Introduction to Televison

• Notes By : Ashish Richhariya
• Course : FTNMP / BMM
• Designation : Faculty at Thakur College Of Science & Commerce
• Query : arichhariya30@gmail.com
Introduction To Television

Contents
1. Introduction
2. Meaning
3. Timeline of Television
4. Invention and History
5. Etymology
6. Broadcast System
7. Television Sets
8. Programming
9. Applications
10.Role of Television in Education
11.Advantages and Disadvantages of watching Television
12.Important tool in mass media.
13.Television in India
14.Broadcasts
15.Broadcasting channels
16.Social Aspects
17.Negative Impacts
Thakur College Of Science & Commerce , Mumbai

INTRODUCTION

Television (TV), sometimes shortened to tele or telly, is a telecommunication medium
used for transmitting moving images in monochrome (black and white), or in color,
and in two or three dimensions and with sound.
The term can refer to a television set, a television program ("TV show"), or the
medium of television transmission.
Television is a mass medium for advertising, entertainment, news, and sports.
Television became available in crude experimental forms in the late 1920s, but it was
still several years before the new technology would be coming to consumers.
After World War II, an improved form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became
popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace
in homes, businesses, and institutions.
During the 1950s, television was the primary medium for influencing public opinion.
In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US and most other
developed countries.

At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly
increased in popularity. Another development was the move from standard-definition
television (SDTV) to high-definition television (HDTV), which provides
a resolution that is substantially higher.
HDTV may be transmitted in various formats:1080p, 1080i and 720p.
Since 2010, with the invention of smart television, Internet television has increased
the availability of television programs and movies via the Internet through streaming
video services such as Netflix, Amazon Video, iPlayer and Hulu.
In 2013, 79% of the world's households owned a television set.
Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs.
Major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even
fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s.n the near future, LEDs are expected to
be gradually replaced by OLEDs.

Major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart
TVs in the mid-2010s.
Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant
form of television by the late 2010s.
Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using
high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual
television receivers.
Alternatively television signals are distributed by coaxial cable or optical
fiber, satellite systems and, since the 2000s via the Internet.
Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, but a transition to
digital television is expected to be completed worldwide by the late 2010s.
A standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits,
including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals.
A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video
monitor rather than a television.

Meaning of Television.
Another definition
according to Merriam
– Webster dictionary
states: An electronic
system of transmitting
transient images of
fixed or moving objects
together with sound
over a wire or through
space by apparatus that
converts light and
sound into electrical
waves and reconverts
them into visible light
rays and audible sound
According to the Collins
Dictionary:- Radio is the
broadcasting of programmes
for the public to listen to, by
sending out signals from
a transmitter.

Timeline of Television.
1831 : Joseph Henry's and Michael Faraday's work
with electromagnetism jumpstarts the era of electronic communication.
1862: First Still Image Transferred Abbe Giovanna Caselli invents his Pantelegraph
and becomes the first person to transmit a still image over wires.
1873:Scientists May and Smith experiment with selenium and light, this reveals
the possibility for inventors to transform images into electronic signals.
1876 :Boston civil servant George Carey was thinking about complete television
systems and in 1877 he put forward drawings for what he called a selenium
camera that would allow people to see by electricity.
Eugen Goldstein coins the term "cathode rays" to describe the light emitted when
an electric current was forced through a vacuum tube.
The Late 1870s Scientists and engineers like Paiva, Figuier, and Senlecq were
suggesting alternative designs for Telectroscopes.

1880: Inventors Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison theorize about
telephone devices that transmit image as well as sound.Bell's Photophone used
light to transmit sound and he wanted to advance his device for image sending.
George Carey builds a rudimentary system with light-sensitive cells.
1881: Sheldon Bidwell experiments with his Telephotography that was similar to
Bell's Photophone.
1884: 18 Lines of Resolution Paul Nipkow sends images over wires using a
rotating metal disk technology calling it the electric telescope with 18 lines of
resolution.
1900: And We Called It Television - At the World's Fair in Paris, the first
International Conference of Electricity was held. That is where Russian
Constantin Perskyi made the first known use of the word "television.“
Soon after 1900, the momentum shifted from ideas and discussions to the
physical development of television systems. Inventors attempted to build
mechanical television systems based on Paul Nipkow's rotating disks .
Inventors attempted to build electronic television systems based on the cathode
ray tube developed independently in 1907 by English inventor A.A. Campbell-
Swinton and Russian scientist Boris Rosing.

1906: First Mechanical Television System Lee de Forest invents the Audion
vacuum tube that proved essential to electronics. The Audion was the first tube
with the ability to amplify signals.
Boris Rosing combines Nipkow's disk and a cathode ray tube and builds the first
working mechanical TV system.
1907: Early Electronic Systems Campbell Swinton and Boris Rosing suggest
using cathode ray tubes to transmit images. Independent of each other, they both
develop electronic scanning methods of reproducing images.
1924-25: First Moving Silhouette Images American Charles Jenkins and John
Baird from Scotland, each demonstrate the mechanical transmissions of images
over wire circuits.
John Baird becomes the first person to transmit moving silhouette images using a
mechanical system based on Nipkow's disk.
Vladimir Zworykin patents a color television system.

1926-30: Lines of Resolution : John Baird operates a television system with 30
lines of resolution system running at 5 frames per second.
1927: Bell Telephone and the U.S. Department of Commerce conducted the first
long-distance use of television that took place between Washington D.C. and New
York City on April 7th. Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover commented,
“Today we have, in a sense, the transmission of sight for the first time in the
world’s history. Human genius has now destroyed the impediment of distance in
new respect, and in a manner hitherto unknown.”
Philo Farnsworth, files for a patent on the first completely electronic television
system, which he called the Image Dissector.
1929: Vladimir Zworykin demonstrates the first practical electronic system for
both the transmission and reception of images using his new kinescope tube.
John Baird opens the first TV studio, however, the image quality was poor.
1930: Charles Jenkins broadcasts the first TV commercial.The BBC begins
regular TV transmissions.
1933: Iowa State University (W9XK) starts broadcasting twice-weekly television
programs in cooperation with radio station WSUI.

1936: About 200 hundred television sets are in use worldwide.
The introduction of coaxial cable, which is a pure copper or copper-coated wire surrounded
by insulation and aluminum covering. These cables were and are used to transmit television,
telephone, and data signals. The first experimental coaxial cable lines were laid by AT&T
between New York and Philadelphia in 1936.
The first regular installation connected Minneapolis and Stevens Point, WI in 1941. The
original L1 coaxial-cable system could carry 480 telephone conversations or one television
program. By the 1970s, L5 systems could carry 132,000 calls or more than 200 television
programs.
1937: CBS begins its TV development.
The BBC begins high definition broadcasts in London. Brothers and Stanford researchers
Russell and Sigurd Varian introduce the Klystron. A Klystron is a high-frequency amplifier
for generating microwaves.
1939: Vladimir Zworykin and RCA conduct experimentally broadcasts from the Empire
State Building.Television was demonstrated at the New York World's Fair and the San
Francisco Golden Gate International Exposition.
RCA's David Sarnoff used his company's exhibit at the 1939 World's Fair as a showcase
for the 1st Presidential speech (Roosevelt) on television and to introduce RCA's new line
of television receivers, some of which had to be coupled with a radio if you wanted to hear
the sound.

1941: The FCC releases the NTSC standard for black and white TV.
1943:Vladimir Zworykin developed a better camera tube called the Orthicon. The
Orthicon (see photo right) had enough light sensitivity to record outdoor events at
night.
1946:Peter Goldmark, working for CBS, demonstrated his color television system
to the FCC. His system produced color pictures by having a red-blue-green wheel
spin in front of a cathode ray tube.
1948:Cable television is introduced in Pennsylvania as a means of bringing
television to rural areas.
A patent was granted to Louis W. Parker for a low-cost television receiver.
One million homes in the United States have television sets.

1950: The FCC approves the first color television standard which is replaced by a
second in 1953.
Vladimir Zworykin developed a better camera tube called the Vidicon.
1960: The first split screen broadcast occurs on the Kennedy - Nixon debates.
1962: The All-Channel Receiver Act requires that UHF tuners (channels 14 to 83)
be included in all sets.
1962: A joint international collaboration between AT&T, Bell Labs, NASA, British
General Post Office, the French National Post, Telegraph, and Telecom Office
results in the development and launch of Telstar, the first satellite to carry TV
broadcasts - broadcasts are now internationally relayed.
1967: Most TV broadcasts are in color.
1969: July 20, first TV transmission from the moon and 600 million people watch.
1972: Half the TVs in homes are color sets.

1973: Giant screen projection TV is first marketed.
1976: Sony introduces Betamax, the first home video cassette recorder.
1978: PBS becomes the first station to switch to all satellite delivery of programs.
1981: 1,125 Lines of Resolution. NHK demonstrates HDTV with 1,125 lines of
resolution.
1982: Dolby Surround Sound for home sets is introduced.
1983: Direct Broadcast Satellite begins service in Indianapolis, In.
1984: Stereo TV broadcasts approved.
1986: Super VHS introduced.
1993: Closed captioning required on all sets.
1996: The FCC approves ATSC's HDTV standard.
A billion TV sets worldwide.

Invention
Philo Taylor Farnsworth successfully
demonstrated the first television signal
transmission on September 7, 1927 with
his own scanning tube.
A legal battle ensued in the late thirties,
when RCA, the company Zworykin
worked for wanted to claim the right to
the patent (and the royalties).
John Logie Baird
Known as 'The Father of Television', he is most
famous for being the first person to
demonstrate a working television.
John Logie Baird was an engineer and
inventor.

History
As early as 1880, the production of the television was set forth.
The cathode ray tube, the forerunner of the TV picture tube, combined principles of
camera and electricity.
Television images could not float through the air, therefore technicians developed a
method of encoding images at a TV station and decoding them at the TV set.
Paul Nipkow, who was considered a father of television, was said to have invented the
first rotating disk.
This device enabled the images to be transmitted over conductors in the 1830’s.
John Baird, from Europe, was famous for inventing the first picture in motion.
Later on he was able to engineer the first color tube.
Vladimir Zworykin, an inventor from Russia, who came to America in 1919,
introduced the iconoscope which was an electronic camera tube used in television.
Philo Farnsworth, an American inventor, grew up as a teenage farmer.
Farnsworth invention allowed a way to transmit pictures over sixty horizontal lines,
which were called lines of resolution.

At the end of the developmental process of television, Farnsworth was able to
demonstrate for the first time the public use of television.
This took place at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia in 1934, five years before
RCA’s demonstration in 1939 at the World Fair.
After these demonstrations, wealthy people could afford to purchase these television
sets. The first sets sold between $55- $125.
They are the smallest dot on a display device that creates a television picture
image (History of Television, 2013).
Zworykin and Farnsworth inventions developed what we call television.
Zworykin was still working at the broadcasting technology leader RCA.
Farnsworth was challenged in his patents by RCA.
Farnsworth went back to his high school teacher and they were able to find his
original drawings from the year 1922.
So in 1930, he was able to finally have the patent for the first television.

Etymology
The word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε (tèle), meaning 'far', and Latin visio,
meaning 'sight'.
The first documented usage of the term dates back to 1900, when the Russian
scientist Constantin Perskyi used it in a paper that he presented in French at the 1st
International Congress of Electricity, which ran from 18 to 25 August 1900 during the
International World Fair in Paris.
The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907, when it was still "...a
theoretical system to transmit moving images over telegraph or telephone wires".
The abbreviation "TV" is from 1948.
The use of the term to mean "a television set" dates from 1941.
Another slang term for the TV is "idiot box".
The "small screen", as both a compound adjective and noun, became specific
references to television, while the "big screen" was used to identify productions made for
theatrical release.

Broadcast System Terrestrial television
Programming is broadcast by television stations, sometimes called "channels", as
stations are licensed by their governments to broadcast only over assigned channels in
the television band.
At first, terrestrial broadcasting was the only way television could be widely distributed,
and because bandwidth was limited, i.e., there were only a small number
of channels available, government regulation was the norm.
The two stations were experimental in nature and had no regular programming, as
receivers were operated by engineers within the company.
On 2 November 1936, the BBC began transmitting the world's first public regular high-
definition service from the Victorian Alexandra Palace in north London. It therefore
claims to be the birthplace of TV broadcasting as we know it today.
With the widespread adoption of cable across the United States in the 1970s and 80s,
terrestrial television broadcasts have been in decline; in 2013 it was estimated that
about 7% of US households used an antenna..
A slight increase in use began around 2010 due to switchover to digital terrestrial
television broadcasts, which offered pristine image quality over very large areas, and
offered an alternate to cable television (CATV) for cord cutters. All other countries
around the world are also in the process of either shutting down analog terrestrial
television or switching over to digital terrestrial television.

Cable television
Cable television is a system of broadcasting television programming to paying
subscribers via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted through coaxial cables or
light pulses through fiber-optic cables.
This contrasts with traditional terrestrial television, in which the television signal is
transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached
to the television.
In the 2000s, FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephone service, and
similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables.
The abbreviation CATV is often used for cable television. It originally stood for
Community Access Television or Community Antenna Television, from cable
television's origins in 1948: in areas where over-the-air reception was limited by
distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain, large "community antennas" were
constructed, and cable was run from them to individual homes.
The origins of cable broadcasting are even older as radio programming was distributed
by cable in some European cities as far back as 1924.

Satellite television
Satellite television is a system of supplying television programming using broadcast
signals relayed from communication satellites.
The signals are received via an outdoor parabolic reflector antenna usually referred to
as a satellite dish and a low-noise block downconverter (LNB).
A satellite receiver then decodes the desired television program for viewing on
a television set. Receivers can be external set-top boxes, or a built-in television tuner.
Satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services, especially to
geographic areas without terrestrial television or cable television.
The most common method of reception is direct-broadcast satellite television (DBSTV),
also known as "direct to home" (DTH).
Satellite TV systems formerly used systems known as television receive-only. These
systems received analog signals transmitted in the C-band spectrum from FSS type
satellites, and required the use of large dishes. Consequently, these systems were
nicknamed "big dish" systems, and were more expensive and less popular.
In 1945, British science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke proposed a worldwide
communications system which would function by means of three satellites equally
spaced apart in earth orbit.

The first satellite television signals from Europe to North America were relayed via
the Telstar satellite over the Atlantic ocean on 23 July.
The world's first commercial communications satellite, called Intelsat I and nicknamed
"Early Bird", was launched into geosynchronous orbit on 6 April 1965.
The first national network of television satellites, called Orbita, was created by
the Soviet Union in October 1967, and was based on the principle of using the highly
elliptical Molniya satellite for rebroadcasting and delivering of television signals to
ground downlink stations.
The first commercial North American satellite to carry television transmissions was
Canada's geostationary Anik 1, which was launched on 9 November 1972.
ATS-6, the world's first experimental educational and Direct Broadcast
Satellite (DBS), was launched on 30 May 1974.
The first in a series of Soviet geostationary satellites to carry Direct-To-
Home television, Ekran 1, was launched on 26 October 1976.

Internet television
Internet television (Internet TV) (or online television) is the digital distribution of
television content via the Internet as opposed to traditional systems like terrestrial,
cable, and satellite, although the Internet itself is received by terrestrial, cable, or
satellite methods.
Internet television is a general term that covers the delivery of television shows, and
other video content, over the Internet by video streaming technology, typically by
major traditional television broadcasters.
Internet television should not be confused with Smart TV,IPTV or with Web TV.
Smart television refers to the TV set which has a built-in operating system.
Internet Protocol television (IPTV) is one of the emerging Internet television
technology standards for use by television broadcasters.
Web television is a term used for programs created by a wide variety of companies and
individuals for broadcast on Internet TV.

Different Models of Television Sets

Sets
A television set, "telly", is a device that combines a tuner, display, an amplifier, and
speakers for the purpose of viewing television and hearing its audio components.
Introduced in the late 1920s in mechanical form, television sets became a popular
consumer product after World War II in electronic form, using cathode ray tubes.
The addition of color to broadcast television after 1953 further increased the
popularity of television sets and an outdoor antenna became a common feature of
suburban homes.
The television set became the display device for recorded media in the 1970s, such
as Betamax and VHS, which enabled viewers to record TV shows and watch
prerecorded movies.
In the subsequent decades, TVs were used to watch DVDs and Blu-ray Discs of
movies and other content.
Major TV manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma and
fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s.
Televisions since 2010s mostly use LEDs.LEDs are expected to be gradually replaced
by OLEDs in the near future.

Display technologies
Disk
The earliest systems employed a spinning disk to create and reproduce images.
These usually had a low resolution and screen size and never became popular with
the public.
CRT
The cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns (a source
of electrons or electron emitter) and a fluorescent screen used to view images.
It has a means to accelerate and deflect the electron beam(s) onto the screen to create the
images. The images may represent electrical waveforms (oscilloscope), pictures
(television, computer monitor), radar targets or others.
In television sets and computer monitors, the entire front area of the tube is scanned repetitively
and systematically in a fixed pattern called a raster.
An image is produced by controlling the intensity of each of the three electron beams, one for
each additive primary color (red, green, and blue) with a video signal as a reference.
In all modern CRT monitors and televisions, the beams are bent by magnetic deflection, a
varying magnetic field generated by coils and driven by electronic circuits around the neck of
the tube, although electrostatic deflection is commonly used in oscilloscopes, a type of
diagnostic instrument.

DLP
Digital Light Processing (DLP) is a type of video projector technology that uses
a digital micromirror device.
Some DLPs have a TV tuner, which makes them a type of TV display.
It was originally developed in 1987 by Dr. Larry Hornbeck of Texas Instruments.
While the DLP imaging device was invented by Texas Instruments, the first DLP
based projector was introduced by Digital Projection Ltd in 1997.
Digital Projection and Texas Instruments were both awarded Emmy Awards in
1998 for invention of the DLP projector technology.
DLP is used in a variety of display applications from traditional static displays to
interactive displays and also non-traditional embedded applications including
medical, security, and industrial uses.
DLP technology is used in DLP front projectors (standalone projection units for
classrooms and business primarily), but also in private homes; in these cases, the
image is projected onto a projection screen.
DLP is also used in DLP rear projection television sets and digital signs. It is also
used in about 85% of digital cinema projection.

Plasma
A plasma display panel (PDP) is a type of flat panel display common to large TV
displays 30 inches (76 cm) or larger. They are called "plasma" displays because the
technology utilizes small cells containing electrically charged ionized gases, or what
are in essence chambers more commonly known as fluorescent lamps.
LCD
Liquid-crystal-display televisions (LCD TV) are television sets that use LCD display
technology to produce images. LCD televisions are much thinner and lighter than cathode ray
tube (CRTs) of similar display size, and are available in much larger sizes (e.g., 90-inch
diagonal).
In 2007, LCD televisions surpassed sales of CRT-based televisions worldwide for the first time,
and their sales figures relative to other technologies accelerated. LCD TVs quickly displaced the
only major competitors in the large-screen market, the Plasma display panel and rear-projection
television.
In mid 2010s LCDs especially LEDs became, by far, the most widely produced and sold
television display type. LCDs also have disadvantages. Other technologies address these
weaknesses, including OLEDs, FED and SED, but as of 2014 none of these have entered
widespread production.

Programming
Getting TV programming shown to the public can happen in many different
ways. After production, the next step is to market and deliver the product to
whichever markets are open to using it. This typically happens on two levels:
Original run or First run: a producer creates a program of one or multiple
episodes and shows it on a station or network which has either paid for the
production itself or to which a license has been granted by the television
producers to do the same.
Broadcast syndication: this is the terminology rather broadly used to describe
secondary programming usages (beyond original run). It includes secondary
runs in the country of first issue, but also international usage which may not be
managed by the originating producer.
First-run programming is increasing on subscription services outside the US,
but few domestically produced programs are syndicated on domestic free-to-
air (FTA) elsewhere. This practice is increasing, however, generally on digital-
only FTA channels or with subscriber-only, first-run material appearing on FTA.
Unlike the US, repeat FTA screenings of an FTA network program usually only
occur on that network. Also, affiliates rarely buy or produce non-network
programming that is not centered on local programming.

Genres
Television genres include a broad range of programming types that entertain, inform,
and educate viewers.
The most expensive entertainment genres to produce are usually dramas and
dramatic miniseries. However, other genres, such as historical Western genres, may
also have high production costs.
Popular culture entertainment genres include action-oriented shows such as police,
crime, detective dramas, horror, or thriller shows. As well, there are also other variants
of the drama genre, such as medical dramas and daytime soap operas.
Science fiction shows can fall into either the drama or action category, depending on
whether they emphasize philosophical questions or high adventure.
Comedy is a popular genre which includes situation comedy (sitcom) and animated
shows for the adult demographic such as South Park.

Fictional television programs that some television scholars and broadcasting advocacy groups
argue are "quality television", include series such as Twin Peaks and The Sopranos. Kristin
Thompson argues that some of these television series exhibit traits also found in art films, such
as psychological realism, narrative complexity, and ambiguous plotlines.
Nonfiction television programs that some television scholars and broadcasting advocacy groups
argue are "quality television", include a range of serious, noncommercial, programming aimed at
a niche audience, such as documentaries and public affairs shows.
Talk shows contain interviews with film, television, music and sports celebrities and public
figures. Variety shows feature a range of musical performers and other entertainers, such as
comedians and magicians, introduced by a host or Master of Ceremonies.
There is some crossover between some talk shows and variety shows because leading talk shows
often feature performances by bands, singers, comedians, and other performers in between the
interview segments.
Reality TV shows "regular" people (i.e., not actors) facing unusual challenges or experiences
ranging from arrest by police officers (COPS) to significant weight loss (The Biggest Loser).
A variant version of reality shows depicts celebrities doing mundane activities such as going
about their everyday life (The Osbournes, Snoop Dogg's Father Hood) or doing regular jobs (The
Simple Life).

Advertising
Television advertisements (variously called a television commercial, commercial or ad
in American English, and known in British English as an advert) is a span of television
programming produced and paid for by an organization, which conveys a message, typically to
market a product or service.
Advertising revenue provides a significant portion of the funding for most privately owned
television networks. The vast majority of television advertisements today consist of brief
advertising spots, ranging in length from a few seconds to several minutes (as well as program-
length infomercials).
Advertisements of this sort have been used to promote a wide variety of goods, services and
ideas since the beginning of television.
The effects of television advertising upon the viewing public (and the effects of mass media in
general) have been the subject of philosophical discourse by such luminaries as Marshall
McLuhan.
In many countries, including the United States, television campaign advertisements are
considered indispensable for a political campaign.
In other countries, such as France, political advertising on television is heavily restricted,while
some countries, such as Norway, completely ban political advertisements.
Thakur College Of Science & Commerce ,Mumbai

Role Of Television In Education
Educational Television in the world today has made great advances worldwide in
forging inventive applications.
There have been many success stories of using television for education in many
countries which has outlined the concept that television is basically not just an
entertainment oriented medium and it is hostile to thoughts.
According to the researcher at the University of Texas, Studies on preschool
children have shown immense results.
Performance on achievement tests over time has been better in preschool children
who spent much less time on educational programming than their peers who watch
more general entertainment shows.

Generally Television Can Help To Achieve The Following Objectives:
Provide mass education opportunities.
Stimulates learning.
Social quality in education.
Provide flexibility of time and space in learning.
Reduce dependency on verbal teaching and teachers.
Enhance quality in education.
Young students are being conditioned, just like Pavlov’s dogs, to be passive learners.
Learning requires active engagement and to generate and sustain interest and pay attention
and generate ideas and integrate knowledge into evolving learning styles.
And that is where educational television comes in providing interest and attention.
Apart from all these beneficial objectives educational television is providing. It is also
fairly attractive to students because of the audio-visual elements in it.

In this busy, expensive life, television is an easy and cheap source of entertainment.
By watching international news, we are kept informed and up-to-date with breaking news around
the world.
Some shows and channels (like PBS and Discovery) offer educational programs that can increase
our knowledge and make us more aware of the world around us.
Do-it-yourself shows give us easy access to all kinds of information: Cooking channels offer new
recipes and methods, home improvement shows introduce us to many money-saving DIY tips,
and financial advisers give advice for managing finances and investing money, for example.
Television can also be a good way to help people learn a different language.
Some shows can motivate people who are interested in that field and help them to pursue their
dreams.
Television can help you feel less lonely. Psychologists coined the term "social surrogacy" to
explain how television can fill the shoes of absent friends or family.
In one study published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, researchers found that
people who watch a favorite TV show report feeling less lonely during the show.
Advantages of Watching Television

TV can expand your mind. Some shows let you travel vicariously and teach you about different
people, cultures, ideas, and places you might never encounter in real life.
Watching a variety of shows might give us a broader understanding of the world we live in and
expose us to things we might otherwise never come across in our own lives.
TV can make you feel like part of a group and let you participate in a shared subculture.
In social situations where you may find yourself surrounded by strangers with whom you have
nothing in common, a popular show or televised sporting event might give you something to talk
about.
Gathering around the television gives families, friends, and strangers something to bond over.
Even if you're not interested in the Olympics, watching the games with your family might
bring you closer together; reminiscing about shows you've watched together gives you shared
history and memories.

There may be certain health benefits to watching television. If a certain show
makes you laugh, for example, then an argument can be made for its mood-
elevating merits.
While exercising, television can distract you from what you're doing and
therefore enable you to last longer on the treadmill (there's a good reason why so
many gyms have televisions, after all).
Television might be a free, easy source of sexual education. In a study from UC
Santa Barbara, young girls who watched an episode of a nighttime soap opera that
showed a character dealing with an unintended pregnancy reported being more
likely to practice safe sex.

Sex, crime, and violence are frequently depicted on television and may have
negative effects on impressionable children (and adults!).
Kids who see violent acts are more likely to display aggressive or violent
behavior and also to believe that the world is a scary place and that something bad
is going happen to them.
Ongoing studies have shown a lasting correlation between watching violence on
television and aggression that begins in childhood and continues into adulthood.
Viewers sometimes imitate violent, criminal, sexual, or other risky behavior they
see on television... and end up in trouble, in jail, or in a hospital as a result.
Watching too much television is not good for your health.
Studies have shown that there is a correlation between watching television and
obesity.
Excessive TV watching (more than 3 hours a day) can also contribute to sleep
difficulties, behavior problems, lower grades, and other health issues.
Disadvantages of Watching Television

 Television makes us antisocial, taking the place of family and friends.
 It's a waste of time.
 Watching television fills the time a person might have spent doing important,
enriching things like interacting socially with other human beings, being
physically active, discovering the outdoors, reading, using one's own imagination,
or accomplishing other things like working or doing homework or chores, or
spending time with enriching hobbies like art, music, etc.
 There's nothing good on, anyway. With hundreds of channels available, viewers
can spend hours just flipping channels trying to find something worthwhile.
 So while television might make you feel like you have a friend, it comes with its
own emotional risk and negative emotional baggage.
 Characters often participate in risky, violent, or unwise behaviors and also
reinforce rigid gender roles and racial stereotypes. It can also portray idealized
lives and body types that negatively impact viewers' self esteem.

Television's hidden agenda is consumerism: Advertisers often target kids and on average,
children (those who are less capable of discerning a hidden agenda) see about 40,000 ads per
year on television alone, including ads for unhealthy snack foods and alcohol.
Television's ulterior motive is to get us to buy, buy, buy, at any cost, even though in 2014, at
least 35% of Americans reported being in debt to a collection agency.
It's shallow, and it will make you shallow, too.
Most news programs only skim the surface of issues, and often offer a skewed or biased view
of events.
Programs are usually too short and too often interrupted by advertisements to delve very
deeply into a topic.
Instead of rich dialogues we get empty soundbites, slogans, and one-liners. Most reality shows
depict deplorable characters doing silly, useless things.
Television can ruin your relationships.
If you are watching television instead of communicating with your loved one, this is a
problem. If you're so wrapped up in your program that you start ignoring or spending less time
with the ones you love, then television is a problem.
Television might be addictive. For those who watch a lot, it's very hard to quit, so it is similar
to a dependency like alcoholism or any another addiction.

Important tool in mass media.
Of all the mass media today, television attracts the largest number of viewers. Its audience is
greater in size than that of any other media audiences.
Since television is able to attract the audiences of all age groups, literate and illiterate and of
all the strata of the society, it has an enormous audience.
In India, from the beginning, television had been used more for education and information
purposes than for entertainment. It had performed different other functions as compared to the
televisions in the west.
Even today, though commercials have entered Indian television in a big way, its basic purpose
did not change. It continues to perform its function of development and national integration.
One cannot deny that technology has given us a major tool on television. It is a very persuasive
mass communication medium. Through its programmes, televisions present a composite national
picture and perspective of India's rich cultural heritage and diverse thinking. They represent
various religions and cultural expressions of people, reflecting the Indian society.
Television has been able to influence people living in remote areas of our country. Its outreach
has covered the several remote villages and tribal pockets and is ushering information
explosion. The growth in television both in technology as well as reach in the last three decades
has been unbelievably phenomenal.

Like movies, television also stimulates ideas, beliefs, and tendencies already possessed
by the viewer. For example, television repeats and thereby reinforces the messages on
family planning, the importance of educating girls, environment protection, energy
conservation etc. Television can be the most powerful educational medium as it
combines speaking, writing and showing.
Television has more flexibility and mobility in its coverage due to the audio-visual
presentation. Due to this reason, it has become a family medium. It can show what
happened and how.
It can show landing of a man on Mars, the functioning of the heart or division of
cell through animation. Above all, it provides entertainment too. In short, television
as a mass medium informs, educates, inspires and motivates.
Television has been able to influence the people living in remote areas of our
country as its outreach has covered the remotest villages and tribal pockets. It is
ushering information explosion.
Television, being an audio-visual medium, brings us into contact with events in an
exciting and clarifying way.

Television in India
The television industry in India is very diverse and produces thousands of programs in many of
India's official languages. More than half of all Indian households own a television.
As of 2016, the country had over 857 channels of which 184 were pay channels.
In January 1950, The Indian Express reported that a television was put up for demonstration at
an exhibition in the Teynampet locality of Madras (now Chennai) by B. Sivakumaran, a student
of electrical engineering.
A letter was scanned and its image displayed on a cathode ray tube screen. The report said that
“it may be this is not the whole of television but it is certainly the most significant link in the
system" and added that the demonstration of the sort could be the "first in India“
In Calcutta (now Kolkata), television was first used in the house of the Neogi family. Which
was a huge milestone for industrialization In India.
Terrestrial television in India started with the experimental telecast starting in Delhi on 15
September 1959 with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio.
 Daily transmission began in 1965 as a part of All India Radio (AIR). Television service was
later extended to Bombay and Amritsar in 1972.
Up until 1975, only seven Indian cities had television services. Satellite Instructional
Television Experiment (SITE) was an important step taken by India to use television for
development.

The programmes were mainly produced by Doordarshan (DD) which was then a part of the
AIR. The telecast happened twice a day, in the mornings and evenings.
Other than information related to agriculture, health and family planning were the other
important topics dealt with in these programmes.
Entertainment was also included in the form of dance, music, drama, folk and rural art
forms. Television services were separated from radio in 1976.
National telecast was introduced in 1982. In the same year, color television was introduced
in the Indian market.
The Ramayana and Mahabharata, both based on the Indian epics of the same names, were
the first major television series produced.
By the late 1980s, more people began to own television sets. Though there was a single
channel, television programming had reached saturation.
Hence the government opened up another channel which had part national programming and
part regional.
This channel was known as DD 2, later renamed DD Metro. Both channels were broadcast
terrestrially.
In 1997,Prasar Bharati, a statutory autonomous body was established. Doordarshan along
with the AIR were converted into government corporations under Prasar Bharati.

The 1980s was the era of DD with shows like
Hum Log (1984-1985), Wagle Ki Duniya (1988), Buniyaad (1986–1987)
comedy shows like Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi (1984),
dramas like Ramayan (1987–1988)
Mahabharat (1989–1990) glued millions to Doordarshan
Chandrakanta(1994–1996).
Hindi film songs based programs like Chitrahaar, Rangoli, Superhit
Muqabla and crime thrillers like Karamchand, Byomkesh Bakshi.
Shows targeted at children includedDivyanshu ki Kahaniyan, Vikram
Betal, Malgudi Days, Tenali Rama.

The central government launched a series of economic and social reforms in 1991
under Prime Minister Narasimha Rao.
Under the new policies the government allowed private and foreign broadcasters
to engage in limited operations in India.
This process has been pursued consistently by all subsequent federal
administrations. Foreign channels like CNN, STAR TV and private domestic
channels such as Zee TV, ETV, Sun TV and Asianet started satellite broadcasts.
Starting with 41 sets in 1962 and one channel, by 1995, television in India had
covered more than 70 million homes giving a viewing population of more than 400
million individuals through more than 100 channels.

Broadcasts in India
There are at least five basic types of television in India: broadcast or "over-the-air"
television, unencrypted satellite or "free-to-air", Direct-to-Home (DTH), cable
television, IPTV and OTT.
Over-the-air and free-to-air TV is free with no monthly payments while Cable, DTH,
and IPTV requires a subscription that varies depending on how many channels a
subscriber chooses to pay for and how much the provider is charging for the packages.
Channels are usually sold in groups.
All television service providers are required by law to provide a la carte selection of
channels.
India is the second largest pay-TV market in the world in terms of subscribers after
China and has more than doubled from 32% in 2001 to 66% in 2018.
Broadcast television
In India, the broadcast of free-to-air television is governed through state-owned Prasar
Bharati Corporation, with the Doordarshan group of channels being the only
broadcaster. As such, cable television is the primary source of TV programming in
India. Private channels were started in about 1992.

Cable Television
The growth in digital broadcast has been due to the introduction of a multi-phase digitisation
policy by the Government of India.
An ordinance was introduced by the Govt. of India regarding the mandatory digitization of the
Cable Services.
According to this amendment made in the section 9 of the Cable Television Networks
(Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 1995, the I&B ministry is in the process of making Digital
Addressable System mandatory.
Star TV Network introduced five major television channels into the Indian broadcasting space
that had so far been monopolised by the Indian government-owned Doordarshan: MTV, STAR
Plus, Star Movies, BBC, Prime Sports and STAR Chinese Channel.
Soon after, India saw the launch of Zee TV, the first privately owned Indian channel to
broadcast over cable followed by Asia Television Network (ATN).
 A few years later CNN, Discovery Channel and National Geographic Channel made their
foray into India.
Later, Star TV Network expanded its bouquet with the introduction of STAR World
India, STAR Sports, ESPN, Channel V and STAR Gold.

With the launch of the Tamil Sun TV in 1993, South India saw the birth of its first private
television channel. With a network comprising more than 20 channels in various South
Indian languages, Sun TV network recently launched a DTH service and its channels are now
available in several countries outside India.
Following Sun TV, several television channels sprung up in the south. Among these are the
Tamil channel Raj Television (1993) and the Malayalam channel Asianet launched in 1993 From
Asianet Communications Ltd which is the second private channel launched in south India and
3rd private channel in India, Later Asianet launch Kannada channel (Asianet suvarna Now star
suvarna) and Telugu (Asianet sitara) channel, Now Asianet is part of star India and Asianet is the
leading channel of starIndia south and second leading channel in StarIndia Network after Star
plus.
Asianet cable network and Asianet broadband is from Asianet Communication Ltd. These three
networks and their channels today take up most of the broadcasting space in South India.
In 1994, industrialist N. P. V. Ramasamy Udayar launched a Tamil channel
called GEC (Golden Eagle Communication), which was later acquired by Vijay Mallya and
renamed as Vijay TV.
In Telugu, Telugu daily newspaper Eenadu started its own channel called ETV in 1995 later
diversified into other Indian languages. The same year, another Telugu channel called Gemini
TV was launched which was later acquired by the Sun Group in 1998.

Throughout the 1990s, along with a multitude of Hindi-language channels, several
regional and English language channels flourished all over India.
By 2001, international channels HBO and History Channel started providing
service. In 1999–2003, other international channels such as Nickelodeon, Cartoon
Network, VH1, Disney and Toon Disney entered the market.
Starting in 2003, there has been an explosion of news channels in various languages;
the most notable among them are NDTV, CNN IBN and Aaj Tak.
The most recent channels/networks in the Indian broadcasting industry include UTV
Movies, UTV Bindass, Zoom, Colours, 9X and 9XM. There are several more new
channels in the pipeline, including Leader TV.
Currently the major four cable general entertainment channels (GECs) that dominate
the TRP rivalry are StarPlus, Sony Entertainment Television, Colors TV and Zee TV.
Conditional access system CAS or conditional access system, is a digital mode of
transmitting TV channels through a set-top box (STB).
The transmission signals are encrypted and viewers need to buy a set-top box to
receive and decrypt the signal. The STB is required to watch only pay channels.

Satellite television
As of 2016, over 1600 TV satellite television channels are broadcast in India. This includes
channels from the state-owned Doordarshan, 21st Century Fox owned STAR TV, Sony
owned Sony Entertainment Television, Zee TV, Sun Network and Asianet.
Direct To Home service is provided by Airtel Digital Tv, BIG TV owned by Reliance, DD
Direct Plus,DishTV, Sun Direct DTH, Tata Sky and Videocon D2H. Dish TV was the first one to
come up in Indian Market, others came only years later.
The rapid growth of DTH in India has propelled an exodus from cabled homes, the need to
measure viewership in this space is more than ever; a Map, the overnight ratings agency, has
mounted a people meter panel to measure viewership and interactive engagement in DTH homes
in India.
India currently has 7 major DTH service providers and a total of over 54 million subscriber
households in as of December 2012. DishTV (a ZEE TV subsidiary), Tata Sky, Videocon D2H,
Sun Network owned ' Sun Direct DTH', Reliance Digital TV, Bharti Airtel's DTH Service 'Airtel
Digital TV' and the public sector DD Direct Plus.
As of 2012, India has the most competitive Direct-broadcast satellite market with 7 operators
vying for more than 135 million TV homes. India overtook the US as the world's largest Direct-
broadcast satellite market in 2012.

Smart TV Group also Operates an IPTV Platform based on the Sea-Change
International IPTV and Cisco IPTV Standards in many parts of India with the
following services:
185 TV channels on various basic and premium packages
40 TV channel Catch up TV service
250 Hour Personal Video Recorder
A 5000+ Hour Movie Library
Digital Radio and Karaoke Service
The service is available to MTNL and BSNL Broadband Internet customers.
Reliance IPTV is an IPTV service Operated by Reliance Communication the Telco
uses the Microsoft Mediaroom IPTV Middleware Software as its end-to-end delivery
Platform, with around three TV packages on offer. the service is currently only
available in Mumbai.
APSFL is a provider of IPTV service.
This service was launched in 2016 and it offers over 250 channels out of which 38 are
in HD. It is currently only available in Andhra Pradesh.

Programming
The typical Indian soap opera is by-far the most common genre on Indian
television. Fiction shows (which also includes thriller dramas and sitcoms) are
extremely popular among Indian audiences, as they reflect real family issues
portrayed in a melodramatic fashion.
There are thousands of television programs in India, all ranging in length, air time,
genre and language. The Hindi and Tamil television industry is by far the biggest.
However, some have much greater influence on the audiences, and therefore make
the annual list of the best Hindi shows. The present status follows:
List of top five Hindi GEC (Urban+Rural) Pay-Television shows in India (Week
8, 2020)
Sports
Major sports networks include Star Sports, Sony Ten, Sony Six, Sony ESPN, ESPN
Asia, DSport, 1Sports and DD Sports.

Rank Series Genre Network
Production
House
Air date Air time Impressions (000s)
1 Kundali Bhagya
Indian soap
opera
Zee TV
Balaji
Telefilms
Since 12 July 2017 Mon-Fri 9:30PM IST 14740
2 Kumkum Bhagya
Indian soap
opera
Zee TV
Balaji
Telefilms
Since 15 April 2014 Mon-Fri 9:00PM IST 12385
3
Fear Factor: Khatron
Ke Khiladi 10 –
Grand Premiere
Action Reality Colors
Endemol
Shine India
Since 22 February
2020
Sat-Sun 9:00PM IST 11552
4
Indian Idol 11 –
Grand Finale
Singing Reality Sony TV Fremantle Since 12 October 2019 Sat-Sun 08:00 PM IST 11165
5
Naagin 4: Bhagya
Ka Zehrila Khel
Fantasy Colors
Balaji
Telefilms
Since 1 November
2015
Sat-Sun 8:00PM IST 10223

Broadcasting channels
There are currently 902 permitted private satellite television channels in India as of
March 2019. Numerous regional channels are available throughout India, often
distributed according to languages.
Assamese Bengali Bhojpuri English Gujarati Hindi Kannada Konkani
Malayalam Marathi Odia Punjabi Tamil Telugu Urdu

Social aspects
Television has played a pivotal role in the socialization of the 20th and 21st
centuries.
There are many aspects of television that can be addressed, including negative
issues such as media violence.
Current research is discovering that individuals suffering from social isolation can
employ television to create what is termed a parasocial or faux relationship with
characters from their favorite television shows and movies as a way of deflecting
feelings of loneliness and social deprivation.
Several studies have found that educational television has many advantages.
The article "The Good Things about Television“ argues that television can be a
very powerful and effective learning tool for children if used wisely.

Negative Impacts
Children, especially those aged 5 or younger, are at risk of injury from falling televisions.
A CRT-style television that falls on a child will, because of its weight, hit with the equivalent
force of falling multiple stories from a building.
Newer flat-screen televisions are "top-heavy and have narrow bases", which means that a small
child can easily pull one over. As of 2015, TV tip-overs were responsible for more than 10,000
injuries per year to children.
A 2017 study in The Journal of Human Resources found that exposure to cable television
reduced cognitive ability and high school graduation rates for boys.
This effect was stronger for boys from more educated families.
The article suggests a mechanism where light television entertainment crowds out more
cognitively stimulating activities.
With high lead content in CRTs and the rapid diffusion of new flat-panel display technologies,
some of which (LCDs) use lamps which contain mercury, there is growing concern
about electronic waste from discarded televisions.
Further environmental concerns related to television design and use relate to the devices'
increasing electrical energy requirements.

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