The document discusses creatine metabolism and supplementation. It summarizes that creatine plays a critical role in cellular energy balance by buffering ATP levels. The creatine-phosphocreatine system works to counter ATP shortage and formation of free radicals. Supplementing animals' diets with creatine (GAA) leads to increased performance outcomes like breast meat yield, body weight gain, and improved feed conversion ratio. Studies in poultry, pigs, and their offspring show supplementation can spare dietary energy and amino acids while maintaining or improving production metrics.

3. Bodybuilding and Sports…. More than that!

4. 4
Glycine
L-
Arginine
Guanidinoacetic
acid
Creatine Phosphocreatine
L-Ornithine
Guanidinoacetate N-
Methyltransferase
(GAMT)
Arginine-Glycine-Amidinotransferase (AGAT)
ATP ADP
S-Adenosyl-Methionine
S-Adenosyl-Homocysteine
131.1 g/mol
75.1 g/mol
174.2 g/mol
117.1
g/mol
CREATINE
is of critical importance for energy balance in cells.
The Cr-PCr system works to counter ATP shortage, successive
ATP reduction, the formation of free radicals and ultimate cell
death effectively and with a high degree of sensitivity.
Creatine Metabolism

5. Vivienne Inhuber
Technical Sales and Research Manager
GAA
RECENT INSIGHTS FROM AROUND THE
WORLD
Feedworks Conference
Twinwaters
Sept 16th, 2022

7. (Muscle) Cell Energy
Metabolism

8. GAA leads to increased breast meat yield
8
Bodyweight
(g)
Breast
Weight (g)
Δ breast
weight (g)
Journal Paper Description Control GAA Control GAA
GAA
supplementation
Michiels et al., 2013 2,369 2,707 776 823 47.0
Córdova-Noboa et al., 2018 Heavy birds (d56) 4917 5,006 1,576 1608 32.0
Boney et al., 2019 Animal Protein diet 2,744 2,756 729.9 795.2 65.3
Veggie Protein diet 2,722 2,773 776.8 802.1 25.3
Ceylan et al., 2021 2,812 2,883 965.2 999.5 34.3
Sharma et al., 2022 Low Protein diets 3,142 3,184 647.7 673.5 25.8
Average 2,855 2,899 779.9 817.6 37.7
↑ concentration of
intramuscular
phosphocreatine
↑ Cellular water content and
holding capacity
↑ fat
oxidation
Creatine
95–98% is stored in skeletal muscle
as phosphocreatine
↑ myonuclei and hence,
muscle fibre growth
increase in BM yield!

9. Improve Breast Meat Yield and Quality
9
PERFORMANCE
Significant improvement of
FCR
Maynard et al., 2022 (under review)

10. Improve Breast Meat Yield and Quality
10
a
a
b
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Control Treatment 1 Treatment 2
Control Treatment 1 Treatment 2
a
ab
b
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Control Treatment 1 Treatment 2
Control Treatment 1 Treatment 2
Woody
Breast
White Striping
Significant reduction
in
WS and WB
occurence
Maynard et al., 2022 (under review)

11. Energy dependent metabolic processes

12. OPTIMIZATION OF
ENERGY DEPENDENT
PROCESSES
(energy transport and
energy storage)
Spare dietary energy (AMEN)
12
€
GAA spares 80 kcal/kg feed and still
delivers ‚on top‘ performance
Rivera et al., 2022

13. 13
€
Journal Paper
Matrix Value GAA
(0.06% supplementation)
Genetic Age Result
Adubados et al., 2014 50 kcal Ross 308 35 d FCR – 4 pts
Yapontsev et al., 2017 50 kcal Cobb 500 35 d
BWG +31 g
FCR -5 pts
Butolo et al., 2017 50 kcal (0,1%) Cobb 500 40 d
BWG + 31 g
FCR -2 pts
Ceylan et al., 2021
50 kcal
100 kcal
Ross 308 43 d
BWG + 16 g
FCR – 1.1
Petroli et al., 2021 75 kcal Cobb 500 42 d Economically feasible
Rivera et al., 2022 80 kcal Ross 308 35 d
BWG + 21 g
FCR -2 pts
Butolo et al., 2022 100 kcal Ross AP 95 40 d = PC
Calderano et al., 2019 Regression analysis Cobb 500 42 d 88,5 kcal
OPTIMIZATION OF
ENERGY DEPENDENT
PROCESSES
(energy transport and
energy storage)
GAA spares…
50 kcal/kg feed
and brings on top performance
100 kcal/kg feed
€
Spare dietary energy (AMEN)

14. Arginine

15. Spare Arginine
15
€
Treatments (d11-d42)
Sharma et al., 2022
GAA Matrix value:
149% Arg, performance maintencane
<149% + ‚on top‘ performance

16. Spare Arginine
16
€
Sharma et al., 2022
Breast Meat Creatine Concentration
Our results showed that 1 kg/MT of added L-Arg can be spared by GAA at 150% in moderately low
CP diets without affecting growth performance and an additional payback through 27 g increased
breast meat yield.

17. Extra energy for a healthy start into life?

18. 18
in ovo-feeding
as a scientific
model
0.076
0.167
0.243
0.092
0.254
0.346
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
albumen yolk total egg
Creatine concentration
(mg/kg)
Control Control + 0.15% GAA
Feeding GAA to breeder hens leads to
increased egg Creatine
concentrations!
Reicher et al., 2021
Improve hatchling vitality – via Creamino for breeder
hens! SCIENTIFIC MODEL

19. 19
INCUBATION
E1 – E21
Major part of the lifespan
of a modern broiler chicken
YOLK SAC
LIVER
BREAST
MUSCLE
Main source of protein to supply AA for gluconeogenesis
Relatively large, therefore has high energy storage capacity
Incorporate various metabolic pathways and enzymes (gluconeogenesis,
glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, TCA cycle and more)
A main source of glucose for the embryo
Mediates yolk nutrients for the developing embryo
A multifunctional metabolic organ
KEY
TISSUES
for the
Broiler embryo
Dayan et al., 2022 (under review)
 d35…40…42…56
Improve hatchling vitality – via Creamino for breeder hens! SCIENTIFIC
MODEL

20. 20
increase in creatine levels towards hatch in the breast
muscle, YS tissue and liver
At chick placement, creatine levels are decreased in the
liver and YS tissue
Creatine is stored mainly in the breast
muscle.
At chick placement, the high creatine
levels in the breast muscle serve as
available energy source.
Dayan et al., 2022 (under review)
Improve hatchling vitality – via Creamino for breeder hens! SCIENTIFIC
MODEL

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There is an increase in glycogen levels up to E17- E19, in
the breast muscle, YS tissue and liver
Towards hatch, glycogen levels are sharply decreased in
the breast muscle, YS tissue and liver
Glycogen is stored mainly in the YS tissue.
The sharp decrease in glycogen levels at
hatch and chick placement implies on
energy limitation in hatchlings
Dayan et al., 2022 (under review)
Improve hatchling vitality – via Creamino for breeder hens! SCIENTIFIC
MODEL

22. 22
Dayan et al., 2022 (under review)
Creatine
Glycogen
When glycogen levels are depleted,
creatine serves as the available
energy source to late term embryos
and hatchlings
Improve hatchling vitality – via Creamino for breeder hens! SCIENTIFIC
MODEL

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Method
400 fertile eggs (average size 45g)
from young Ross 308 breeder hens (27-29 weeks)
Separated into three treatment groups:
N =133 Negative control (no injection)
N = 133 Vehicle control (0.75% saline)
N = 134 Treatment (8.16 mg creatine monohydrate in 0.75% saline)
Embryonic injection at day 14
Standard incubation conditions until hatch
Slides kindly provided by Bec Forder/Corey-Ann Firman
Firman et al., 2022 (under review)
Hatchability
Improve hatchling vitality – via Creamino for breeder hens! SCIENTIFIC
MODEL

24. Extra energy for start into life?

25. Sow and Piglets – Performance
25
Schuh et al., 2022
Animals 96 high-prolific sows
Treatments 3 experimental phases: starting with insemination, 2 phase feeding (typical German feed):
Gestation: 45.0% barley, 22.0% wheat, 3.5% soybean meal (CP48), 9.6% canola meal, 4.8% wheat
bran,
10.1% fibre mix | 12.2 MJ ME (9.0 MJ NE), 14.4% CP
Lactation: 32.0% barley, 32.0% wheat, 12.5% soybean meal (CP48), 7.7% canola meal, 3.4% wheat
bran,
3.7% fibre mix | 13.2 MJ ME (9.9 MJ NE), 16.5% CP
GAA was added using the medicine dosing technique of the farm
T1: Control
T2: Control + 0.10% GAA
Parameters sows’ and piglets’ performance, milk composition and quality (BRIX), IUGR scoring

26. Sow and Piglets – Performance
26
Schuh et al., 2022
Control 0.10% GAA p-value
n | parity number 34 | 3.7±2.1 40 | 4.3±3.4
FARROWING (d115)
litter size (n) 20 22.1 0.05
live born (n) 17.4 18.6 <0.08
mummified (n) 1.6 1.4 0.93
dead born (n) 3.1 3.5 0.84
piglet weight (kg) 1.3 1.2 0.14
litter weight (kg) 24.5 24.7 0.41
litter weight - live born (kg) 21.7 22 0.37
LACTATION (d21)
litter size (n) 12.4 12.5 0.34
piglet weight (kg) 6 6.2 0.16
litter weight (kg) 74.8 77.7 <0.05
daily weight gain (g/d) 195.3 201.2 0.58
GAA supplemented to sow feed
leads to
more live born piglets
increased litter weight

27. Sow and Piglets – better start into life with GAA?
27
Schuh et al., 2022
COLOSTRUM
* = p < 0.05
** = p < 0.01
*** = p < 0.001
Effects of GAA supplementation to a sow‘s diet on amino acid condentrations (%) in sow milk
Significant increase in sow milk AA
concentrations due to GAA
supplementation!

28. Sow and Piglets – Performance: STUDY I
28
Schuh et al., 2022
GAA-SUPPLEMENTED SOWS: MILK
• colostrum CP concentration (p = 0.01)
• BRIX (refractrometer) value (day 21 milk) (p < 0.01)
• DM content (p = 0.064)
• DM content in milk throughout the experiment (p > 0.05)
Normal (left) and growth
restricted piglet (right), Hales et
al., 2013
Normal (left) and growth restricted
piglet (right), Schneider, 2020
PIGLETS
• Control: Higher (p = 0.08) number of piglets with < 1.5
kg at birth
• GAA: Less (p = 0.01) IUGR piglets
PERFORMANCE
• No significant differences in body weight losses
• Significantly higher feed intake of Control sows in
early lactation

29. Improve performance with Creamino ‚on top‘!
29
Animals: 412 pigs Topigs TN70 x Danbred Duroc, sexes were separated
Treatments: 2 treatments (9 replicates each), typical commercial diets (17.3% CP, 16.1% CP)
- Basal diet
- Basal diet + 0.076% Creamino® grower and 0.062% Creamino® finisher
Feeding program: 2-phase feeding program, liquid feeding
Duration: approx. 35 kg – 120 kg
Customer Trial I, Scandinavia - 2022

30. 30
Customer Trial I, Scandinavia - 202
Control Creamino
Weight at arrival (kg) 34.3 35.2
Weight last day (kg) 115.5 119.5
Carcass weight (kg) 87,2 88,6
Daily weight gain (g) 1,091 1,110
Feed intake (FU/pig and day) 3.00 2.81
FCR (FU/kg gain) 2.75 2.53
FCR (MJ Nek/kg) 26.4 24.3
lean meat %
57.5 Control
58.28 Creamino
Even in high –performing animals,
GAA ,significantly‘ improves FCR
Improve performance with Creamino ‚on top‘!

31. 31
Customer Trial II, Scandinavia - 2022
Animals: 560 pigs Topigs TN70 x Danbred Duroc, sexes were not separated
Treatments: 2 treatments, typical commercial diets (17.3% CP, 16.1% CP)
- Basal diet
- Basal diet + 0.076% Creamino® grower and 0.062% Creamino® finisher
Feeding program: 2-phase feeding program, liquid feeding
Duration: approx. 35 kg – 120 kg
Improve performance with Creamino ‚on top‘!

32. 32
Customer Trial II, Scandinavia - 2022
Control Creamino
Weight at arrival (kg) 35.0
Weight last day (kg) 119.33 118.67
Carcass weight (kg) 89.5 89.0
Daily gain (g) 1089 1129
Feed intake (FU/pig/day) 2.99 2.90
FCR (FU/kg gain) 2.74 2.57
FCR (MJ NEk/kg) 26.3 24.6
Feed cost (/t) 310.40 314.40
Feed cost (/pig) 73.76 70.90
Profit/pig € 14.90 18.60
weight at arrival over both groups
Creamino:
74.11 days duration
Control:
77.44 days duration
- 3.33 days
Improve performance with Creamino ‚on top‘!

33. 33
Lealiifano et al., 2021
Rivalea (JBS), Australia
G/F Pigs - Improve performance with Creamino ‚on top‘!
Creamino supplementation
(kg/t)
P-Value
0 0.33 0.66 1.0 SEM
ANOV
A
Creami
no
d0 – d63
Weight (at start) kg 27.6 27.6 27.6 27.6 0.533
Weight (d63) kg 80.0 80.7 79.7 79.3 0.89 0.406 0.888
Daily gain kg/d 0.858 0.869 0.854 0.847 0.016 0.406 0.841
Feed:Gain 2.24a 2.16b 2.21ab 2.21ab 0.016 0.087 0.030
Daily intake kg/d 1.922 1.896 1.883 1.874 0.020 0.183 0.036
d0 - SALE
Weight (at sale) kg 97.1ab 98.6b 97.1ab 96.4a 0.827 0.121 0.511
Daily gain kg/d 0.901ab 0.921b 0.902ab 0.893a 0.007 0.122 0.669
Feed:Gain 2.36b 2.30a 2.32ab 2.35b 0.016 0.026 0.035
Daily Intake kg/d 2.128 2.122 2.096 2.093 0.018 0.415 0.141
Main effect of dietary Creamino level on pig growth performance in growing/finishing pigs (27-97 kg)
improved
Feed:Gain

34. 34
Lealiifano et al., 2021
Rivalea (JBS), Australia
G/F Pigs - Improve performance with Creamino ‚on top‘!
Main effect of dietary Creamino level on meat quality in growing/finishing pigs (27-97 kg)
Creamino supplementation
(kg/t)
P-Value
0 0.33 0.66 1.0 SEM ANOVA Creamino
pH 45 min 6.50a 6.47a 6.45ab 6.34b 0.016 0.040 0.08
pH 90 min 6.24ab 6.20ab 6.25a 6.15b 0.017 0.132 0.316
pH 3 hr 5.98 5.97 5.99 5.92 0.015 0.394 0.622
pH 6 hour 5.78 5.83 5.80 5.75 0.114 0.195 0.124
pH 24 hour 5.62 5.65 5.66 5.66 0.010 0.406 0.659
Deg C 45 min 37.5 37.3 37.2 36.8 0.135 0.327 0.215
Deg C 90 min 30.2 29.4 29.7 29.3 0.161 0.187 0.054
Dec C 3 hr 18.3 18.1 17.7 17.6 0.175 0.436 0.215
Deg C 6 hr 10.7a 9.5b 9.7b 8.9b 0.014 0.002 0.001
Deg C 24 hour 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.2 0.058 0.139 1.00
Colour 10 min L 49.75 48.29 48.32 48.50 0.217 0.050 0.005
Colour 10 min a 5.67 5.61 5.48 5.61 0.080 0.870 0.577
Colour 10 min b 2.74 2.26 2.35 2.33 0.074 0.086 0.011
Drip loss % 6.50a 4.83b 5.91ab 5.72ab 0.248 0.121 0.028
Evap Loss 90.6 90.5 90.3 90.4 0.813 0.612 0.278
- Reduction in pH (45
and 90 min)
- Reduction in drip
loss

36. Vivienne Inhuber
vivienne.inhuber@alzchem.com
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION!
Many thanks to the …
University of Adelaide
University of New England
Poultry Hub Australia
Feedworks!
University of Arkansas
Hebrew University Israel
University of Sao Paolo
and customers from all over the globe for „producing“/providing all the data!

37. Recommended doses in swine
37
©
Alzchem
Group
AG
/
Nov
2021
Piglet (post weaning)
Inclusion rate: 0.09% Creamino®
Increased BWG, reduced FCR
Grower/finisher pigs
Inclusion rate: 0.06%-0.10% Creamino®
Increased BWG, reduced FCR
Improved meat quality
(drip loss, lean meat)
Sows
Inclusion rate: 0.10% Creamino®
Increased litter size
Better milk quality and yield
Reduced weight loss during lactation