History || Indigo Revolt, Kisan Sabha Movement, Eka Movement media

1. Notes By : Ashish Richhariya
Course : FTNMP / BMM
Designation : Faculty at Thakur College Of Science & Commerce
Query : arichhariya30@gmail.com

2.  There is evidence that the use of the concept of mass duplication in India dates
back to the time of the IndusValleyCivilization.
 Grants of land were originally recorded by engraving the information on copper
plates and etchings on different surfaces like wood, bone, ivory and shells.
 Printing arrived about a hundred years after the Gutenberg Bible was first printed.
 The Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line Bible, the Mazarin Bible or
the B42) was among the earliest major books printed using mass-
produced movable metal type in Europe.
 It marked the start of the "Gutenberg Revolution" and the age of printed books in
theWest.The book is valued and revered for its high aesthetic and artistic
qualities.
 Preparation of the Bible probably began soon after 1450, and the first finished
copies were available in 1454 or 1455
 The Printing Press was established in 1580.
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3.  First Printing press in India was set up in the year 1556.
 Printing technology was adapted by Bombay in 1670.
 First Newspaper got published in the year 1780.
 ‘The Bengal Gazette’ or Calcutta General Advertiser by
James Augustus Hickey.
 The first copy got printed on 29th January 1780.
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4.  Why & How this idea emerged and what were the
reasons behind Emergence of Media?
 Who were involved?
 What was the motive ?
 Who acted as a catalyst in this Process ?
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5.  Was the rule or dominion of the British East India Company over parts of
the Indian subcontinent.
 This is variously taken to have commenced in 1757, after the Battle of
Plassey which saw the Company conquest of the proto-
industrialised Mughal Bengal.
 Later, the Company was granted the diwani, or the right to collect
revenue, in Bengal and Bihar; or in 1773, when the Company established a
capital in Calcutta, appointed its first Governor-General, Warren
Hastings, and became directly involved in governance.
 By 1818, with the defeat of Marathas followed by the pensioning of
the Peshwa and the annexation of his territories, British supremacy
in India was complete.
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6.  The East India Company was a private company owned by stockholders and
reporting to a board of directors in London.
 Originally formed as a monopoly on trade, it increasingly took on governmental
powers with its own army and judiciary. It seldom turned a profit, as employees
diverted funds into their own pockets.
 The British government had little control, and there was increasing anger at the
corruption and irresponsibility of Company officials or "nawabs" who made vast
fortunes in a few years.
 Pitt's India Act of 1784 gave the British government effective control of the private
company for the first time.The new policies were designed for an elite civil service
career that minimized temptations for corruption.
 IncreasinglyCompany officials lived in separate compounds according to British
standards.The Company's rule lasted until 1858, when it was abolished after
the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
 With the Government of IndiaAct 1858, the British government assumed the task
of administering India in the new British Raj.
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7.  In the remnant of the Mughal Empire revenue system existing in pre-1765 Bengal, zamindars, or "land holders," collected
revenue on behalf of the Mughal emperor, whose representative, or diwan supervised their activities.
 In this system, the assortment of rights associated with land were not possessed by a "land owner," but rather shared by the
several parties with stake in the land, including the peasant cultivator, the zamindar, and the state.
 The zamindar served as an intermediary who procured economic rent from the cultivator, and after withholding a percentage
for his own expenses, made available the rest, as revenue to the state.
 Under the Mughal system, the land itself belonged to the state and not to the zamindar, who could transfer only his right to
collect rent. On being awarded the diwani or overlordship of Bengal following the Battle of Buxar in 1764,
 East India Company found itself short of trained administrators, especially those familiar with local custom and law; tax
collection was consequently farmed out.
 This uncertain foray into land taxation by the Company, may have gravely worsened the impact of a famine that struck Bengal
in 1769–70 in which between seven and ten million people—or between a quarter and third of the presidency's population—
may have died.
 However, the company provided little relief either through reduced taxation or by relief efforts,[42] and the economic and
cultural impact of the famine was felt decades later, even becoming, a century later, the subject of Bankim Chandra
Chatterjee's novel Anandamath.
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8.  In 1772, under Warren Hastings, the East India Company took over revenue
collection directly in the Bengal Presidency(then Bengal and Bihar), establishing
a Board of Revenue with offices in Calcutta and Patna, and moving the pre-
existing Mughal revenue records from Murshidabad to Calcutta.
 In 1773, after Oudh ceded the tributary state of Benaras, the revenue collection
system was extended to the territory with a Company Resident in charge.
 The following year—with a view to preventing corruption—Company district
collectors, who were then responsible for revenue collection for an entire district,
were replaced with provincial councils at Patna, Murshidabad, and Calcutta, and
with Indian collectors working within each district.
 The title, "collector," reflected "the centrality of land revenue collection to
government in India: it was the government's primary function and it moulded
the institutions and patterns of administration."
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9. ?
What was the idea of MEDIA ?
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10.  The first goal was supported by some administrators, such asWarren Hastings,
who envisaged the Company as the successor of a great Empire, and saw the
support of vernacular learning as only befitting that role.
 In 1781, Hastings founded the Madrasa 'Aliya, an institution in Calcutta for the
study of Arabic and Persian languages, and Islamic Law.
 A few decades later a related perspective appeared among the governed
population, one that was expressed by the conservative Bengali
reformer Radhakanta Deb as the "duty of the Rulers of Countries to preserve and
Customs and the religions of their subjects."
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11.  The second goal was motivated by the concerns among some
Company officials about being seen as foreign rulers.
 They argued that the Company should try to win over its subjects by
outdoing the region's previous rulers in the support of indigenous
learning.
 Guided by this belief, the Benares Sanskrit College was founded
inVaranasi in 1791 during the administration of Lord Cornwallis.
 The promotion of knowledge of Asia had attracted scholars as well to
the Company's service. Earlier, in 1784, the Asiatick Society had been
founded in Calcutta byWilliam Jones, a puisne judge in the newly
established Supreme Court of Bengal.
 Soon, Jones was to advance his famous thesis on the common origin
of Indo-European languages.
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12.  The third related goal grew out of the philosophy then current among some
Company officials that they would themselves become better administrators if
they were better versed in the languages and cultures of India.
 It led in 1800 to the founding of the College of Fort William, in Calcutta by Lord
Wellesley, the then Governor-General.
 The College was later to play an important role both in the development
of modern Indian languages and in the Bengal Renaissance.
 Advocates of these related goals were termed, "Orientalists."The Orientalist
group was led by Horace Hayman Wilson.
 Many leading Company officials, such asThomas Munro and Montstuart
Elphinstone, were influenced by the Orientalist ethos and felt that the Company's
government in India should be responsive to Indian expectations.
 The Orientalist ethos would prevail in education policy well into the 1820s, and
was reflected in the founding of the Poona Sanskrit College in Pune in 1821 and
the Calcutta Sanskrit College in 1824.
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13.  Bengal - Indigo Revolt – 1859- Digambar Biswas, Bishnu Biswas.
 Uttar Pradesh-Kisan Sabha Movement-1919-Talugdar – Rent Renew- False
policies-To work without Remuneration- Home Rule league movement
activist Gauri Shankar Mishra, Indra narayan Dwivedi arranged the meetings.
 Uttar Pradesh-EKA Movement-1921- More tax was demanded on land – more
than 50 percent – Policies were disturbing – forced eviction- force labour-
bonded labour- Madari Pasi leaded the movement.
 Kerala(Malabar region)- Mapilla Revolt – 1921- laboureres were Mapilla
(muslim tenants)- Hindus( landlords or tax collector) - – Policies were
disturbing – forced eviction- force labour- bonded labour- Mapilla were
wanting the security.
 Khilafat Andolan – powers were snatched fromTurkey sultan – Mahatma
Gandhi was there with this Andolan –World Wide muslims can be collected
towards National Movement- leaders were arrested- Mapillas were leading
the Andolan-Aggressive movement – Communal face- burning and coming
up between hindus and Muslims Fights.
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14. Non Co-operation movement – parallel to Khilafat Movement- there was no connection
with Khilafat movement.
Surat –Flood-Bardoli (taluka) Satyagrah- 1928-tax was increased to 22 percent more-
vallabhbhai patel- don’t need to pay tax- collected people- 13 camps were made- people
promised not to pay extra tax- women participation was high – the title of SARDAR -
Boycott of government things-door to door publicity-Two leaders resigned from Bombay
Presidency- K.M. Munshi & Lalji Naranji.
Swadeshi
Boycott movement
Sampoorna Swaraj & Others
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15.  Since 1765 (following the Battle of Buxar) the province of Bengal, which
included present-dayWest Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Bangladesh and Assam
was under the British.
 It was a very large area and the population rose to almost 80 million by
the first few years of the 20th century. Calcutta was the capital of the
province and also of British India.
 There were difficulties in administering such a large area.The eastern
part, especially in rural areas were neglected.
 That region was lacking in the fields of industry, education and
employment. Much of the industry was centred on Calcutta.
 For administrative ease, the partition of the province had been proposed
even before Curzon had arrived in India.
 In 1874, Assam was sliced away from Bengal and put under a Chief
Commissioner. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

16.  Initially, Lord Curzon proposed the partitioning of the province as an
administrative measure solely. In 1904, he undertook a tour of eastern Bengal.
 The idea of using the Bengal partition as a political tool to undermine the
growing nationalism in Bengal and other parts of India occurred later.
 As per Curzon, after the partition, the two provinces would be Bengal (including
modern West Bengal, Odisha and Bihar) and Eastern Bengal and Assam.
 Bengal would also lose five Hindi-speaking states to the Central Provinces. It
would gain Odia-speaking states from the Central Provinces.
 Eastern Bengal would consist of HillTripura, Chittagong, Rajshahi and Dhaka
divisions. Its capital would be Dhaka.
 Bengal would have a Hindu majority and Eastern Bengal and Assam would have a
Muslim majority population. Its capital would remain Calcutta.
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17.  Owing to mass political protests, the partition was annulled in
1911.
 New provinces were created based on linguistic lines rather than
religious lines.
 Bihar and Orissa Province was carved out of Bengal. (Bihar and
Orissa became separate provinces in 1936).
 A separate Assam province was created.
 The capital of British India was moved to Delhi from Calcutta in
1911.
 Despite the annulment, the partition did create a communal
divide among the Hindus and Muslims of Bengal.
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18.  The Indian Independence Movement was a
series of activities with the ultimate aim of
ending the British rule in India.
 The movement spanned a total of 90 years
(1857–1947).
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19.  Personal Corruption of British Officers for their personal profit.
 Keeping the amount in their pockets an dnot sending the total
revenue to British Government (London).
 Fear of not getting exposed.
 Bengal gazette, Calcutta Chronicle, Bombay Herald, Kesari,
Maharatha.
 Vernacular Newspaper Acts were prepared for suppressing the
voice against britishers or government.
 Censorship press Act, 1799 by Lord Wellesley.
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20. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

21. ?
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