This document discusses various storage structures used by farmers for storing agricultural produce post-harvest. It describes traditional structures like gunny bags, mud bins, and structures made of bamboo or wood. It then summarizes improved rural-level storage structures like bitumen drums, Hapur bins, Udaipur bins, PKV bins, stone bins, bamboo bins, and Pusa bins. It also discusses stacking methods and structures like brick godowns, CAP storage, and silos used for large-scale storage. The key points are that traditional structures are used by small farmers while improved structures allow for longer storage periods with minimum losses.

1. Assignment on storage
Structures
 Submitted to:-
 Dr. O.P.
Chaudhry
 Submitted By:-
 VAIBHAV

2. STORAGE STRUCTURES
Post harvest losses in India are estimated to be around 10
per cent, of which the losses during storage alone are
estimated to be 6.58 per cent. But, with the advent of
improved agricultural technology, the producer can afford
to store the seeds for longer period with minimum loss.
But, with the advent of improved agricultural technology,
the producer can afford to store the seeds for longer period
with minimum loss.

3. For best storage performance
• The produce must be thoroughly cleaned and
graded,
• Dried to the safe storage moisture level of 10-12 %
for cereals and 7-9% for oil seeds (on wet basis) for
a safe storage period of 6-12 months.
• Storage structures should to be properly repaired,
cleaned and disinfected,
• Structures should bear the load of seeds stored and
do not permit contact/exchange with outside humid
air,
• Structures should be constructed in the coolest part
of the house/ farm.

4. An ideal storage facility should
satisfy the following requirements
1) It should provide maximum possible protection
from ground moisture, rain, insect pests, moulds,
rodents, birds, fore etc.,
2) It should provide the necessary facility for
inspection, disinfection, loading, unloading,
cleaning and reconditioning.
3) It should protect grain from excessive moisture
and temperature favourable to both insect and
mould development,
4) It should be economical and suitable for
particular situation

5. Type of storage
(a) Open storage (b) Bag storage

6. Storage structures used by the farmers are
1. Gunny bags of different
capacities (35, 50, 75 and 100 kg)
with or without inside plastic lining.
2. Mud bins having
100 – 1000 kg capacity

7. 3. Baked In heaps on flat
floor in the corner of
houses (100- 1500 q)
5. Bamboo structures
4. Earthen containers
of
5- 100 kg capacity

8. 6.Wooded bins
7. Underground structures

9. IMPROVED RURAL - LEVEL STORAGE
STRUCTURES
1. Bitumen/ coal tar drum:
 An alternate model of metal bin, low cost
 Diamensions - 520 mm dia and 900 mm height
 Capacity-1.5 q of wheat and 1.2 q of Bengal gram.

10. 2.Hapur bin/ Kothis:
 Circular bins
 Capacities- 2, 5, 7.2 and 10 q
 Potential to meet requirements of even large farmers.
3. Udaipur bin
 These bins are made out of used coaltar drums.
 Stock capacity- 1.3 q of wheat and maize.
 Storage time-short duration
 Adopted by small farmers.
4. PKV bin
 Material- bamboo splits into suitable sizes. The tunnel,
outlet flap valve and complete stand can be fabricated
in a workshop

11. 5. Stone bin
 Material-40 mm thick stone slabs ( 680 mm x 1200
mm)
 Inlet and outlet -asbestos.
 Capacity of - 3.8 q.
6. Bamboo bin
 Material -two walls of bamboo with polythene lining
in between and have varying capacities.
 Storage time -short duration
 Adopted by small and marginal farmers.

12. 7. Pusa bin
 Modification of the ordinary mud storage structure
 Modification-polyethylene film of 700 gauge thickness has been embedded at the top,
bottom and on all the sides of the mud bin
 The construction of outer walls with burnt bricks up to 45 cm height makes the
structure rat proof as well.
 Durability- one year
8. Pusa Cubicle
 This is a room like structure ( 3.95 x 3.15 x 2.60 m), a modification of Pusa bin
 3.73 m x 2.93 m x 0.07 m is made with unburnt bricks on a concrete floor (except 22
cm of outer sides with burnt bricks).
 A polyethylene sheet is placed on this platform and another platform of similar
dimension is made with unburnt bricks.
 The 22 cm thick inner walls are constructed upto 2.6 m height. A wooden frame of
1.89m x 1.06 m for door is fixed in the front side of 3.95 m wall.
 The roof can be made by wooden beam placed at 15 cm distance and covered with
unburnt bricks.
 Capacity -24 tonnes

13. 9. Baked clay bin
 Material- 16 burnt rings jointed by mud plaster; cement mortar and cowdung coatings
one after another.
 The top is covered with a mild steel lid.
 low cost
10. Pusa Kothar
 Presently storage is practiced in small compartments of a room (5.3 m x 2 m x 4 m)
called kothar.
 Wall three filling holes each of 0.5 m x 0.5 m size
 Two out lets of G.I. sheets of 15 cm dia. and 30 cm
11. Metal bins
 Bins made of steel, Aluminium R.C.C are used for storage of grains outside the
house.
 These bins are fire and moisture proof.
 The bins have long durability and produced on commercial scale.
 The capacity ranges from 1 to 10 tonnes.
 In Haryana , mostly this type of bins are used for storage of wheat for family

14. STACKING
 Food grains have to be stored and preserved on
scientific lines in godowns till they are issued to
consumer. The bags containing food grains cannot
be just dumped inside the godown, for it will not
facilitate proper storage. Proper stacking ensures
free access to the stocks in all parts of the godown
for inspection and helps in effective disinfestations
work. Generally, three methods of stacking are being
followed: 1. Simple, 2.Cross and 3. Block method.

15. Brick-build Godowns
They are made by brick walls with cemented flooring for storing
paddy/rice in bulk and bags.

16. CAP(cover and plinth) Storage
 It is an economical way to storage on a large scale. The plinth is
made by cement concrete and bags are staked on open and
cover by polyethene cover.

17. Silos
 Silos are used for storage foodgrains. These are made from concrete,
bricks and metallic materials with loading and unloading equipment.