The document discusses immunization and vaccination. It defines immunization as making a person immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically through vaccine administration. There are different types of immunization including active and passive forms, as well as different vaccine types such as live attenuated, inactivated, and toxoid. Benefits of immunization include preventing deadly diseases and saving costs. The Extended Program on Immunization aims to make vaccines available worldwide. The document also provides data on immunization coverage in Nepal and discusses challenges and solutions to improving immunization programs.

1. IMMUNIZATION
Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
MPH-3rd Batch
School of Health & Allied Sciences (SHAS)
Pokhara University (P.U)
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2. Introduction
• Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or
resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a
vaccine.
• Vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect the
person against subsequent infection or disease.
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3. Types of immunization
• Active immunization
• Natural active immunization
• Artificial active immunization
• Passive immunization
• Natural passive immunization
• Artificial passive immunization
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4. Types of vaccines
• Live attenuated vaccines: BCG, Oral polio, Measles, Rubella etc.
• Inactivated vaccines: Rabies, Salk (polio), Hepatitis B, JE, Influenza
etc
• Toxiod vaccines: Diptheria, Tetanus
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6. Benefits of immunization
• Prevention of deadly and debilitating diseases.
• Keeps child from suffering through a preventable illness.
• Saves money
• Less doctor visits.
• No hospitalization
• Less time off work
• Herd immunity: those who are vaccinated keep it from spreading.
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9. What is EPI?
• Extended program on immunization (EPI) is a WHO program, with
the goal to make vaccines available to all children throughout the
world.
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11. NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE
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12. Immunization coverage by antigens doses FY
2073/74
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14. Antigens wise national coverage for FY 2071/72 to 2073/74
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15. VACCINE WASTAGE RATE:
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16. Problems /constraints
• Poor quality immunization data: Under and over reporting
• Poor Inventory keeping and distribution system
• Unplanned immunization month celebration
• Poor Cold Chain and Vaccine management
• Inadequate CC Equipment and inadequate repair, maintenance and
replacement, lack of technician
• Inadequate Vaccine Store Capacity specially central level
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17. Actions to be taken
• Joint supportive supervision of Immunization as per HMIS.
• Strengthen supportive supervision at all levels.
• Update inventory of cold chain equipment with their cold chain
capacity and vaccine, syringes, diluents etc. and use of stock control
register.
• Maintain maximum and minimum stock level. Always make vaccine
requisition by deducting the stock at hand from maximum stock level
of vaccine/syringes/diluents at all levels.
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18. • Utilize immunization month as an opportunity to intensify routine
immunization activities especially to ensure full immunization.
• Effective implementation of EVM training at all level.
• Provision of engineer and refrigerator technician at regional /
provincial level.
• Supply of cold chain spare parts. Replacement of ageing equipment
regular repair of cold chain equipment.
• Strengthen the vaccine stores with new buildings in central store
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19. References
• Park K. Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine. 19th
edition. Jabalpur(India):Banarsidas Bhanot; 2007. p95-102.
• DoHS, Annual Report 2073/74 (2016/2017)
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