"Use of feed additives generated through fermentation technologies for livestock feed " presentation by "Cavaba Srinivas Prasad, National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, India"

1. CS Prasad and AK Samanta
ICAR- National Institute of Animal Nutrition
and Physiology Bengaluru, India

2. Multiple uses of
livestock
Producing High BV food viz.,
milk, meat, egg
FYM for soil health Draught power
Apparel industry
Leather industry
Transport means
Liquidable asset for
unwarranted expenditure
Liquidable asset for
unwarranted expenditure

3. Breeding
Veterinary
careBalanced
feeding
Housing
management
Feed
Additives
Key steps for animal
performance

4. “Feed additives” are non-nutritive
ingredients that selectively stimulate the
growth or enhance the performances
(quality/ quantity) of animals through
improved nutrient utilization and uptake
“Feed additives” are non-nutritive
ingredients that selectively stimulate the
growth or enhance the performances
(quality/ quantity) of animals through
improved nutrient utilization and uptake
What are
feed
additives?
What are
feed
additives?
But to a livestock farmer, feed additive should:
Enhance the productivity and/
or product quality
Cost effective
Easy to use/ handle
Readily accessible
Enhance the productivity and/
or product quality
Cost effective
Easy to use/ handle
Readily accessible

5. Evaluating Feed
Additives
4 R’s
Results (at
Farm)
Research Response Returns

6. Leaves no residue in animals or their products
No adverse side affects
Non-carcinogenic
No public health issue like antibiotics & hormones
Required in smaller quantity
Environment & consumer friendly

7. Major drivers
for FA
Major drivers
for FA
Demand for safe
and quality
animal products
Demand for safe
and quality
animal products
Rising per
capita animal
product
consumption
Rising per
capita animal
product
consumption
Ban/ restriction
on antibiotic
usage in food
animals
Industrialization
/ modernization
of animal
husbandry
growth

9. Evolution of Prebiotic Concept
What is
prebiotic?
A non-digestible dietary ingredient that
beneficially affect the host by
selectively stimulating the growth and
or activity of a limited number of
bacteria in the colon, improving host
health (Gibson and Roberfroid, 1995).

11. Fructooligosaccharides
Galactooligosaccharides
Xylooligosaccharides
Mannan oligosaccharides
Tagatose
Arabino-xylooligosaccharides

12. Corn Waste (Cob) XylooligosaccharidesCorn cob Xylan
XYLOOLIGOSACCHARIDES
(Samanta et al., 2012)

13. Effect of XOS in
broiler birds
Reduction in gut pathogens
Reduced cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose in
blood
Enhanced anti-oxidant activity
(Jayapal et al, 2014)

14. Effects of prebiotic in pig
Newborn piglets exhibited higher number of Bifidobacteria on 6th
day of consumption of oligofructose (Howard et. al., 1995)
Population of Lactobacilli increased significantly in caecum
by daily consumption of 9.5 g of oligofructose in piglet
diarrhoea
Population of harmful bacteria (Enterobacteria) significantly
decreased at caecum and colon in piglets receiving
oligofructose (Oli et al., 1998)

15. Probiotic
ioti

16. In 1907, E. Metchnikoff proposed the
concept of longevity that is taking
care by beneficial gut microflora
from the observation at Village in
Bulgaria. Concept of probiotic
emerged and he received Nobel
prize
Historical background

17. Probiotic
Bacteria
(i)Lactobacillus
(ii)Bifidobacteria
(iii)Enterococcus
Yeast
(i)Saccharomyces
(ii)Kluyveromyces
(iii)Aspergillus
Probiotic is defined as live microorganism which, when
administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefit on
the host
Examples

18.  Lactobacillus -reduced the population of Salmonella
enteridis in challenged broiler chicks
 Probiotic reduced mortality rates from 60 to 30% in birds,
challenged with necrotic enteritis
 Broiler chicks supplemented with mixed probiotics showed
reduction in the gut pathogens

19.  Dosing Enterococcus faecium reduced diarrhoea and
improved daily weight gains
 Providing Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium after birth
resulted in improved beneficial microflora and
reduced pathogen load
 Positive influence of probiotic is mediated through
stimulation of immune system (increasing levels of IgM
and IgA)

20. Enzymes in
livestock
 Phytase (increasing availability of phosphorus)
 Proteases (enhancing digestibility of vegetable
proteins like soybean, legumes)
 Carbohydrases (enhancing digestibility of
resistant starch and dietary fibre)
 Lipase (enhancing digestibility of lipid)

21. 2-21
 Birds absorb phytate-P poorly as they lack
enzyme phytase
 Adding phytase to poultry diets improves the
digestibility of phytate-P and AA utilization
 Reductions in fecal P excretions from using
phytase can be as much as 40%.
Phytase

23. 23
Organic Cr is better bioavailable
than inorganic Cr
 Better utilization in the gut
 Cr enriched egg can act as
nutraceutical
 Reduces cholesterol in egg
 High pigmented egg – More consumer
preference

24. 24
Effect of supplementation of Cr
Yeast on Egg Production
• Supplementing Cr Yeast and Azolla enriched Cr
to ND affected birds restored body weight gain
in 3 weeks
• Cr Yeast improved immunity status in diseased
birds as compared to inorganic Cr
• Reduced mortality in laying birds (3% to 1%)
• Reduced cholesterol content in eggs (230 vs
205)

26. Elemental Se
Se-Met/Se-Csy/
Se-met-Se-Cys
Yeast
Biofactory
Organic Se -high bioavailability and retention.
Higher Se storage in organs & tissues & greater
accumulation in meat, milk & egg.
Se-Yeast as “PROBIOTIC”.
Organic Se

27. Amino acids are building blocks of proteins and play
essential role in the regulation of metabolism of living
organisms
Produced by
Chemical
synthesis
Isolation
from natural
materials
Fermentation
Chemo-
enzyme
methods
Lysine, Threonine, Aspartate, Glutamate

28. Lysine, with production capacity of around 2.39 million tons
in 2013 world wide, accounted for about 70% of amino acid
usage in livestock sector .
Other amino acids – Tryptophan, methionine, threonine – in
pigs and poultry
Essential for feed conversion and growth promotion,
particularly in swine and poultry
Glutamic acid producing microoraganisms - Micobacterium
ammoniaphilum, E. coli, Bacillus circulans, C, glutamicum-
Bacterial fermentation technology

29. Low production ; Agriculture by products major feed
resource
•Gut flora altered
•Nutrient use efficiency is low
Feed additives in ruminants
Results not consistent
High cost
In poultry and pig use is higher
•Enhances bioavailability of nutrients
•Improves immunity and health

30. Market potential of feed additives
159 million
USD
296 million USD by 2016
CAGR
9.3%
Global feed
additives market
CAGR is 3.9%
Expected to
reach 21.8 billion
USD by 2020
Global feed
additives market
CAGR is 3.9%
Expected to
reach 21.8 billion
USD by 2020

32.  Tremendous scope in use of FA in animal feeding
 Developing cost effective FA
 More research in standardizing microbial enzyme,
probiotics and prebiotics preparation
 Fermentation technologies will occupy major share of
FA to produce safe and healthy livestock products
(animal welfare, food safety and environmental issues)

33.  Genomic based knowledge on the composition and
functions of gut microbes- advance the selection of
Feed additives
 Potential combination of prebiotics and probiotics could
reduce the risk of intestinal diseases
 Antioxidants from microbial source
 Breakdown of ligno-cellulosic materials
 FA in modifying gut bacteria for mitigating enteric
methane emission

34. Feed
Additives
Next time you
burp, no
methane
please

35. THANKSPrebiotics
Fermentation
revolutionEnzymes
Yeast
embedded
micro-
nutrients
Probiotics
Amino acids