The document discusses immunization and vaccination. It defines immunization as making a person immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically through vaccine administration. There are different types of immunization including active and passive forms, as well as different vaccine types such as live attenuated, inactivated, and toxoid. Benefits of immunization include preventing deadly diseases and saving costs. The Extended Program on Immunization aims to make vaccines available worldwide. The document also provides data on immunization coverage in Nepal and discusses challenges and solutions to improving immunization programs.
Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agent (known as the immunogen).
Immunization is a process of protecting an individual from a disease through introduction of live attenuated, killed or organisms or antibodies in the individual system.
Immunization is the process of protecting an individual by active or passive method.
The immunizing agents are
Vaccines, Immunoglobulins and antisera
Why vaccination?
Prevention of deadly and debilitating diseases.
Keeps child from suffering through a preventable illness.
Less doctor visits
No hospitalization
Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agent (known as the immunogen).
Immunization is a process of protecting an individual from a disease through introduction of live attenuated, killed or organisms or antibodies in the individual system.
Immunization is the process of protecting an individual by active or passive method.
The immunizing agents are
Vaccines, Immunoglobulins and antisera
Why vaccination?
Prevention of deadly and debilitating diseases.
Keeps child from suffering through a preventable illness.
Less doctor visits
No hospitalization
Immunization is one of the best public health intervention to prevent morbidity as well as mortality. it also help in prevention of malnutrition in young children.still developing countries are trying hard to make it universal. in india lot of changes have taken place in the immunization schedule and number of newer vaccines have been incorporated. still the awareness as well as acceptability is not universal . this presentation is very basic and will help students as well as teachers. we all have to join hands to make it universal
immunization of children is essential to prevent childhood illness, morbidity and mortality. immunization or vaccination is the way of protecting child from infectious diseases.
This slides contain description about breast feeding, anatomy of breast, types of human milk, good position for latching, holding for the baby, advantages of breast feeding, contraindication of breast feeding, barriers and problems associated with breast feeding with their management
The slides contain description of weaning foods and artifical feeding given to the baby, important points to be considered while preparing feed for the baby
Immunization is one of the best public health intervention to prevent morbidity as well as mortality. it also help in prevention of malnutrition in young children.still developing countries are trying hard to make it universal. in india lot of changes have taken place in the immunization schedule and number of newer vaccines have been incorporated. still the awareness as well as acceptability is not universal . this presentation is very basic and will help students as well as teachers. we all have to join hands to make it universal
immunization of children is essential to prevent childhood illness, morbidity and mortality. immunization or vaccination is the way of protecting child from infectious diseases.
This slides contain description about breast feeding, anatomy of breast, types of human milk, good position for latching, holding for the baby, advantages of breast feeding, contraindication of breast feeding, barriers and problems associated with breast feeding with their management
The slides contain description of weaning foods and artifical feeding given to the baby, important points to be considered while preparing feed for the baby
Dr. Jeff Bender - Companion Animal Antimicrobial StewardshipJohn Blue
Companion Animal Antimicrobial Stewardship - Dr. Jeff Bender, Co-Director for the Upper Midwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center and Professor College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Public Health at the University of Minnesota, Chair for the AVMA Task Force for Antimicrobial Stewardship in companion Animal Practice, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
mmunization currently prevents 3.5-5 million deaths every year from diseases like diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, influenza and measles. Immunization is a key component of primary health care and an indisputable human right. It's also one of the best health investments money can buy.
It commonly institutes activities that limit risk exposure or increase the immunity of individuals at risk to prevent a disease from progressing in a susceptible individual to subclinical disease. For example, immunizations are a form of primary prevention.
For decades microbes, in particular bacteria, have become increasingly resistant to various antimicrobials.
The World Health Assembly’s endorsement of the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in May 2015, and the Political Declaration of the High-Level Meeting of the General Assembly on AMR in September 2017, both recognize AMR as a global threat to public health.
These policy initiatives acknowledge overuse and misuse of antimicrobials as a main driver for development of resistance, as well as a need to optimize the use of antimicrobials.
The Global Action Plan on AMR sets out five strategic objectives as a blueprint for countries in developing national action plans (NAPs) on AMR:
Objective 1: Improve awareness and understanding of AMR through effective communication, education and training.
Objective 2: Strengthen the knowledge and evidence base through surveillance and research.
Objective 3: Reduce the incidence of infection through effective sanitation, hygiene and infection prevention measures.
Objective 4: Optimize the use of antimicrobial medicines in human and animal health.
Objective 5: Develop the economic case for sustainable investment that takes account of the needs of all countries, and increase investment in new medicines, diagnostic tools, vaccines and other interventions.
Antimicrobial stewardship programmes optimize the use of antimicrobials, improve patient outcomes, reduce AMR and health-care-associated infections, and save health-care costs amongst others.
Today, AMS is one of three “pillars” of an integrated approach to health systems strengthening. The other two are infection prevention and control (IPC) and medicine and patient safety.
Linking all three pillars to other key components of infection management and health systems strengthening, such as AMR surveillance and adequate supply of quality assured medicines, promotes equitable and quality health care towards the goal of achieving universal health coverage
CDC has defined “Antimicrobial stewardship” as-
The right antibiotic
for the right patient,
at the right time,
with the right dose, and
the right route, causing
the least harm to the patient and future patients
Why AMSP is needed?
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
Misuse and Over-use of Antimicrobials
Widespread Use of Antimicrobials in Other Sectors
Poor Antimicrobial Research
IMPLEMENTATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM
Administrative Support (Leadership)
Formulating AMS Team
Infrastructure Support
Framing Antimicrobial Policy
Implementing AMS strategies
Education and Training
Should be publicly committed to the program.
Provide necessary funding and infrastructure support.
Multidisciplinary committee - responsible for framing, implementing and monitoring the compliance to antimicrobial policy of the hospital.
Led by the antimicrobial steward - infectious disease physician or infection control officer or clinical microbiologist.
Other members of AMS team - stewardship nurses
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This presentation by Morris Kleiner (University of Minnesota), was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
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This presentation, created by Syed Faiz ul Hassan, explores the profound influence of media on public perception and behavior. It delves into the evolution of media from oral traditions to modern digital and social media platforms. Key topics include the role of media in information propagation, socialization, crisis awareness, globalization, and education. The presentation also examines media influence through agenda setting, propaganda, and manipulative techniques used by advertisers and marketers. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of surveillance enabled by media technologies on personal behavior and preferences. Through this comprehensive overview, the presentation aims to shed light on how media shapes collective consciousness and public opinion.
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f you offer a service on the web, odds are that someone will abuse it. Be it an API, a SaaS, a PaaS, or even a static website, someone somewhere will try to figure out a way to use it to their own needs. In this talk we'll compare measures that are effective against static attackers and how to battle a dynamic attacker who adapts to your counter-measures.
About the Speaker
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Diogo Sousa, Engineering Manager @ Canonical
An opinionated individual with an interest in cryptography and its intersection with secure software development.
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UIIN Conference, Madrid, 27-29 May 2024
James Wilson, Orkestra and Deusto Business School
Emily Wise, Lund University
Madeline Smith, The Glasgow School of Art
2. Introduction
• Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or
resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a
vaccine.
• Vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect the
person against subsequent infection or disease.
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3. Types of immunization
• Active immunization
• Natural active immunization
• Artificial active immunization
• Passive immunization
• Natural passive immunization
• Artificial passive immunization
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4. Types of vaccines
• Live attenuated vaccines: BCG, Oral polio, Measles, Rubella etc.
• Inactivated vaccines: Rabies, Salk (polio), Hepatitis B, JE, Influenza
etc
• Toxiod vaccines: Diptheria, Tetanus
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6. Benefits of immunization
• Prevention of deadly and debilitating diseases.
• Keeps child from suffering through a preventable illness.
• Saves money
• Less doctor visits.
• No hospitalization
• Less time off work
• Herd immunity: those who are vaccinated keep it from spreading.
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9. What is EPI?
• Extended program on immunization (EPI) is a WHO program, with
the goal to make vaccines available to all children throughout the
world.
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16. Problems /constraints
• Poor quality immunization data: Under and over reporting
• Poor Inventory keeping and distribution system
• Unplanned immunization month celebration
• Poor Cold Chain and Vaccine management
• Inadequate CC Equipment and inadequate repair, maintenance and
replacement, lack of technician
• Inadequate Vaccine Store Capacity specially central level
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17. Actions to be taken
• Joint supportive supervision of Immunization as per HMIS.
• Strengthen supportive supervision at all levels.
• Update inventory of cold chain equipment with their cold chain
capacity and vaccine, syringes, diluents etc. and use of stock control
register.
• Maintain maximum and minimum stock level. Always make vaccine
requisition by deducting the stock at hand from maximum stock level
of vaccine/syringes/diluents at all levels.
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18. • Utilize immunization month as an opportunity to intensify routine
immunization activities especially to ensure full immunization.
• Effective implementation of EVM training at all level.
• Provision of engineer and refrigerator technician at regional /
provincial level.
• Supply of cold chain spare parts. Replacement of ageing equipment
regular repair of cold chain equipment.
• Strengthen the vaccine stores with new buildings in central store
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19. References
• Park K. Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine. 19th
edition. Jabalpur(India):Banarsidas Bhanot; 2007. p95-102.
• DoHS, Annual Report 2073/74 (2016/2017)
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