Newspapers History & Function

Newspapers
Notes By : Ashish Richhariya
Course : FTNMP / BMM
Designation : Faculty at Thakur College Of Science & Commerce
Query : arichhariya30@gmail.com

Contents
1. Meaning
2. Timeline of Newspaper
3. Invention and History
4. Etymology
5. Category of Newspapers
6. Organization and personnel
7. Circulation and readership
8. Zoned and other editions
9. Format
10.Advertising
11.Journalism
12.Applications
13.Regulations
14.Newspaper in India
15.Important tool in mass media.
Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about
current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background.
Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as politics, business,
sports and art, and often include materials such as opinion columns, weather
forecasts, reviews of local services, obituaries, birth
notices, crosswords, editorial cartoons, comic strips, and advice columns.
Most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a
mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue.
The journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves
often metonymically called newspapers.
Newspapers developed in the 17th century, as information sheets for
merchants. By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North
and South America, published newspapers.
Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high journalism quality,
and large circulation are viewed as newspapers of record.

Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly. News magazines are
also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers
typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international
news as well as local news.
The news includes political events and personalities, business and finance,
crime, weather, and natural disasters; health and medicine, science, and
computers and technology; sports; and entertainment, society, food and
cooking, clothing and home fashion, and the arts.
Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page
containing editorials written by an editor (or by the paper's editorial board) and
expressing an opinion on a public issue, opinion articles called "op-eds" written
by guest writers, and columns that express the personal opinions of
columnists, usually offering analysis and synthesis that attempts to translate
the raw data of the news into information telling the reader "what it all means"
and persuading them to concur. Papers also include articles which have
no byline; these articles are written by staff writers.

A wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. Besides the
mentioned news, information and opinions, they include weather forecasts;
criticism and reviews of the arts and of local services such as
restaurants; obituaries, birth notices and graduation announcements;
entertainment features such as crosswords, horoscopes, editorial
cartoons, gag cartoons, and comic strips; advice columns, food, and other
columns; and radio and television listings (program schedules).
As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies and
TV shows available on streaming video services like Netflix.
Newspapers have classified ad sections where people and businesses can
buy small advertisements to sell goods or services; as of 2013, the huge
increase in Internet websites for selling goods, such
as Craigslist and eBay has led to significantly less classified ad sales for
newspapers.
Most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture
of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue .
Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded; their
reliance on advertising revenue and on profitability is less critical to their
survival.
The editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to
the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government.
Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high journalism quality,
and large circulation are viewed as newspapers of record.Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

Many newspapers, besides employing journalists on their own payrolls,
also subscribe to news agencies (wire services) (such as the Associated
Press, Reuters, or Agence France-Presse), which employ journalists to find,
assemble, and report the news, then sell the content to the various
newspapers.
This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around
the world. Circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper
titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day.
The late 2000s–early 2010s global recession, combined with the rapid
growth of free web-based alternatives, has helped cause a decline in
advertising and circulation, as many papers had to retrench operations to
stanch the losses.
Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-2007, then
plunged during the worldwide financial crisis of 2008-2009.
Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as
their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal.

The decline in advertising revenues affected both the print and online media
as well as all other mediums; print advertising was once lucrative but has
greatly declined, and the prices of online advertising are often lower than
those of their print precursors.
Besides remodeling advertising, the internet (especially the web) has also
challenged the business models of the print-only era by crowd sourcing both
publishing in general (sharing information with others) and, more
specifically, journalism (the work of finding, assembling, and reporting the
news).
In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from
many online newspapers and other sources, influences the flow of web traffic.
Increasing pay walling of online newspapers may be counteracting those
effects.
The oldest newspaper still published is the Ordinari Post Tijdender, which
was established in Stockholm in 1645.

Meaning of Newspaper.
Another definition according to Merriam –
Webster dictionary states:
 A paper that is printed and distributed usually
daily or weekly and that contains news, articles of
opinion, features, and advertising.
According to the Collins Dictionary:-
A newspaper is a publication consisting of a number of
large sheets of folded paper, on which news, advertisements,
and other information is printed.

Invention
The German-language Relation Aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen
Historien, printed from 1605 onwards by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg, is
often recognized as the first newspaper.

History : Gazettes and bulletins
In Ancient Rome, Acta Diurna, or government announcement bulletins,
were produced. They were carved in metal or stone and posted in public
places.
In China, early government-produced news-sheets, called Dibao,
circulated among court officials during the late Han dynasty (second and
third centuries AD).
Between 713 and 734, the Kaiyuan Za Bao ("Bulletin of the Court") of the
Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news; it was handwritten on
silk and read by government officials.
In 1582, there was the first reference to privately published newssheets in
Beijing, during the late Ming Dynasty.
In early modern Europe, the increased cross-border interaction created a
rising need for information which was met by concise handwritten news-
sheets. In 1556, the government of Venice first published the monthly notizie
scritte, which cost one gazette, a small coin.
These avvisi were handwritten newsletters and used to convey political,
military, and economic news quickly and efficiently to Italian cities (1500–
1700)—sharing some characteristics of newspapers though usually notThakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

Newspapers : Europe
The first mechanical, movable type printing that allowed the mass
production of printed books was invented by Johann Gutenberg.
In the 50 years after Gutenberg started printing, an estimated 500,000
books were in circulation, printed on about 1,000 presses across the
continent.
Gutenberg's invention was a simple device, but it launched a revolution
marked by repeated advances in technology and, as a result, a
popularization of the ideals of liberty and freedom of information exchange.The emergence of the new media in the 17th century has to be seen in close
connection with the spread of the printing press from which the
publishing press derives its name.
The German-language Relation aller Fürnemmen Historien, printed from
1605 onwards by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg, is often recognized as the
first newspaper.
At the time, Strasbourg was a free imperial city in the Holy Roman Empire of
the German Nation; the first newspaper of modern Germany was the Avisa,
published in 1609 in Wolfenbüttel.

America
In Boston in 1690, Benjamin Harris published Publick Occurrences Both
Forreign and Domestick. This is considered the first newspaper in
the American colonies even though only one edition was published before
the paper was suppressed by the government.
In 1704, the governor allowed The Boston News-Letter to be published
and it became the first continuously published newspaper in the colonies.
Soon after, weekly papers began being published in New York and
Philadelphia.
These early newspapers followed the British format and were usually
four pages long. They mostly carried news from Britain and content
depended on the editor's interests. In 1783, the Pennsylvania Evening
Post became the first American daily.In 1752, John Bushell published the Halifax Gazette, which claims to be
"Canada's first newspaper." However, its official descendant, the Royal Gazette,
a government publication for legal notices and proclamations rather than a prope
newspaper.
In 1764, the Quebec Gazette was first printed 21 June 1764 and remains the
oldest continuously published newspaper in North America as the Quebec
Chronicle-Telegraph.

Industrial Revolution
By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and
South America, published newspaper-type publications though not all of
them developed in the same way; content was vastly shaped by regional
and cultural preferences.
Advances in printing technology related to the Industrial
Revolution enabled newspapers to become an even more widely circulated
means of communication, as new printing technologies made printing less
expensive and more efficient.
In 1814, The Times (London) acquired a printing press capable of making
1,100 impressions per hour. Soon, this press was adapted to print on both
sides of a page at once. This innovation made newspapers cheaper and
thus available to a larger part of the population.
In 1830, the first inexpensive "penny press" newspaper came to the market:
Lynde M. Walter's Boston Transcript.
Penny press papers cost about one sixth the price of other newspapers and
appealed to a wider audience, including less educated and lower-income
people.
In France, Émile de Girardin started "La Presse" in 1836, introducing cheap,
advertising-supported dailies to France.
In 1848, August Zang, an Austrian who knew Girardin in Paris, returned to
Vienna to introduce the same methods with "Die Presse”.Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

Modern newspapers since 1800
In 1814, The Times acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100
impressions per hour.[ It was soon adapted to print on both sides of a page at
once.
This innovation made newspapers cheaper and thus available to a larger
part of the population.
In 1830, the first penny press newspaper came to the market: Lynde M.
Walter's Boston Transcript.
Penny press papers cost about one-sixth the price of other newspapers and
appealed to a wider audience. Newspaper editors exchanged copies and
freely reprinted material.
By the late 1840s telegraph networks linked major and minor cities and
permitted overnight news reporting.
The invention of wood pulp papermaking in the 1840s significantly reduced
the cost of newsprint, having previously been made from rags.
Increasing literacy in the 19th century also increased the size of
newspapers' audiences.

Categories
Most newspapers are aimed at a broad spectrum of readers, usually
geographically defined, some focus on groups of readers defined more by their
interests than their location.
For example, there are daily and weekly business newspapers (e.g., The Wall
Street Journal and India Today) and sports newspapers.
More specialist still are some weekly newspapers, usually free and distributed
within limited regional areas.
These may serve communities as specific as certain immigrant populations, the
local gay community or indie rock enthusiasts within a city or region.

Based on Frequency - Daily
A daily newspaper is printed every day, sometimes with the exception of Sundays
and occasionally Saturdays, (and some major holidays) and often of some national
holidays.
Saturday and, where they exist, Sunday editions of daily newspapers tend to be
larger, include more specialized sections (e.g., on arts, films, entertainment) and
advertising inserts, and cost more.
Typically, the majority of these newspapers' staff members work Monday to Friday,
so the Sunday and Monday editions largely depend on content done in advance or
content that is syndicated. Most daily newspapers are sold in the morning.
Afternoon or evening papers, once common but now scarce, are aimed more at
commuters and office workers.
A morning newspaper is available in early editions from before midnight on the
night before its cover date, further editions being printed and distributed during the
night.
The later editions can include breaking news which was first revealed that day, after
the morning edition was already printed.

Semi-Weekly
Some newspapers are published two times a week and are known as semi-weekly
publications.
Tri - weekly
As the name suggests, a triweekly publishes three times a week. The Meridian Star is
an example of such a publication.
Weekly
Weekly newspapers are published once a week, and tend to be smaller than daily
papers.
Bi - weekly
Some publications are published, for example, fortnightly (or biweekly in American
parlance). They have a change from normal weekly day of the week during the
Christmas period depending the day of the week Christmas Day is falling on.

Based on Geographical scope and distribution
Local or regional
A local newspaper serves a region such as a city, or part of a large city. Almost
every market has one or two newspapers that dominate the area.
Large metropolitan newspapers often have large distribution networks, and can be
found outside their normal area, sometimes widely, sometimes from fewer sources.
National
Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the whole
country: a national newspaper.
Some national newspapers, such as the Financial Times and The Wall Street
Journal, are specialised (in these examples, on financial matters).
There are many national newspapers in the United Kingdom, but only a few in the
United States and Canada. In Canada, The Globe and Mail is sold throughout the
country.
In the United States, in addition to national newspapers as such, The New York
Times is available throughout the country

International newspapers.
There is also a small group of newspapers which may be characterized
as international newspapers.
Some, such as The New York Times International Edition, (formerly The
International Herald Tribune) have always had that focus, while others are repackaged
national newspapers or "international editions" of national or large metropolitan
newspapers.
In some cases, articles that might not interest the wider range of readers are omitted
from international editions; in others, of interest to expatriates, significant national
news is retained.
As English became the international language of business and technology, many
newspapers formerly published only in non-English languages have also developed
English-language editions.
 In places as varied as Jerusalem and Mumbai, newspapers are printed for a local
and international English-speaking public, and for tourists.
The advent of the Internet has also allowed non-English-language newspapers to put
out a scaled-down English version to give their newspaper a global outreach.

Based on Subject matter
General newspapers cover all topics, with different emphasis. While at least
mentioning all topics, some might have good coverage of international events of
importance; others might concentrate more on national or local entertainment or
sports.
Specialised newspapers might concentrate more specifically on, for example,
financial matters.
There are publications covering exclusively sports, or certain sports, horse-racing,
theatre, and so on, although they may no longer be called newspapers.

Based on Technology
Print
For centuries newspapers were printed on paper and supplied physically to
readers either by local distribution, or in some cases by mail, for example for
British expatriates living in India or Hong Kong who subscribed to British
newspapers.
Newspapers can be delivered to subscribers homes and/or businesses by a paper's
own delivery people, sent via the mail, sold at newsstands, grocery
stores and convenience stores, and delivered to libraries and bookstores.
Newspaper organizations need a large distribution system to deliver their papers
to these different distributors, which typically involves delivery trucks and
delivery people.
In recent years, newspapers and other media have adapted to the changing
technology environment by starting to offer online editions to cater to the needs
of the public.
The trend towards more electronic delivery of the news will continue with more
emphasis on the Internet, social media and other electronic delivery methods.
However, while the method of delivery is changing, the newspaper and the
industry still has a niche in the world.

Online
As of 2007, virtually all major printed newspapers have online editions distributed
over the Internet which, depending on the country may be regulated by journalism
organizations such as the Press Complaints Commission in the UK.
But as some publishers find their print-based models increasingly unsustainable,
Web-based "newspapers" have also started to appear, such as the Southport
Reporter in the UK and the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, which stopped publishing in
print after 149 years in March 2009 and became an online-only paper.
Since 2005 in the UK more than 200 regional newspapers have closed down
resulting in 50% decline in the number of regional journalists.
A 2016 study done by King's College London found that the towns which lost their
local newspapers receded from the democratic values and experienced the loss of
public faith in the authorities.
A new trend in newspaper publishing is the introduction
of personalization through on-demand printing technologies or with online news
aggregator websites like Google news.

Organization and personnel
In small newspapers, the owner of the publication (or the largest shareholder in the
corporation that owns the publication) is usually the publisher.
Although he or she rarely or perhaps never writes stories, the publisher is legally
responsible for the contents of the entire newspaper and also runs the business,
including hiring editors, reporters, and other staff members.
Most newspapers have four main departments devoted to publishing the newspaper
itself—editorial, production/printing, circulation, and advertising.
For small newspapers, a single editor may be responsible for all content areas. At
large newspapers, the most senior editor is in overall charge of the publication, while
less senior editors may each focus on one subject area, such as local news or sports.
These divisions are called news bureaus or "desks", and each is supervised by a
designated editor.
Most newspaper editors copy edit the stories for their part of the newspaper, but
they may share their workload with proofreaders and fact checkers.

Reporters are journalists who primarily report facts that they have gathered and
those who write longer, less news-oriented articles may be called feature writers.
 Photographers and graphic artists provide images and illustrations to support
articles.
Journalists often specialize in a subject area, called a beat, such as sports,
religion, or science.
Columnists are journalists who write regular articles recounting their personal
opinions and experiences.
Printers and press operators physically print the newspaper.
Printing is outsourced by many newspapers, partly because of the cost of
an offset web press (the most common kind of press used to print newspapers) and
also because a small newspaper's print run might require less than an hour of
operation, meaning that if the newspaper had its own press it would sit idle most
of the time.

The staff of the circulation department liaise with retailers who sell the newspaper;
sell subscriptions; and supervise distribution of the printed newspapers through the
mail, by newspaper carriers, at retailers, and through vending machines.
Free newspapers do not sell subscriptions, but they still have a circulation
department responsible for distributing the newspapers.
Sales staff in the advertising department not only sell ad space to clients such as
local businesses, but also help clients design and plan their advertising campaigns.
Other members of the advertising department may include graphic designers, who
design ads according to the customers' specifications and the department's policies. In
an advertising-free newspaper, there is no advertising department.

Zoned and other editions
Newspapers often refine distribution of ads and news through zoning and
editioning.
Zoning occurs when advertising and editorial content change to reflect
the location to which the product is delivered.
The editorial content often may change merely to reflect changes in
advertising—the quantity and layout of which affects the space available
for editorial—or may contain region-specific news.

Circulation and readership
The number of copies distributed, either on an average day or on particular days
(typically Sunday), is called the newspaper's circulation and is one of the
principal factors used to set advertising rates.
Circulation is not necessarily the same as copies sold, since some copies or
newspapers are distributed without cost. Readership figures may be higher than
circulation figures because many copies are read by more than one person,
although this is offset by the number of copies distributed but not read
(especially for those distributed free).
In the United States, the Alliance for Audited Media maintains historical and
current data on average circulation of daily and weekly newspapers and other
periodicals.
According to the Guinness Book of Records, the daily circulation of the Soviet
newspaper Trud exceeded 21,500,000 in 1990, while the Soviet weekly Argumenty i
Fakty boasted a circulation of 33,500,000 in 1991.
According to United Nations data from 1995 Japan has three daily papers—
the Yomiuri Shimbun, Asahi Shimbun, and Mainichi Shimbun—with circulations well
above 5.5 million. Germany's Bild, with a circulation of 3.8 million, was the only other
paper in that category..

While paid readership of print newspapers has been steadily declining in the
developed OECD nations, it has been rising in the chief developing nations (Brazil,
India, Indonesia, China and South Africa), whose paid daily circulation exceeded
those of the developed nations for the first time in 2008.
In India, The Times of India is the largest-circulation English newspaper, with
3.14 million copies daily.
According to the 2009 Indian Readership Survey, the Dainik Jagran is the most-
read, local-language (Hindi) newspaper, with 55.7 million readers.
According to Tom Standage of The Economist, India currently has daily newspaper
circulation of 110 million copies
In the 1920s, on a national basis in the U.S., daily newspapers achieved market
penetration of 123 percent (meaning the average U.S. household received 1.23
newspapers).
As other media began to compete with newspapers, and as printing became easier and
less expensive giving rise to a greater diversity of publications, market penetration began
to decline.
It wasn't until the early 1970s, however, that market penetration dipped below 100
percent. By 2000, it was 53 percent and still falling.

Many paid-for newspapers offer a variety of subscription plans. For example,
someone might want only a Sunday paper, or perhaps only Sunday and
Saturday, or maybe only a workweek subscription, or perhaps a daily
subscription.
Most newspapers provide some or all of their content on the Internet, either
at no cost or for a fee.
In some cases, free access is available only for a matter of days or weeks,
or for a certain number of viewed articles, after which readers must register
and provide personal data. In other cases, free archives are provided.
Subscription Plans

Journalism
Newspapers began as a journal (record of current events), the profession involved in
the making of newspapers began to be called journalism.
In the yellow journalism era of the 19th century, many newspapers in the United States
relied on sensational stories that were meant to anger or excite the public, rather than to
inform.
The restrained style of reporting that relies on fact checking and accuracy regained
popularity around World War II.
Criticism of journalism is varied and sometimes vehement. Credibility is questioned
because of anonymous sources; errors in facts, spelling, and grammar; real or
perceived bias; and scandals involving plagiarism and fabrication.
In the past, newspapers have often been owned by so-called press barons, and were
used for gaining a political voice.
After 1920 most major newspapers became parts of chains run by large media
corporations such as Gannett, The McClatchy Company, Hearst Corporation, Cox
Enterprises, Landmark Media Enterprises LLC, Morris Communications, The Tribune
Company, Hollinger International, News Corporation, Swift Communications, etc.
Whistle-blowers, and those who "leak" stories of corruption in political circles often
choose to inform newspapers before other mediums of communication, relying on the
perceived willingness of newspaper editors to expose the secrets and lies of those who
would rather cover them.Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

Advertising
A newspaper typically generates 70–80% of its revenue from
advertising, and the remainder from sales and subscriptions.
The portion of the newspaper that is not advertising is called editorial
content, editorial matter, or simply editorial, although the last term is also
used to refer specifically to those articles in which the newspaper and its
guest writers express their opinions.
The business model of having advertising subsidize the cost of printing
and distributing newspapers rather than having subscribers cover the full
cost was first done, it seems, in 1833 by The Sun, a daily paper that was
published in New York City.
Rather than charging 6 cents per copy, the price of a typical New York
daily at the time, they charged 1-cent, and depended on advertising to
make up the difference

Newspapers in India
The first newspaper in India was published on 29 January,
1780 by James Augustus Hicky under the British Raj and its name
was ‘The Bengal Gazette’.
It was also called as ‘Calcutta General Advertiser’ and people simply
remember it as ‘Hicky’s Gazette’.
It was very small two sheet weekly newspaper. And the paper was filled with
lots of advertisements with the name- The Calcutta General Advertiser. In fact,
its front page was filled with advertisements only.
 After few months of Hicky’s paper Messer B Messinck and Peter Read
brought out the‘Indian Gazette’ in November 1780.
Many other newspapers were also started, namely Calcutta Gazette (1784),
The Bengal Journal (1785).
In 1785, Richard Johnson in Madras brought out ‘Madras Courier’ in English
language. R. William’s ‘Madras Gazette’ in 1795 and Humphrey’s ‘India
Herald’ in 1796.
In Bombay first newspaper was ‘Bombay Herald’ in 1789‘, Bombay Courier’
in 1789 and‘Bombay Gazette’ in 1791.

Golden Era of newspaper in India
In the late 18th and early 19th century, no reputed journalist or newspaper
emerged. Then some merchants of Calcutta in 1811 started ‘Calcutta
Chronicle’ and the editor was James Silk Buckingham. He had introduced a
new approach to Journalism in India. He initiated clear journalistic practices
and covered the problems of local people and their lives. Even he had started
a movement against the evil practice of ‘Sati’.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy a social reformer recognized the power of
newspapers and started a Bengali newspaper ‘Sambad Kaumudi’ in 1822 and
a Persian paper‘Mirat-ul-Akhbar’ in 1822.
Fardaonji Murzban in 1822 started ‘Bombay Samachar’, he was a pioneer of
the Vernacular Press in Bombay.
3 November, 1838 - The Times of India issued its first edition as The
Bombay Timesand Journal of Commerce.

1857 is known as the year of the emergence of journalism in India
In 1857, newspapers owned by Indians and British were divided and the
government passed the Vernacular Press Act in 1876.
1861 The first edition of The Times of India was published by Robert
Knight.
Up to 1947 this newspaper continued to support the causes of Britishers.
Now, more than 150 years of service Times of India has grown the biggest
English daily in the country.

1868 - 'Amrit Bazaar Patrika' was started by two brothers, Shishir Kumar
Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh.
This was the time when social reformers and political leaders had started
contributing to the field of journalism, including C.Y. Chintamani, N. C. Kelkar,
Ferozeshah Mehta were prominent.
1878 - "The Hindu" was started in the English language, which was mainly
distributed in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
In newspapers, many changes took place after Independence. Even the
working style of journalists changed. After independence, most of the
newspapers brought into the hands of Indians. News agency services became
available on a regular basis with thePress Trust of India which was started
in 1946.
Now missionary phase of newspaper was replaced with a professional
approach. It started provided employment to the public and so, the newspaper
agency became profit-oriented.
Various technological developments took place, it involved in a readership
battle, literacy level rises, interest to know what is happening in the
surrounding made grow newspaper.

Role of Newspapers
- During the British rule Indian newspaper came into existence and played an
important role in the country’s freedom struggle. In fact newspaper worked as
‘mouth pieces’ of the freedom struggle whether at the national and regional
level.
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak brought Kesari and Mahratta newspaper.
-Mahatma Gandhi started Young India and Harijan.
-Jawaharlal Nehru started the National Herald.
After Independence, Indian newspapers started playing the role of
a ‘watchdog’and also have been playing the role of catalytic agent to hasten
the process of social and economic development in the country.
However, Indian newspapers are characterised by their overt emphasis on
politics and crime. But now, Indian newspapers have a lot of entertainment
content in their columns, with colour pages and new designs.

From the trials of Tilak in 1897 and 1908, Mahatma Gandhi in 1922 ,
Vernacular Press Act of 1878, the Newspapers Incitement to offences Act of
1908, the Indian Press Act 1931, the Press Objectionable Matter Act of
1951, the Newspaper Price and Page Act of 1956 bear testimony of the
suppressive and oppressive measures taken against the Indian
newspapers.
However, all these suppressions and oppression reached brutal heights
during the 1975-77 Emergency regime of Indira Gandhi.
But later the conditions of Press changed and reached to its zenith.
Freedom of the press is a very important and also news-media, press
enjoys greater freedom in a democratic country.
Current scenario and future of newspaper
As television and the new media, internet emerges, it is said that newspapers
are becoming irrelevant in terms of providing the latest news.
But now a day’s many newspapers in India and in the world to some extent
started providing analysis of news as well.
Daily newspapers like Times of India, The Hindu, Hindustan Times, The
Statesman, Economic Times, The Tribune, Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar, Amar
Ujala, etc. have become the most circulated newspapers in the country.

Role Of Newspapers In Education
1.Strengthens reading & writing skills.
These are the best source of providing good reading ability as it makes readers active
learners. Reading newspaper is a healthy activity for every individual & especially for
students. As the time passes, they get full command on reading and vocabulary.
Newspaper reading also improves writing & reading skills of an individual as many
difficult words come while reading a passage that might confuse a reader. Making a
habit of reading newspaper daily increases the chances of better reading with good
vocabulary.
2. Provides entertainment & sports news.
A number of sporting events is organized from time to time in the country & across the
nations. One can get all information about the list of players, which game is going on
currently, medals tally, players ranking, who won which medal, the winners & the
competitors, etc.
News about the economic condition of a country, games & sports, trade, commerce &
entertainment can be gained from newspapers.
In short, newspaper gives us worldwide information.

3. Best source of General knowledge.
Knowledge coupled with a good expression sets a stage of success in any examination
or competition in life. Students easily get course related information through
newspapers about recent discoveries & latest inventions.
4. Get up-to-date with politics.
Man is a social animal. In order to live peacefully & comfortably in society, he needs
to remain updated about what all is going on across the globe while sitting at a corner
of house. Reading newspaper enables us to remain well-informed about anything. It
will be easy for those who ready daily to their extent. Newspaper carries information
about politics, sports, general affairs & lot more.
5. Useful ideas about researches & projects.
Students have to undergo a lot of researches & to deal with their school projects. And
for this, they need to search for various ideas, creations & a better design.
Not only ideas but news about many discoveries, launches & establishments are also
published in newspapers there are really helpful in covering up projects.

6. Improves Vocabulary Skills.
At one page of newspaper, there comes a section where so many useful games like Sudoku,
puzzles, riddles, tongue twisters, etc are published. These types of mind games help in
improving the vocabulary skills of children.
Daily reading of newspapers enhances the vocabulary of students as they learn different words
from there. They can note them down with their meanings. As good vocabulary helps in writing
good essays & assignments in examinations.
7. Makes them a Good Speaker.
Students get information about various topics with the help of newspaper. They become a good
orator which further helps in taking active part in debates, speeches & discussions.
When a student possesses knowledge about different topics, he/ she can be able to speak without
any hesitation in front of others. This ultimately increases his/ her level of confidence.

Advantages of Reading Newspapers
•Newspaper is read by huge number of population, so news or information can be made available
easily.
•Newspaper is not very expensive so anyone can buy newspaper.
•If anyone wants to publish advertisement or any useful information then he can publish easily in
any size format or any page of newspaper.
•Reader can read news any time whenever he wish and able to read information again and again.
•Now a days newspaper is made available directly to your house by many vendors, so no need to
go and buy newspaper everyday.
•Newspaper is available in various languages so you can choose the newspaper of your choice.
•Newspapers are lighter in weight hence it is easy to carry anywhere you want.
•Almost all the latest news are covered in the newspaper which gives information about the latest
trend going on in the world.
•You can also increase vocubulary and general knowledge by reading newspaper daily and
regularly.
•Weather report, sports events, business news, local news as well as world news is available in
newspaper.

Disadvantages of Reading Newspapers
•In some of the newspaper the advertisement space may be expensive.
•As the Internet, Television or Radio are used widely by many people , so advertisers
prefer newspaper less for advertisement compared to Internet and other medias.
•Newspaper can be easily discarded once read, so less chances for advertiser to
convert the advertisement into leads or sale.
•Competitors can easily see the price of your product and hence they quickly react to
your prices.
•Sometimes in some newspaper the news which are shown are false.The news are
even twisted and distorted.
•Sometimes poor printed image quality is seen in the newspaper.

Social aspects
Newspapers play an important role in human life. The newspaper
increases general knowledge of the people. They are two types of
newspapers in India. Some papers cover the news of the entire county and
some other papers are strictly confined to the local State's issues.
A newspaper brings out information about various job opportunities. It also
provides the rate of commodities and other valuable information.
Newspapers bring awareness about rights and duties of the citizen and
they also help in doing justice to the needy. A newspaper supports the
public and in fact people associated with newspaper work day and night for
conveying information to the public.
A newspaper is also a very effective medium to resolve problems that
require the attention of local authorities. The public can write to the editor
of the local paper about a problem within their locality and the concerned
authorities will take measures to solve the problem.
For example, if the road in Ramnagar is not in good condition, then any
person in that locality can write to the editor, then the editor publishes it in
the newspaper and concerned authorities will take measures to solve the
problem. By this way, the newspaper becomes close to the people.

Negative Impacts
Expensive: In some or most of the newspapers the advertisement space may be expensive which prohibits
people from advertising through the newspaper.
It is analogue: As the Internet, Television or Radio are used widely by many people , so advertisers prefer
newspaper less for advertisement compared to Internet and other medias.
It can easily be discarded: Newspaper can be easily discarded once read, so less chances for advertiser to
convert the advertisement into leads or sale.
Fake news: In some cases, the news published in the newspapers especially on the front page could be
wrong. The news are even twisted and distorted to create a bad impression of an individual or company.
Newspapers are cumbersome to carry around: Newspapers are cumbersome to move and carry around
because of their shape and lose pages. This makes it difficult to conveniently carry them from one place to
another.

Exposes your strengths: Newspapers are available to all and sundry. This means that competitors can easily
see the price of your product and hence they quickly react to your price which gives them a competitive
advantage over your products.
Poor quality: Newspapers sometimes come published with poorly printed text and images that can hardly be
read or seen by readers. This makes it difficult to get the intended information because the news has already
been published and cannot be recalled.
Newspapers cannot be updated: Once they have been published, they cannot be changed or updated because
of their nature. This makes them rigid in terms of news and information sources.
Newspapers may misrepresent information: Sometimes newspapers are prone to information
misrepresentation which may work against them especially in the court of public opinion.
Newspapers are expensive cumulatively: It is quite expensive to produce and publish newspapers especially
because they have to be distributed across the country.

Newspapers in India
Newspaper Language
Average Issue
Readership
2019 (in
millions)
Owner
Dainik Jagran(दैनिक जागरण) Hindi 20.258 Jagran Prakashan Ltd.
Dainik Bhaskar(दैनिक
भास्कर)
Hindi 15.395 D B Corp Ltd.
Hindustan Dainik
(हिन्दुस्ताि दैनिक)
Hindi 14.746
Hindustan Media Ventures Ltd. (part of HT
Media Ltd)
Amar Ujala
(अमर उजाला)
Hindi 10.183 Amar Ujala Publications Ltd.
Malayala Manorama
(മലയാള മന ാരമ) Malayalam 9.758 Malayala Manorama Company Ltd.
Rajasthan Patrika
(राजस्थाि पत्रिका)
Hindi 7.543 Rajasthan Patrika Pvt. Ltd.
Punjab Kesari Hindi 7.323 The Hindsamachar Ltd.
Dina Thanthi
(தினத்தந்தி)
Tamil 6.572 Founded by S. P. Adithanar
Mathrubhumi
(മാതൃഭൂമി) Malayalam 6.443 The Mathrubhumi Group
Lokmat
(लोकमत)
Marathi 6.085 Lokmat Media Limited
The Times of India English 5.646 Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd.

Newspaper Language
Average Issue
Readership
2019 (in
millions)
Owner
Gujarat Samachar
(ગુજરાત સમાચાર) Gujarati 4.477 Lok Prakashan Ltd.
Prabhat Khabar
(प्रभात खबर)
Hindi 3.439 Neutral Publishing House Ltd.
Ananda Bazar Patrika
(আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা)
Bengali 3.436 Ananda Publishers
Sandesh
(સંદેશ) Gujarati 3.384 The Sandesh Ltd.
Eenadu
(ఈనాడు) Telugu 3.327
Sakal
(सकाळ)
Marathi 3.092 Sakal Media Group
Patrika
(पत्रिका)
Hindi 3.038 Rajasthan Patrika Pvt. Ltd.
Sakshi
(సాక్షి) Telugu 2.988 Jagati Publications Ltd.
Dinamalar
(தினமலர்)
Tamil 2.886 Dinamalar Publications Ltd.

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