Table of specification used in developing test. It is developed before test. It balance between maximum thinking and lower level thinking

1. Andragogical Skills
Test Construction-1
Table of Specification
29-8-2016

2. Table of Specifications (TOS)?
Helps to plan out /lay out the test.
Guide for test/writing items
Also called a Test Plan/ Test map/Terms of specifications
TOS is a chart that shows the topics that will be covered on a
test.
TOS is a two-way table that matches the objectives and
content
TOS is developed before the test is written. In fact it should be
constructed before the actual teaching begins.
TOS is a test map that guides the teacher in constructing a
test
TOS is usually guided by objectives and topics taught and
covered during the term or year.

3. What is a Table of Specifications (TOS)?
A table of specifications is a tool used by teachers to
design a test or exam.
A TOS is a table chart that breaks down the topics that
will be on a test and number of test items.
TOS is a plan prepared by a teacher as a basis for test
construction.
It ensures that there is a balance between items that test
lower order thinking skills and those which test higher
order thinking skills

4. Purpose of Table of Specifications (TOS)
To ensure proper emphasis given to all
elements of a course of study
To identify the achievement domains being
measured and to ensure that a fair and
representative sample of questions appear on
the test.
This type of table is mainly used by teachers to help break
down their testing outline on a specific subject

5. Steps to create a Table of Specifications (TOS)?
1. Determine the coverage of your exam
2. Determine your testing objectives for each topic
area
3. Determine the duration for each content area
4. Determine the Test Types for each objective
5. Determine the number of the items for each topic
6. Polish your terms of specification

6. Steps to create a Table of Specifications (TOS)?
1- Determine the coverage of your exam:
List down/Select the topics that you wish to test in the
exam.
Select only the most important topics.

7. Steps to create a Table of Specifications (TOS)?
2- Determine your testing objectives for each topic area
Determine the objectives to be assessed by the test
In this step, you will need to be familiar with bloom’s taxonomy of thinking skills.
Bloom has identified the hierarchy of learning objectives, from the lower thinking
skills of knowledge and comprehension to the higher thinking skills of evaluation and
synthesis.
So for each content area that you wish to test, you will have to determine how you
will test each area.
Will you test simply their recall of knowledge? Or will you be testing their
comprehension of the matter?
Or perhaps you will be challenging them to analyze and compare and contrast
something.
This would depend on your instructional objectives in the classroom.
Did you teach them lower thinking skills or did you challenge them by making
them think critically?

8. Step to create a Table of Specifications (TOS)?
3- Determine the duration for each content area
Specify the number of days/hours spent for teaching a
particular topic.
Write down how long you spent teaching a particular topic.
This is important because it will determine how many points
you should devote for each topic.
Logically, the longer time you spent on teaching a material,
then the more questions should be devoted for that area.

9. Step to create a Table of Specifications (TOS)?
4- Determine the Test Types for each objective
Now that you have created your TOS for your test by
aligning your objectives to bloom’s taxonomy, it’s time to
determine the test types that will accomplish your testing
objectives.

10. Step to create a Table of Specifications (TOS)?
5- Polish your terms of specification:
After your initial draft of the TOS, it’s time to polish it. Make
sure that you have covered in your terms of specification the
important topics that you wish to test. The number of items
for your test should be sufficient for the time allotted for the
test. You should seek your academic coordinator and have
them comment on your TOS. They will be able to give good
feedback on how you can improve or modify it.

11. Table of Specifications Covers (TOS)?
What is tested?
How are the outcomes and objectives linked with
the topic?
What were discussed and how much time was
spent in each topic?
How many items/marks should be used given the
amount of available time?

12. Need for Table of Specifications (TOS)?
The T.O.S. is an instrument that is consistent with the student
centered approach.
 It provides a study and examination guide for students.
 It sets the teacher/student contract.
The T.O.S. is an instrument that is consistent with the student
centred approach
It ensures integrity and transparency for all concerned.
Provides a plan of action that is consistent with the Institutions
academic goals.
It allows the teacher to construct a test which focuses on the key
areas and weights those different areas based on their importance.
It provides the teacher with evidence that a test has content validity,
that it covers what should be covered.
Table of Specifications benefits students in two ways.

13. Consideration Table of Specifications (TOS)
Length of Test
Weight to be given to each objective
Weight to be given to each level of
taxonomy
Estimate number of items in each cell

14. Building Table of Specifications
1.Preparing a list of instructional
objectives
2.Outlining the course content
3.Preparing two-way chart.

15. 15
Table of Specifications Selected Response
Questions
Knowledge Comprehension Application No. of
Questions
1 5 (50%) 2 (20%) 3 (30%) 10 (20%)
2 2 (10%) 6 (40%) 7 (50%) 15 (30%)
3 7 (50%) 8 (50%) 15 (30%)
4 1 (10%) 1 (20%) 3 (70%) 5 (10%)
5 1 (20%) 1 (20%) 3 (60%) 5 (10%)
9 (18%) 17 (34%) 24 (48%) 50 ( 100%)

16. Completed Table of Specifications
Subject Content Kno. Comp. App. Ana. Syn. Eval. Total
The Road To
Independence
2 1 2 1 1 1 8
National
Symbols
3 2 2 2 2 3 14
Nation
Builders
4 3 2 2 2 3 16
Our Nation
2 3 1 1 2 3 12
Total 11 9 7 6 7 10 50
20 (40%) 13 (25%) 17 (35%)

17. OBJECTIVES
CONTENT BASIC TERMS WEATHER
SYMBOLS
SPECIFIC
FACTS
INFLUENCE
OF EACH
FACTOR ON
WEATHER
FORMATION
WEATHER
MAPS
TOTAL
NUMBERS OF
ITEMS
PERCENT OF
ITEMS
Air Pressure
1 1 1 3 3 9 15
Wind
1 1 1 10 2 15 25
Temperature
1 1 1 4 2 15
Humidity
and
precipitation
1 1 1 7 5 15 25
Clouds
2 2 2 6 12 20
Total number
of items 6 6 6 30 12 60
Percent of
items 10 10 10 50 20 100
KNOWS UNDERSTANDS INTERPRETS

18. Activity 1: Construction of table of specifications
15 mins
Participants will be divided into group relevant to
their subject areas.
They will be asked to design table of specification
keeping in view their subject matter for the 50 marks
paper.
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19.  Activity 2: Group Activity
15 mins
Set two questions each at different level of the
Bloom’s Taxonomy using a table of
specifications.
Indicate clearly your learning outcomes.
Present your questions to the participants.
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