Recent advances in rumen manipulation techniques with particular reference to ruminant production.
The document discusses techniques to manipulate the rumen microbiome including using chemicals to inhibit microbial activity, treating feedstocks, and supplementing feeds. Specifically, it examines using organic acids like malic acid and fumaric acid as feed supplements. Studies show these organic acids can maintain rumen pH, increase beneficial volatile fatty acid production while decreasing methane emissions compared to untreated controls or monensin alone. Overall, rumen manipulation aims to improve production efficiency and nutrient utilization in ruminants.
Different methods to calculateEnergy requirement for maintenance, growth, pregnancy, and lactation in ruminants
Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Basics of animal nutrition
Feeding the rumen microbes
We need:
Certain limiting amino acids (Lys, Met)
In a certain ratio (Lys 3 : 1 Met)
And normal feedstuffs don’t supply this:
Not enough
Not the right ratio
So we need to supplement them
We need RUP
"عسى ان تكون علما ينتفع به"
Role of trace minerals in poultry nutrition
Difference between organic and inorganic source of trace minerals
Poultry nutrition
Far Off To Fresh Cow- Opportunities to Improve Transition PerformanceDAIReXNET
Dr. mike Overton presented this information for DAIReXENT on Monday, March 18, 2013. For more information, please see our archived webinars page at www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars.
Manipulations of rumen function that can augment livestock productivity are;
Correction of concentrate to roughage ratio
Feed bypass or escaped nutrients
Defaunation of rumen
Use of yeast as probiotics
Use of anaerobic fungi
Use of other feed additives
Different methods to calculateEnergy requirement for maintenance, growth, pregnancy, and lactation in ruminants
Sri Venkateswara veterinary university, Animal nutrition, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy
Basics of animal nutrition
Feeding the rumen microbes
We need:
Certain limiting amino acids (Lys, Met)
In a certain ratio (Lys 3 : 1 Met)
And normal feedstuffs don’t supply this:
Not enough
Not the right ratio
So we need to supplement them
We need RUP
"عسى ان تكون علما ينتفع به"
Role of trace minerals in poultry nutrition
Difference between organic and inorganic source of trace minerals
Poultry nutrition
Far Off To Fresh Cow- Opportunities to Improve Transition PerformanceDAIReXNET
Dr. mike Overton presented this information for DAIReXENT on Monday, March 18, 2013. For more information, please see our archived webinars page at www.extension.org/pages/15830/archived-dairy-cattle-webinars.
Manipulations of rumen function that can augment livestock productivity are;
Correction of concentrate to roughage ratio
Feed bypass or escaped nutrients
Defaunation of rumen
Use of yeast as probiotics
Use of anaerobic fungi
Use of other feed additives
Getting Farmers to improve the productivity of ruminants is a key way to improve rural livelihoods and improve food security .Farming systems that are more productive generally reduce enteric methane emissions per unit of animal product
rumen, microbes of the rumen, bacteria of the rumen, process in ruminant animals, gut of ruminant animals, bacterial concentrations in ruminant animals, bacterial fluctuations in ruminant animals
Effects of Corn Processing Method and Dietary Inclusion of Wet Distillers Gra...LPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67580
The use of wet distiller's grains with solubles (WDGS) in feedlot diets has increased as a result of the growing U.S. ethanol industry. However, few studies have evaluated the use of WDGS in finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn (SFC), the processing method used extensively in the Southern Great Plains. The effects of corn processing method and WDGS on enteric methane (CH4) production, carbon dioxide (CO2) production and energy metabolism were evaluated in two respiration calorimetry studies. In Exp. 1, the effects of corn processing method (SFC or dry rolled corn -- DRC) and WDGS inclusion (0 or 30% of diet dry matter- DM) were studied using a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments and four Jersey steers in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. In Exp. 2, the effects of WDGS inclusion rate (0, 15, 30, or 45% of diet DM) on CH4 and CO2 production were measured in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Results indicate that cattle consuming SFC-based diets produce less enteric CH4 and retain more energy than cattle fed DRC-based diets. When dietary fat levels were held constant, dietary inclusion of WDGS at 15% of diet DM did not affect enteric CH4 production, WDGS inclusion at 45% of diet DM significantly increased enteric CH4 production and WDGS inclusion at 30% of diet DM had variable effects on enteric CH4 production.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) of Dairy and beef cattles Mohmed Sarhan
Global Greenhouse gas Emissions in animal production: towards an
Integrated life cycle sustainability assessment from Ruminant Farming Systems
Abstract
The objectives of this review were to evaluate the environmental impacts of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and emissions intensity (Ei) for the small ruminants, Dairy and beef cattle livestock production systems using the life-cycle assessment (LCA) method with a system boundaries from “Cradle-to- farm-gate” and to promote the other capability of this internationally accepted approach nowadays in the agriculture world to determine weaknesses and robustness and/or the performance of the livestock production system adapted in any regions or areas of examination. This aim was illustrated using results from LCAs in the literature and from a pilot study of different production systems. The emissions were estimated using a whole farm GHGs models, based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology with a yearly time-step. By recognizing different farming systems for ruminant species (i.e. pasture, mixed, and zero grazing). with specific reference to recent published models, outline general conclusions from application of these published models, and describe some limitations and risks associated with these approaches. Certain models were adapted (i.e. an economic optimization model, an environmental assessment model) in which it considers all significant CH4, N2O, and CO2 emissions and removals on the farm and off-farm emissions of N2O derived from nitrogen applied on the farm. This review however, shows that LCAs of different case studies currently cannot be compared directly. Such a comparison requires further international standardization of the LCA method. Nonetheless a recent collective global LCA estimated the GHG intensity of ruminant supply chains to produce 5.7 gigatonnes CO2-eq per annum representing about 80% of the livestock sector emissions. Enteric Methane CH4 was the largest contributing source of GHG accounting for 47%. N2O from soil and deposited manure accounted for a further 24%, while LUC is estimated to contribute 9% of the sector’s overall GHG emissions. However, LCAs should be performed at a large number of practical farms for each production system of interest. Application of LCA on practical farms, however, requires in-depth research to understand underlying processes, and to predict, or measure, variation in emissions realized in practice.
Presented by Carolyn Opio at the Pilot project on the feasibility of generating carbon credit through dairy productivity gains Second Project Stakeholder Consultation Workshop, Nairobi, Kenya, 29 January 2013
Eddie Allison (WorldFish) Low carbon animal protein? Life-cycle analysis of smallholder aquaculture value-chain (presentation from Mitigation session at CCAFS Science Workshop, December 2010)
Evaluate:
Performance
N, P and K uptake and use
efficiency
Residual soil nutrients after cropping
Tuber storability of white yam grown with different levels of organo-mineral fertilizers.
Evaluate soil N, P and K content over time in sole yam cropping system
Presentation of Marcos S. Buckeridge for the “Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle”
Apresentação de Alfred Szwarc realizada no “Workshop on the Impact of New Technologies on the Sustainability of the Sugarcane/Bioethanol Production Cycle”
Date / Data : May 14 - 15th 2009/
14 e 15 de maio de 2009
Place / Local: ABTLuS, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop3
TEXTILE SLUDGE DEGRADATION USING WATER HYACINTH AND BIOGAS GENERATIONijiert bestjournal
Textile industry is growing on an enormous rate due to the cap ital demand of the product cotton,wool and synthetics. The waste water generated from different manufacturing processes in a point to treat because of its toxicity. The toxici ty mainly comes from pr esence of heavy metals,chemicals and different compounds used in di fferent manufacturing processes;among these heavy metals is of great concerns. The heavy su ch as Pb,Cd,Ni,Cu,As,Cr etc. are found in textile sludge. water hyacinth (Eic hhornia crassipes) has received great attention because of its obstinacy and high productivity.
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Humiphos is an outcome of cutting edge research at VLEPL. Humiphos is a substitute to chemical phosphate fertilizers.
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Rumen manupilation
1. Recent advances in rumen manipulation
techniques with particular reference to
ruminant production
By : Tetemke Kidane
2. INTRODUCTION
• Why do we need to manipulate the rumen?
• 15 to 20% of GEI is lost in the form of methane
and heat due to rumen fermentation
• 8 -10 % of dietary ME lost as methane -
methanogenic bacteria
• Amino acids are hydrolyzed and their constituent
amino acids deaminated by microbes
• manipulate the microbial population to minimize
the degradation of feed protein
3. Cont’d…
• use of chemicals inhibit the activity of
microbial proteases or deaminases
treatment of feedstuffs
inhibit ruminal proteolysis
various drying procedures, heat
Formaldehyde-treated feeds - increases
efficiency of growth
use of some proteins to coat and protect fat
• To enhance yields of milk and to increase amounts
of USFA in milk or animal fat.
5. The rumen microbes
• Bacteria- gram-positive and gram-negative
• most numerous group of microbes in the rumen
• Substrates are fermented to form volatile fatty acids
(Acetate, Propionate, Butyrate and others) and C02
and CH4
• Protozoa
• Generally larger than bacteria but present in small no.
• Fibre digestion
• Negatively influence protein utilization – predation
and reduce outflow of microbial protein
• Ruminants can survive with out protozoa
• Fungi
– recently discovered ruminal MOs
– Degrade the lignin-containing tissues than bacteria
6. livestock agriculture’s role in greenhouse
gases
CH4 % of
million metric % of
anthropogenic
Sources tons/yr total sources
Natural
Wetland 115 24.4 -
Oceans 15 3.2 -
Termites 20 4.2 -
Burning 10 2.1 -
Industrial
Gas and oil 50 10.6 16.1
Coal 40 8.4 12.8
Charcoal 10 2.1 3.2
Landfills 30 6.4 9.6
Waste water treatment 25 5.3 8.0
Agricultural
Rice 60 12.8 19.3
Livestock 80 17.0 25.8
Manure 10-25 2.1 3.2-7.7
Burning Anon, 2006
Source: 5 1.0 1.6
7. Mitigation of methane from livestock
• Ruminal fermentation time
• Alternate hydrogen acceptors
• Use of feed additives
• Improvement in production efficiency
– Any practice that increases productivity per
animal reduces methane emissions
• Enhancing ruminal acetogens
– Acetogens are a group of rumen microbes
that produce acetic acid from hydrogen and
carbon dioxide rather than methane
• Modification of bacteria in the rumen
8. Fig. Brief outline of the pathways of carbohydrate
fermentation in the rumen
(Source: Preston and Leng, 1986)
9. Effect of improving the efficiency of rumen fermentative activity in
methane production
Effect of supplementation on methane production Effect of bypass protein and other supplements on ruminal
methane production
20 No
supplemen
tation 1200
15
% DE fermented to methane
Urea/miner No supplementation
al
supplemen
800
10
ts
Methane production (Kg/ton Lwt.
Urea/mineral +
gain)
bypass protein
5 400 supplements
0
0
1
1
( Source: Leng, 1991)
10. Effect of improving rumen fermentative activity in methane production
( Source: Leng, 1991)
11. Manipulation of R F with Organic Acids Supplementation
• through treatment of roughage, concentrate and
strategic supplementation with organic acids
• improve rumen efficiency by maintaining higher
pH, optimum ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), thus
CH4 and increasing microbial protein synthesis
and essential VFAs
• Recently, there has been increased public scrutiny
about use of antibiotic feed additives in food
animal production, especially in Europe
• Use of organic acids, non-antibiotic feed additives
may alleviate public skepticism
12. Cont’d…
• Organic acids (OAs) have effects on
ruminal fermentation analogous to
ionophores (CH4 , lactate, and propionate)
• However, the mode of action for the organic
acids is different than ionophores
• Organic acids stimulate rather than inhibit
some specific ruminal bacterial populations
• Organic acids that are currently being
evaluated as feed additives are Malic acid,
Fumaric acid, and Aspartic acid
13. Cont’d…
• Recent research showed that a combination of
organic acids ( malate) and monensin
– more effective at reducing lactate
concentrations
– and increasing pH in mixed ruminal
microorganism fermentation than the
addition of organic acid or monensin
alone
14. in vitro studies - response to supplemental malic acid
Response to supplementation
Culture
Treat
system PH TVFA Ac Pr Bu Lac CH NH3-
4 N
Batch (steer)a 0,4,8,12 NE NE NE NE
mM
RUSTIEC 0,5.62 NE NE NE -
(sheep)b mmol
Batch (sheep)c 0,4,7,10 - -
mM
RUSTIEC 0,6.55 NE NE - NE -
(sheep)d mM
Continuous 0,50,100 NE NE NE NE NE NE NE
(dairy g/h/d
cows)e
Up arrow = significant (P<0.01), NE= No effect (P<0.01), a,b,c,d &e= References
15. Effect of supplemental malic acid in dairy cattle (in vivo
studies)
Response to supplementation
DMI Milk milk R. R. R.
Animal Treat yield fat PH VFA CH
4 References
Dairy
cattl
e
Holstein 0,28 , - - - - Stallcup, 1979
70g
Holstein 0,100g - - - Stallcup, 1979
Holstein 10,20 g Khampa et
al.,2006
Holstein 0, 4 g NE NE NE NE A,B,P - Vicini et al.,
2003
Holstein 0,84 g NE - - Devan & Bach,
2004
Up arrow = significant (P<0.01), NE= No effect (P<0.01),
16. Effect of supplemental malic acid in beef cattle and small ruminants
Response to supplementation Reference
DMI Milk milk Gai R. R R. R. s
Animal Treat com n PH . NH CH4
p V 3-N
F
A
Crossbred 0, 40, NE - - - - - - Martin et
steers 80 g al.1999
Angle 0,60,12 NE - - NE - - - - Martin et
steers 0g al.1999
Beef 0, 100g NE - - NE - - - - Martin et
cattle al.1999
HF steers 0,9,18, - - - - NE Khampa et
27g al., 2006
Dairy 0, NE NE NE - - - - - Salama et
goats 0.32% al. 2002
Lambs 0, 0.2% - - - - - Flores et
al.2003
Up arrow = significant (P<0.01), NE= No effect (P<0.01),
17. Manipulation of rumen with Ionophores
• Ionophores are antibiotics includes: monensin,
lasalocid, tetronasin, salinomycin, lysocellin,
narasin, nigericin, laidlomycin and valynomycin
• Since the mid-1970’s they have been
extensively used to manipulate rumen
fermentation
• ionophores are approved in several countries
including Australia, Argentina, New Zealand, and
South Africa and recently USA
• Monensin (trade name Rumensin) widely used
ionophores
18. Cont’d…
• Effect of ionophores on rumen end products
• decrease in hydrogen, a precursor of methane,
• Favors propionate production
• Ionophores inhibit gram-positive bacteria
• major benefit of feeding ionophores to dairy cattle is the
potential increase in production of propionate and the
associated decrease in production of methane, which
conserves energy
•
19. Safety (residual effect)
• Several researchers indicated that meat
and milk produced from animals fed
monensin is safe for human consumption
• Likewise, monensin is biodegradable in
manure and soil, and is not toxic for crop
plants
20. The effects of ionophores on fermentation end products and total ciliate
protozoal populations in Angus yearling steers
•CC= control
•CM=33 mg/kg Monensin
• CM/L= Biweekly rotation
of monensin
(33 mg/kg) and lasalocid
(36 mg/kg)
(Source: Guan et al. 2005)
21. Manipulation of ruminal
fermentation by plant extracts
• Plant extracts have been used for
centuries for various purposes (as
traditional medicine and food
preservatives, among others
• The antimicrobial activity of plant extracts -
secondary plant metabolites (saponins,
tannins, and essential oils)
• selective inhibitors of methanogens
22. Cont’d…
• Plants exhibiting anti-methanogenic
activity include: Equisetum arvense, Lotus
corniculatus, Rheum palmatum, Salvia
officinalis, Sapindus saponaria, Uncaria
gambir and Yucca schidigera
• Major commercial source of saponins is
Yucca schidiger
• Defaunating agent and selective inhibitor-
gram positive bacteria
24. Conclusions
• Rumen manipulation has paramount importance in
improving ruminal fermentation efficiency and
productivity in dairy and fattening ruminants in the
tropics where the major sources of the feed is high
in fibre.
• Rumensin from ionophores and Malic acid from
organic acid are the widely used rumen modifiers in
both dairy and fattening ruminant animals
25. Cont’d…
• Several literatures reported that use of one type
of manipulating technique for prolonged time is
not effective because of adaptation by the
rumen microbes, hence, alternative or rotational
use rather than one alone may be prolonged its
effect in improving the performance of the
animal
• The studies conducted with plant extracts are limited to
in vitro screening for the desired characteristics and only
a few of them have been tested in in vivo experiments
26. Cont’d…
• it is desirable to standardize in vivo dose of
these plant extracts which are effective in
inhibiting methane emission with minimum
adverse effects on fermentation of feed so that
these can be practically exploited for economic
and ‘ecologically friendly’ livestock production