ंौद्र्िक अभ्यास है यह एक रचनात्मक िरीक
े से सोचने से संंंर्िि है क्रक उिरिे अवसरों से मेल खाने क
े भलए संसािनों क
े
मौजूदा संयोजन को क
ै से समायोष्जि और अनुक
ू भलि क्रकया जा सकिा है।
तनयोजन ्रबंंिन को तनणिय लेने में सक्षम ंनािा है ए) क्या क्रकया जाना है; ंी) यह क
ै से क्रकया जाना है; ग) जं यह नहीं क्रकया जािा है;
और यह क्रकसक
े द्वारा क्रकया जाना है।
2. योजना और पूवािनुमान: पूवािनुमान ंिािा है क्रक यहद ऐसा होने से ंचने क
े भलए कोई ंदलाव नहीं क्रकया जािा है िो कोई क्या होने
की उम्मीद करिा है। योजना ंिािी है क्रक कोई क्या होना चाहिा है।
3. क्रकसी िी लक्ष्य तनदेभशि गतिववर्ि क
े भलए समूह गतिववर्ि योजना की उपलष्ब्ि आवश्यक है। यह अलग-अलग िारणाओं और
्रबेरणाओं वाले लोगों को सामान्य लक्ष्यों को ्रबाप्ि करने क
े भलए एक साथ काम करने में सक्षम ंनािा है।
4. वैकष्ल्पक योजना क
े ंीच चयन उिरिे अवसरों को पूरा करने क
े भलए संसािनों क
े मौजूदा भमश्ण को समायोष्जि और अनुक
ू भलि
करना चाहिा है। ्रबंंिन द्वारा क्रकया जाने वाला पहला ववकल्प व्यवसाय क
े उद्देश्यों क
े संंंि में है, अथािि, लाि्रबदिा, ववकास, उपिोक्िा
संिुष्ष्ट्ट, मानव शष्क्ि ववकास, ्रबतिष्ट्ठा, और इिने पर। अगला ववकल्प उद्देश्यों को पूरा करने क
े भलए अपनाई जाने वाली रणनीति क
े
संंंि में है। क्रफर पररचालन िाग आिा है, यानी उद्देश्यों की उपलष्ब्ि क
े भलए समय सीमा, कायों और अन्य संसािनों का असाइनमेंट
तनिािररि करना।
5. योजना की व्यापकिा योजना की सफलिा क
े भलए स्िरों पर ्रबंंिकों की िागीदारी आवश्यक है।
6. लचीलापन एक संगठन क
े सफल संचालन में कारोंारी माहौल में उिरिे अवसरों क
े साथ अपने संसािनों का भमलान शाभमल है।
80. FACTORS AFFECTING
1.Working groups or employees:
Characteristics of work groups Restriction is other members.
Moral of employees. Friend ness among workers.
2. Manager’s leadership style:
Distant in dealing.
Output emphasis.
Considerable with circumstances.
Trust in workers.
3. Organizational characteristics:
Size of organization Complex organization.
Formalization (according to all nouns) Autonomy (degree of centralization)
4. Administrative process:
Reward system.
Communication system.
Conflict and cooperation
81. प्रभाषित करने िािे कारक
1. कायि समूह या कमिचारी:
कायि समूहों की ववशेििाएं ्रबतिंंि अन्य सदस्य हैं।
कमिचाररयों का नैतिक। श्भमकों क
े ंीच भमत्रिा।
2. ्रबंंिक की नेिृत्व शैली:
व्यवहार में दूर।
आउटपुट पर जोर।
पररष्स्थतियों क
े साथ काफी।
श्भमकों पर िरोसा रखें।
3. संगठनात्मक ववशेििाएं:
संगठन का आकार जहटल संगठन।
औपचाररकरण (सिी संज्ञाओं क
े अनुसार) स्वायत्तिा (क
ें िीकरण की डडग्री)
4. ्रबशासतनक ्रबक्रिया:
इनाम ्रबणाली।
संचार ्रबणाली।
संघिि और सहयोग
82. LIMITATIONS
1. Uncertainty Assessment of future can only be in terms of guess work,
probabilities, speculations and assumptions.The goals may be based on
scientific analysis of relevant facts, and yet such analysis cannot be cent
percent correct.
2. Action Packed Routine Managers are ever preoccupied with day-to-day
problems.This leaves them little time to think and plan about the problems
of tomorrow.
3. Rigidity Planning involves setting of objectives, and determination of the
ideal course of action for their implementation. It implies that there will be
no deviation from the chosen path.
4. Costly Planning is an expensive exercise, both in terms of time and money.
83. सीमाओं
1. िववष्ट्य का अतनष्श्चििा मूल्यांकन क
े वल अनुमान कायि, संिावनाओं, अटकलों
और मान्यिाओं क
े संदिि में हो सकिा है। लक्ष्य ्रबासंर्गक ि्यों क
े वैज्ञातनक
ववश्लेिण पर आिाररि हो सकिे हैं, और क्रफर िी इस िरह का ववश्लेिण शि
्रबतिशि सही नहीं हो सकिा है।
2. एक्शन पैक्ड रूटीन मैनेजर किी िी हदन-्रबतिहदन की समस्याओं में व्यस्ि
रहिे हैं। इससे उन्हें कल की समस्याओं क
े ंारे में सोचने और योजना ंनाने
क
े भलए ंहुि कम समय भमलिा है।
3. कठोरिा योजना में उद्देश्यों की स्थापना, और उनक
े कायािन्वयन क
े भलए
आदशि कारिवाई का तनिािरण शाभमल है। इसका िात्पयि है क्रक चुने हुए मागि से
कोई ववचलन नहीं होगा।
4. महंगा तनयोजन एक महंगा अभ्यास है, समय और िन दोनों क
े मामले में।
85. IMPORTANCE
• It helps managers to improve future performance, by establishing objectives and
selecting a course of action, for the benefit of the organisation.
• It minimises risk and uncertainty, by looking ahead into the future.
• It facilitates the coordination of activities.Thus, reduces overlapping among activities and
eliminates unproductive work.
• It states in advance, what should be done in future, so it provides direction for action.
• It uncovers and identifies future opportunities and threats.
• It sets out standards for controlling. It compares actual performance with the standard
performance and efforts are made to correct the same.