The document discusses key terms related to immunization and vaccination. It defines terms like immunization, vaccine, vaccination, full immunization, partial immunization, non-immunization, ring immunization, and herd immunity. It also summarizes milestones in immunization in India and provides vaccination charts detailing the various vaccines recommended at different ages. Barriers to immunization like physical barriers and psychological barriers are highlighted. Reasons for low immunization coverage like failures to provide immunization, dropouts, and unreached populations are discussed.

1. CREATED BY
BRIJESH TYAGI
M.Sc. (N) PREVIOUS
P. G. COLLEGE OF
NURSING
JAN VIKAS NYAS
GWALIOR

2. A popular term of the continuous maintenance of low
temperature required for biologicals from the time of
manufacture to shipping, warehousing, and storing
before administration.
OR
The maintenance of refrigeration of items from the point of
their origin at the manufacturer, through their
transportation, unloading, distribution, and cold
storage at the site where they will be used.

3. WHY IMMUNIZATION ?
Key strategy to child survival.
Protecting infants from diseases.
Lower morbidity and mortality rates
in children.
Indicator of a strong primary health
care system.

4. IMMUNIZATION: COMMON TERMS
IMMUNIZATION
Process Of inducing immunity by stimulating
immune system through antigens.
OR
The fact or process of becoming, as against a
disease.
IMMUNITY
Resistance of a host to a specific agent
OR
Immunity means exemption or resistance

5. CONTI…
VACCINE
Any preparation of a weakened or killed
bacteria or viruses introduced into the body
to prevent a disease by stimulating
antibodies against it.
VACCINATION
Administration of antigenic material(the
vaccine) to produce immunity to a disease.

6. CONTI…
FULL IMMUNIZATION:
Beneficiary child(12-23 months) -3 doses of DPT
and OPV each, 1 dose of BCG & measles each.
Mother- two dose or 1 booster dose of tetanus
toxoid during her pregnancy.
PARTIAL IMMUNIZATION
Child-missed any vaccine or one or more dose
Mother- received just one dose of primary tetanus
toxoid during last pregnancy

7. CONTI…
NON-IMMUNIZATION
Child and/or mother –not received a single dose of
vaccine.
RING-IMMUNIZATION
Vaccination of people in close contact with an
isolated infected patient
MOP-UP ROUNDS
When the final pockets of polio virus transmission
have been identified standard surveillance, door
to door immunization in high-risk districts.

8. CONTI….
CATCH UP ROUND
Additional effort besides routine immunization
to cover left outs.
HERD IMMUNITY
Resistance to spread of infectious disease in a
group because of few susceptible members,
making transmission unlikely.
The immunological status of a population,
determined by the ratio of resistant to
susceptible members and their distribution.

9. MILESTONES IN IMMUNIZATION IN INDIA
 1978: EPI
 1985: UIP, measles vaccine added
 1986: Technology mission
 1990: Vitamin A
 1992: CSSM
 1995: Polio National Immunization days
 1997: RCH-I
 2005: RCH-II and NRHM

12. VACCINATION CHART
Sr. No. Time Vaccine Dose Route
1 At Birth BCG, single dose(m)
Hep-B 1st
dose(m)
OPV, 0 dose(m)
HPV, single dose(o) (Only for girls)
0.5ml
0.5ml
2 drops
0.5ml
I/D
I/M
PO
I/M
2 6 week
(1.5 months)
Hep-B 2nd
dose(m)
OPV 1st
dose(m)
DPT 1st
dose(m)
HIB 1st
dose(o)
Pneumococcal 1st
dose(o)
0.5ml
2 drops
0.5ml
0.5ml
0.5ml
I/M
PO
I/M
I/M
I/M
3 10 week
(2.5months)
Hep-B 3rd
dose(m)
OPV 2nd
dose(m)
DPT 2nd
dose()m
HIB 2nd
dose(o)
Pneumococcal 2nd
dose(o)
IPV 1st
dose (o)
0.5ml
2 drops
0.5ml
0.5ml
0.5ml
0.5ml
I/M
PO
I/M
I/M
I/M
I/M
4 14 week OPV 3rd
dose (m)
DPT 3rd
dose (m)
HIB 3rd
dose(o)
Pneumococcal 3rd
dose(o)
IPV 2nd
dose (o)
2 drops
0.5ml
0.5ml
0.5ml
0.5ml
PO
I/M
I/M
I/M
I/M
5 6 months Hep-B booster(m)
Rotavirus single dose(o)
Influenza (o)
0.5ml
0.5ml
0.5ml
I/M
I/M
I/M
6 9 months Measles (m) 0.5ml S/C
7 12 month(one year) Varicella (m) 0.5ml I/M
8 15 months
(1 year 3 months)
MMR(m)
Pneunococcal booster(o)
IPV 3rd
dose(o
0.5ml
0.5ml
0.5ml
I/M
I/M
I/M
9 16-24 months Vitamin-A (m) 1 spoon PO
10 18 months(1 rear 6 months) OPV booster 1st
dose (m)
DPT booster (m)
Hib booster(o)
2 drops
0.5ml
0.5ml
PO
I/M
I/M
11 2 year Typhoid (m)
Hep-A, single dose
0.5ml
0.5ml
I/M
I/M
12 24-30 months Vitamin-A 1 spoon PO
13 30-36 months Vitamin-A 1 spoon PO
14 48 months(4 year) MMR (m) 0.5ml I/M
15 60 months(5 year) OPV booster 2nd
dose
DPT
2 drops
0.5ml
PO
I/M
16 adult vaccines
Influvac once every year for
adult of any age
Influenza/flu Vaccine 0.5ml I/M
17 one booter dose every 10
year
DPT 0.5ml I/M
HPV VACCINE for women aged 19 to 26 who did not get vaccinated with HPV during childhood.
IMPORTANCE
HPV also prevent throat cancer often caused by oral sex.

13. BARRIERS TO IMMUNIZATION
PHYSICAL BARRIERS
-Waiting time
-Distance
-Discomfort
PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS
-Discourtesy
-Endangered privacy

14. REASONS FOR LOW IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE
FAILURE TO PROVIDE IMMUNIZATION
DROOUTS
UN-REACHED POPULATION:
Unawareness
Socio-economic barriers
Geographic area
Resistant population
Missed opportunities
Improper logistics management

15. WHAT SHOULD NOT HOLD ROUTINE
IMMUNIZATION
 Minor illnesses such as upper respiratory
infections or diarrhoea, mild fever(>38.5 c)
 Allergy, asthma
 Prematurity, underweight newborn child
 Malnutrition
 Child being breastfed
 Family history of convulsions
 Treatment with antibiotics
 Chronic disease of heart, lung, kidney and liver
 History of jaundice after birth

16. COLD CHAIN
A system of transporting and storing
vaccines at recommended
temperature from the point of
manufacture to the point of use.